This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition of various edible and medicinal mushrooms and assess their potential as alternative food sources in response to increased meat consumption, which poses environmental and health risks. The crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and vitamin C contents of 17 edible and medicinal mushroom species, including Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, and Wolfiporia extensa, were systematically analyzed. Pleurotus ostreatus‘Suhan 2’ and P. eryngii‘No. 2’ showed high crude protein and carbohydrate contents, suggesting excellent potential as alternative protein and energy sources. Flammulina velutipesvarieties ‘TO22’ and ‘Aram’ exhibited relatively high crude fat contents, whereas P. eryngii‘No. 2’ and P. ostreatus‘Suhan 2’ had high vitamin C levels, suggesting a beneficial role in immune enhancement. In contrast, the medicinal mushroom W. extensa had relatively low protein and dietary fiber contents, limiting its potential as an alternative protein source compared to the other edible mushrooms. Nonetheless, it may provide other health benefits. The present study provides foundational data for the utilization of mushrooms as sustainable alternative food resources, supporting efforts to mitigate environmental impacts of meat production and improve dietary health.

The rapid increase in global meat consumption, driven by population growth and economic development, has intensified concerns about the sustainability of protein supply. Moreover, conventional livestock production significantly affects the environment and human health, further underscoring the need for alternative protein sources. Alternative proteins, including those derived from plants, mycelium, and insects, as well as cultured meat, offer sustainable and nutritionally viable substitutes for traditional animal-based proteins. Among these, mushroom-based alternative proteins demonstrate exceptional environmental, nutritional, and functional advantages. In particular, mushroom-derived proteins can closely replicate meatlike tastes and textures, positioning them as promising candidates in the rapidly growing alternative protein market. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the production of mushroom-based alternative protein, focusing specifically on mycelium cultivation techniques, edible mushroom applications, and production process innovations. Furthermore, we evaluate the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and associated health benefits, along with economic feasibility and consumer acceptance, all supported by empirical evidence. We extensively discuss technological innovations aimed at optimizing texture and reducing production costs. Finally, we propose concrete policy recommendations for fostering sustainable growth in the alternative protein industry, emphasizing regulatory frameworks, research investments, and consumer education strategies.

Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) plays a crucial role in animal cell culture; however, the increasing number of bovine fetuses used and sacrificed solely for FBS collection has raised ethical concerns globally. The welfare of fetuses during FBS blood collection has become a key focus of debate among animal welfare and ethics organizations worldwide. Previous studies indicate that heat-inactivated coelomic fluid (HI-CF) from the earthworm Perionyx excavatus may serve as a viable FBS alternative in adherent cell cultures. This study evaluates the potential of HI-CF as an FBS substitute during the in vitro maturation (IVM) stage of bovine embryo culture, with a focus on improving developmental rate through antioxidation effects. In this study, 2% HI-CF was incorporated into IVM media, assessing its impact on cell growth, differentiation, and the expression of genes related to antioxidation. The group of 2% of HI-CF exhibited a trend toward increased cleavage and blastocyst development rates compared to the control group. Although antioxidant genes such as NRF2 and GSR showed no statistically significant differences between the control and treatment groups, a trend toward increased expression was observed. Conversely, GPX1 displayed a trend of decreased expression. Notably, IGF1 and NQO1 were significant upregulated (p < 0.05) in the 2% HI-CF group. Additionally, oocytes stained with H2DCFDA showed a significantly reduced ROS levels (p < 0.05) in the 2% HI-CF group compared with controls. These findings suggest that HI-CF's antioxidative effects support enhanced cell growth and blastocyst development rate, surpassing those observed with FBS. Consequently, HI-CF shows promise as an effective alternative to FBS in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes.

This study was conducted to confirm whether domestic fruit tree pruning residues can replace sawdust, which is the main ingredient of mushroom medium. The five types of fruit tree pruning residues collected were from apples, pears, peaches, grapes, and citrus. The basic components of these residues were analyzed. The pH ranged from 5.2 to 7.0, the Total carbon(T-C) ranged from 46.0% to 47.2%, the Total nitrogen(T-N) ranged from 0.5% to 0.9%, and the moisture content ranged from 12.4% to 14.2%, which was identified as an appropriate range for growing mushrooms. In order to confirm the possibility of mycelial growth of oyster mushroom "Suhan", column tests were conducted based on the conventional medium(poplar sawdust 49.5: cotton seed hull 27.3: beet pulp 12.7: cotton seed meal 10.5, v/v). As a result of incubation at 25°C for 28 days, grape branches showed the fastest growth at 143 mm compared to the control, which showed 135 mm. The yield per bottle was comparable, with grape branches(134g/bottle) and control(139g/bottle). Additionally, the quality of the fruiting bodies was comparable across all Processed lots. It means grape branches can be used as alternative sawdust materal. In the future, it is expected that using by-products as substitutes for carbon sources and main ingredients will help reduce farm production costs and protect the environment.

This study examined domestic consumption trends in the development of mushroom-based alternative food products. It found that 85.5% of consumers were aware of alternative foods, with a higher recognition rate among younger age groups and variations based on household composition and monthly income. Additionally, 70% of consumers familiar with alternative foods had tried them. Among those who had not, taste (16%) and purchasing challenges (15%) were the primary barriers. Minced meat was the most commonly consumed alternative (25%), while dumplings (7%) and burgers (1%) were less popular. Notably, dumplings and burgers showed the highest potential for development using mushroom-based ingredients. These findings provide valuable foundational data for advancing mushroom-based alternative food products.

