To control western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), a significant pest of peppers, the control effects of eco-friendly agricultural materials were tested when treated alone and in combination. The control effects of yellow sticky roll traps installed on the stem, predatory natural enemy (Hypoaspis miles) inoculated on the stem, and plant extracts (50% custard apple seed oil + 10% cinnamon extract) sprayed on the foliage were 45.3%, 36.6%, and 50.2%, respectively, when treated individually. Meanwhile, when three eco-friendly agricultural materials were comprehensively applied, the control effect was maintained between 62.4% and 80.9% compared to untreated conditions during the pepper harvesting season. These methods can be utilized for the eco-friendly control of western flower thrips in pepper greenhouses.

시설 고추 주요 해충인 꽃노랑총채벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis)의 방제를 위해 유기농업자재들의 단독 처리 및 종합 투입시 방제 효과를 검정 하였다. 황색끈끈이롤트랩은 지제부에 설치하고, 포식성 천적(Hypoaspis miles)은 지제부에 접종하며, 식물추출물(커스터드애플시드 오일 50% + 계 피 추출물 10%)은 경엽살포하는 방식으로써 각각의 단독 처리시 방제 효과는 45.3, 36.6, 50.2%였다. 한편, 3종의 유기농업자재들을 종합 투입했을 경우 고추 수확기 방제 효과가 무처리 대비 62.4~80.9%로 유지되어, 시설 고추 꽃노랑총채벌레 친환경 방제용으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

유기농업자재 제조 원료가 되는 주요 식물인 제충국, 고삼, 데리스, 님 등은 대부분 수입에 의존하고 있는 실정 으로 제품수급, 효용성 및 안전성 등에 빈번한 문제가 발생되고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 국내 자생식물을 추출물 원료로 이용하기 위한 연구를 수행하고 있다. 이중 마트린이 함유되어 살충제로 이용되고 있는 고삼에 흰가루병, 총채벌레, 줄붉은들명나방, 담배거세미나방, 거품벌레류가 발생하여 피해를 주었다. 특 히 줄붉은들명나방(Uresiphita prunipennis)은 7월 하순부터 9월 중순까지 발생하여 엽육을 갉아먹고 엽맥만 남기는 피해를 주었고, 피해주율은 11% 였다. 이를 방제하기 위해 18종의 유기농업자재의 살충효과를 조사한 결과 주성분이 마늘추출물 80%, 데리스추출물 70% 등인 자재 6종이 80% 이상의 살충률을 나타내었다.

돌발성 해충인 매미나방의 방제체계 수립을 위해 시판 유기농업자재 21종에 대한 살충 활성을 실내 검정하였다. 90% 이상의 살충 활성을 보인 유기농업자재 11종을 선발하였으며, 유효성분들을 분석하였다. PLS 제도의 대응하여 본 연구 결과는 돌발성 매미나방의 친환경 방제 및 향후 유기농업자재의 개발에도 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) is the world's leading quality certification for food safety. Since its introduction in Korea in 2006, its importance has been increasing every year. In particular, food safety issues are becoming increasingly important in society, and food safety is directly linked to health. The core of GAP certification is the traceability of the production, distribution, and consumption of hazardous materials, including pesticide residues, heavy metals, and microbes. In the present study, pesticides and heavy metals in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and associated cultivation materials were analyzed. Tricyclozole (0.0144 ppm), flubendiamide (0.147 ppm), and trifloxystrobin (0.0340 ppm) were detected in rice straw and wheat straw, and carbendazim (0.0142 ppm) was detected in mixed wheat straw and rice straw medium. Lead and cadmium were detected at levels higher than the standard level in rice straw and mixed medium. However, lead and cadmium were not detected in mushrooms, and levels of arsenic and mercury were below the safety limit. Therefore, it was confirmed that the residual pesticides and heavy metals are safely managed in the investigated mushroom species. The results of the present study suggest that if these materials are adequately managed in the surroundings during cultivation, all hazardous materials can be managed during mushroom production.

The comstock mealybugs had been occurred at a Muscat of Alexandria’ organic vineyard in Okcheon. They had beenfound in the vines’s trunk since mid-June and moved to cane and leaves since early July, and also had been found ingrape clusters since late-July. The number of comstock mealybug and the grape’s fruit damage in Eco-friendly vineyardswere higher than in conventional culture vineyard. And the marketability of green variety grape was more damaged fromcomstock mealybug than the black variety grape. Toxicities of 8 organic agricultural materials(OAM) were evaluated tocomstock mealybug at the recommended concentration. As a results, Lightyellow sophora and Derris extracts exhibitedstrong insecticidal activity with 100% mortality. When the Lightyellow sophora extract was uniformly distributed on thevine from early-July to mid-July, commercial grapes could be harvested. Therefore, I thought that we can control comstockmealybug by spraying OAM in a timely period.

Various insect pests and plant disease can outbreak in a field. For the effective control of pests and plant diseases during crop cultivation, farmers simultaneously or sequentially spray various eco-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM), chemical pesticides and microbial control agents on the same fields. It was reported that many agrochemicals are harmful to entomopathogenic fungi, especially some fungicides with broad spectrum activity that are routinely applied for the control of plant diseases. In addition, some pesticides may antagonize the potential insecticidal activity and efficiency of entomopathogenic fungi. Therefore, sometimes the utilization of fungal entomopathogen in forestry and agricultural production is limited because of the undesirable interference from some fungicides and pesticides. There is little research that examines the compatibility of these EFAMs with entomopathogenic fungi and the influence of EFAMs on the control efficacy of mycopesticides. We conducted a study of influence of pretreated eco-friendly agricultural materials on control efficacy of Isaria javanica isolate against sweet potato whitefly.

토마토 재배에 사용되는 농자재를 이용하여 곤충 병원성 곰팡이인 Beauveria bassiana의 병원성에 끼치는 영향을 조사하였다. Chlorothalonil 등 13종의 살균제 첨가 배지에서는 B. bassiana 균사가 전혀 생장하지 못하였고 chlorothalonil 등 12종의 살균제 첨가 배지에서균총이 형성되지 않았다. 살충제와 친환경자재를 첨가한 모든 배지에서 균사가 생장하고 포자가 형성되었지만 대부분 배지에서 무처리와 비교했을 때 유의차를 보였다. 온실가루이에 대한 살충력은 B. bassiana 단독처리일 때보다 화학살균제(polyoxin B, mandipropamid)와 친환경농자재(sulfur) 혼합시 떨어졌으며 화학살충제(pyridaben, dinotefuran)와 식물추출물 유래 친환경농자재(pyrethrum) 혼합시에는 유의차가 없었으며 온실에서 살균제인 polyoxin B의 혼합으로 온실가루이에 대한 B. bassiana의 감염력이 떨어지는 것을 확인하였다.

 ,  , An outbreak of Ricania sp. occurred in the Kurye, Jeonnam area in 2011. This outbreak damaged many kinds of fruit trees such as Cornus, Persimmon and Chestnut. This experiment was conducted to survey the occurrence ecology of Ricania sp. such as host plants, oviposition characters, morphological characters and life cycle, as well as to select environmental friendly control agents. Ricaina sp. host plants included 51 species such as 32 xylophytes, and 19 herbaceous plants. Ricaina sp. preferred Cornus officinalis, Diospyros kaki, Castanea crenata, Eucommia ulmoides, Styrax japonicus for oviposition. Adults laid eggs on new inner twigs with 28.8 eggs per egg-ass. Egg size was 1.24 mm(length), 0.55 mm(width) in an oval shape. Nymphs molted four times. Every nymph stage had an × shape of yellow or white beeswax around the anus. Overwintered eggs of Ricania sp. hatched from the mid May to early June. Nymphal periods were from mid May to mid August and adults appeared from mid July but spawning began in mid August. Ricania sp. damaged new twigs by oviposition and retarded growth by sucking nutrients and producing a sooty mold. Sophora and natural plant extracts were effective environmentally friendly agricultural materials used to control the nymph and adult Ricania sp. Mortality was 〉80%.

친환경 유기농자재를 이용하여 잿빛곰팡이병균의 포자 발아, 균사생장 억제효과를 기내에서 조사하였다. 그 결과 잿빛곰팡이병의 균사생장 억제 효과는 Bacillus subtilis를 주성분으로 하는 제제가 100%의 억제효과를 보였으며, 그 외의 제제는 20% 이하의 범위에서 억제효과를 나타내었다. 포자발아 억제효과는 유기황 수화제 2종('BTB', '황스타')이 각각 97.7%, 92.3%으로 나타났다. 균사생장 억제와 포자 발아억제에 모두 효과를 보이는 제제는 없었다. 따라서 잿빛곰팡이병 방제를 위해서는 포자발아 억제를 위한 방제와 균사생장억제를 위한 제제를 각각 처리하여야 할 것으로 사료되었다. 아울러 사물 기생성을 가진 잿빛곰팡이병의 방제를 위해서는 잔재물에서 생장을 막는 것이 중요하며 이를 위해 예방을 전제로 한 방제의 경우 유기황을 주성분으로 하는 제제가 적용 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

The insecticidal effect for several commercially available environment friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) is investigated to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Narana aenescens, Pseudaletia unipuncta and Parnara guttata on rice. In the insecticidal effects for 2-3rd instar larvae of lepidopteran after treatment with 19 EFAMs, more than 95% of mortality rate showed 5 EFAMs in C. medinalis, 12 EFAMs in N. aenescens, 9 EFAMs in P. unipuncta, and 14 EFAMs in P. guttata, respectively. Among 4 EFAMs selected for C. medinalis in indoor, more than 70% in control effect is seen EFAM-B(85.2%), EFAM-I(79.1%) and EFAM-M (78.3%), respectively, in rice field. The insecticidal effect for EFAMs is investigated to Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus and Nephotettix cincticeps on rice. In the insecticidal effects for 2-3rd nymph and adult after treatment with 19 EFAMs, more than 95% of mortality rate showed 5 EFAMs in N. lugens adult, 7 EFAMs in N. lugens nymph, 6 EFAMs in L. striatellus, and 5 EFAMs in N. cincticeps, respectively. Insecticidal effect for N. lugens was sustained until 10 day in rice treated with 7 EFAMs selected in indoor. Among them, EFAM-L, EFAM-P and EFAM-R was sustained in low density until 27 day. But EFAM-D, EFAM-L, EFAM-N and EFAM-S showed high density until 27 day and additional control was needed.

Toxicity of seven environment friendly agricultural materials (EFAM), which have been used in the domestic market were evaluated on honeybee (Apis mellifera) and asian multicolored ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis). Three EFAMs made from plant extract agents (Wangjoongwang Eco, Bogum Eco and Bestop Eco) and four EFAMs made from microbial utilizing agents (Worldstar Eco, Goodmorning, Bluechip and Cameleon) were investigated as EFAMs. In evaluation of toxicity on honeybee, the RT25 values of 3 EFAMs made from plant extract agents ranged from 1 to 3 days. Therefore, honeybee should be released 1-3 days after application of these EFAMs. Meanwhile, the four agricultural materials made from microbial utilizing agents did not show any mortality against honeybee. In evaluating the toxicity to adult and larva ladybird beetles, all seven EFAMs made from plant extract agents and microbial utilizing agents to show any mortality.

온실단지 내에서 발생되는 폐영농자재의 효율적인 관리방안을 제시하기 위한 목적으로 시설농업용 폐영농자재의 관리 실태를 조사하여 검토하였다. 조사 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 현재 국내에서 발생되는 영농폐기물은 아직 생활쓰레기와 같이 취급되고 있었고, 일부 영농폐기물에 대한 자료는 별도로 관리되고 있었지만 공급량에 대한 정보가 전혀 없는 등 다소 신뢰도가 떨어지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 농촌지역에 보급되는 영농자재의 경우, 개인이 필요에 따라 수시로 구입하는 등 관리 및 조사가 용이하지는 않지만, 지역농협과 농업기술관리센터 등을 적극 활용하여 영농자재의 공급에서부터 수거, 재활용 및 처리단계까지 투명하게 관리할 수 있는 시스템의 도입이 절실히 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 영농자재도 재활용이 가능한 친환경 자재의 개발도 적극 도입하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다. 특히 공동 집하장의 경우, 재정지원으로 그칠 것이 아니라 재정지원은 물론 작목반, 마을 단위 또는 지자체별로 영농폐기물에 대한 인식을 지역 주민들을 대상으로 적극적으로 홍보 및 교육 등을 실시하여 지역주민이 그 지역의 환경지킴이 역할을 할 수 있도록 하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

Many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) were used for the plant protection, furthermore they support the growth of crops in the greenhouses and the kindly environment friendly farming. Natural enemies might be used for control of insect pest with EFAMs at the same space and time. For testing the toxicity of EFAMs against to natural enemies, 10 EFAMs were selected and tested in small greenhouses and farm"s fields. In case of Harmonia axyridis larva, there was no predacious activity against cotton aphids in the block with EFAMMo L, EFAMPE D, EFAMME G and EFAMAE A, otherwise, aphid population was rapidly decreased in the control block without EFAMs. Both of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Encarsia formosa population were slightly decreased in the block with EFAMs. There were significantly decreased in the block with IEFAM C, FEFAM D, EFAMSM Band EFAMPE D compared with control area. Especially, there was significantly maintained a very low population, both T. vaporariorum and E. formosa in the block with EFAMMo C. The parasitized ratio of Aphidius colemani is also very low in the block with EFAMs compared with control area. In the block with IEFAM C, FEFAM D, EFAMPE D and EFAMMo L, there were significantly different with control area in the number of mummies. Otherwise, in case of Diglyphus isaea and Liriomyza trifolii, there was no significantly different between blocks with and without EFAMs. In the block with EFAMMo C, Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis populations were significantly maintained a very low level. However, the population of T. urticae was increased, but P. persimilis was decreased in the block with EFAMMo L.

The multicolored Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) has been commonly used with biological control agents for control of several kinds of aphids in agroecosystems. Also, environment friendly agricultural materials have been commonly applied in crop fields because the government held down pesticide application and environment friendly agricultures are gradually increased with consumer"s desires. The multicolored Asian ladybird beetles may be directly or indirectly under the influence of environment friendly agricultural materials in crop fields. The insecticidal environment friendly agricultural materials (IEFAMs) might be safe against each developmental stage of multicolored Asian ladybird beetle. Fungicidal environment friendly agricultural materials (FEFAMs) had a miner effect to each developmental stage of multicolored Asian ladybird beetle with the exception of FEFAM A. Environment friendly agricultural materials contained useful soil microorganisms (EFAMSMs) C and H might be down the hatching rate of eggs, and EFAMSM A and F had a killing effect to 1st instar of lady beetles. Environment friendly agricultural materials contained plant extracts (EFAMPEs) A and D might be suffered effect a deathblow of egg hatching with lady beetles. Otherwise, there was a miner effect to lady beetles with the rest of tested environment friendly agricultural materials.

Many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials were used for the insect pest control and the control of plant diseases, furthermore they support the growth of crops in the greenhouses and the kindly environment friendly farming. Phytoseiulus persimilis might be used for control of two-spotted mites with environment friendly agricultural materials at the same time. For testing the toxicity of environment friendly agricultural materials against to P. persimilis, 61 environment friendly agricultural materials were selected by material contents and using methods. When environment friendly agricultural materials were directly sprayed on P. persimilis, IEFAM C, FEFAM A, EFAMSM A, D, EFAMPE A, EFAMCh B, EFAMME A, and EFAMMo C killed over 90%. However, there was no effects to FEFAM C, D, EFAMSM C, EFAML A, EFAMME C, E, H, J, EFAMMo G and I against P. persimilis. P. persimilis adults were not survived in vial for 48 hours after sprayed and dried with the environment friendly agricultural materials, for examples, EFAMSM I, EFAMME A, EFAMMo A, C, and I. Otherwise, EFAMCh C and EFAMMo B were no effects to P. persimilis. Some environment friendly agricultural materials are of different qualities, and consequently test of their toxity have to necessary.

For the biological control of the greenhouse whitefly, aphids, American leaf-miners, Encarsia formosa, Aphidius colemani, Diglyphus isaea, and Dacnusa sibirica were used as biological control factors. Otherwise, many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials were also used in the kindly environment friendly fanning. For testing the toxicity of environment friendly agricultural materials against to insect parasitoids as biological control factors, 61 environment friendly agricultural materials were selected by using methods and periods with insect parasitoids in the greenhouses. Environment friendly agricultural materials were sprayed to mummies and adults of E. formosa and A. colemani, and adults of Diglyphus isaea and Dacnusa sibirica in laboratory condition. Emergence rates were checked during 12 days after spray to mummies of E. formosa and A. colemani, and survival rates were at 24 and 48 hours after viral test for adult parasitoids, with 10% sugar solution. Emergence rates of E. formosa mummies were inhibited by sprayed the fungicidal environment friendly agricultural material (FEFAM) E and the environment friendly agricultural materials contained molybdenum (EFAMMo) G as 0.4 and 2.7%, respectively. E. formosa adults were not survived in vial for 48hours after sprayed and dried with the environment friendly agricultural materials contained plant extract (EFAMPE) J and the EFAMMo C. The environment friendly agricultural materials contained microelements (EFAMMEs) B and EFAMPE H, environment friendly agricultural materials contained useful soil microorganisms (EFAMSMs) H, FEFAM A and FEFAM D were recorded low survival rates of E. formosa adults with 6.7, 13.3, 13.3, 20.0 and 20.0, respectively. In case of the spraying environment friendly agricultural materials to mummies of A. colemani there were low emergence rate from mummies to adults as around 20s % with water spraying as control. A. colemani adults were not survived in vial with EFAMMo C. EFAMPE J, EFAMPE F, EFAMPE H, EFAMSM H were recorded low survival rates under 20% as 6.7, 13.3, 13.3 and 13.3, respectively. D. isaea and D. sibirica adults were not survived in vial with EFAMPE J. EFAMMo C was 53.3% of survival rates in 48 hours vial tests. D. isaea and D. sibirica were not affected by environment friendly agricultural materials compared with E. formosa and A. colemani.