Recently, active research in Korea and worldwide has begun to focus on gene function and cultivar development using gene editing tools. This research, in addition to studies on edible mushroom, aims to enhance the physical and biochemical characteristics of mushrooms for applications in materials and substance production. For these studies, efficient isolation of protoplasts from the target mushroom is critical. However, several commercial cell wall-lysing enzyme cocktails, including Novozyme234, Glucanex, and Lysing enzymes, have recently been discontinued. In this study, we aimed to identify alternative enzyme systems to replace the discontinued cell wall-lysing enzymes for stable isolation of protoplasts from Ganoderma lucidum. To select an optimal osmotic buffer, enzyme function in 0.6 and 1.2 M Sorbitol, Sucrose, Mannitol, and KCl was assessed. The effect of reaction time was also evaluated. Protoplast isolation efficiency of each alternative enzyme was tested using lysing enzymes from Trichoderma harzianum, Chimax-N, and Yatalase, either individually or in combination. This matrix of studies identified enzymes and optimal conditions that could replace the discontinued lysing enzymes.

The alternative food market has attracted much attention due to concerns about climate change, increasing consumer awareness of value consumption, and the development of the Food-Tech industry. This study aimed to analyze the factors that drive consumers to purchase alternative food products and identify the mechanisms that can induce consumers to continue buying. We surveyed 1,200 consumers and estimated data using a logit model. The results showed that the presence of vegetarians in the household, environmental concerns, a vegetable-oriented diet, and a mixed diet of meat and vegetables were positively associated with purchasing plant-based alternatives. Of particular interest was the non-linear relationship between respondents’ age and their purchasing experience with plant-based options, with the likelihood of purchasing alternatives increasing with age from the mid-50s onward. These findings suggest that in addition to the growing number of consumers who share the environmental value, which leads to increased interest in and purchase of plant-based alternatives, alternative foods are also health-oriented and meet the needs of older consumers, who are becoming an increasingly important segment of the super-aged society, suggesting the potential for continued growth in the alternative food market.

이 연구는 최근 민주주의 위기 원인을 자유주의가 신자유주의로 극단 화되고 민주주의가 포퓰리즘으로 급진화함에 따른 자유민주주의의 해체 상황으로 파악하며, 이로 인해 대안적 정치원리로 공화주의가 부상하고 있음을 주장한다. 흔히 공화주의는 민주주의와 동일시되며, 개인을 강조 하는 자유주의에 대한 대안으로 이해되고는 한다. 그러나 공화주의에 대 한 20세기 후반부터의 연구는 자유주의의 부작용은 물론 민주주의의 한 계까지 극복할 수 있는 공화주의 사상의 가능성에 주목해 왔다. 특히 냉 전 해체 이후 자유민주주의에 내재한 자유주의와 민주주의 사이의 갈등 이 심화됨에 따라 공화주의는 본격적인 대안적 정치사상으로 주목받기 시작했다. 이처럼 본 연구는 기존의 공화주의 관련 연구들이 공화주의 자체의 내재적 가치에 집중하는 것과는 달리, 최근 공화주의의 부상을 자유주의의 극단화와 민주주의의 급진화라는 역사적 구조 속에서 파악하 려 한다. 이와 함께 서구 고대로부터 기원한 공화주의를 현재화하기 위 한 혁신의 과제들을 검토하고 대안적 사상으로서 공화주의의 함의를 고 찰한다.

Background: The small intestine plays a crucial role in animals in maintaining homeostasis as well as a series of physiological events such as nutrient uptake and immune function to improve productivity. Research on intestinal organoids has recently garnered interest, aiming to study various functions of the intestinal epithelium as a potential alternative to an in vivo system. These technologies have created new possibilities and opportunities for substituting animals for testing with an in vitro model. Methods: Here, we report the establishment and characterisation of intestinal organoids derived from jejunum tissues of adult pigs. Intestinal crypts, including intestinal stem cells from the jejunum tissue of adult pigs (10 months old), were sequentially isolated and cultivated over several passages without losing their proliferation and differentiation using the scaffold-based and three-dimensional method, which indicated the recapitulating capacity. Results: Porcine jejunum-derived intestinal organoids showed the specific expression of several genes related to intestinal stem cells and the epithelium. Furthermore, they showed high permeability when exposed to FITC-dextran 4 kDa, representing a barrier function similar to that of in vivo tissues. Collectively, these results demonstrate the efficient cultivation and characteristics of porcine jejunum-derived intestinal organoids. Conclusions: In this study, using a 3D culture system, we successfully established porcine jejunum-derived intestinal organoids. They show potential for various applications, such as for nutrient absorption as an in vitro model of the intestinal epithelium fused with organ-on-a-chip technology to improve productivity in animal biotechnology in future studies.

MEPC 80차 회의에서 IMO는 더욱 강화된 온실가스 감축 전략을 제시하였다. 기존의 72차 회의에서 제시하였던 초기전략보다 구체적이고 강화된 감축 전략이다. IMO는 2050년 무렵까지 국제 해운으로부터 온실가스 배출을 ‘Net Zero’에 도달하도록 전략을 세웠다. 이 논문에서는 대표적인 친환경 연료로 구분되는 LNG, 수소, 메탄올, 암모니아의 위험도 평가를 진행하였다. 전문가들의 설문조사를 통한 결과를 퍼지 기법을 적용하여 주관적인 모호성을 해결하였다. 또한 TOPSIS 기법을 통해서 퍼지의 긍정적인 해와 부정적인 해를 도출하였 다. 이를 통해서 Vertex 방법을 이용하여 대체 연료의 근접계수 값을 최종적으로 구하여 결정하였다. 그 결과, 메탄올, LNG, 수소, 암모니 아 순으로 선호하였다. 이 연구는 제안된 접근 방식이 대체 연료를 결정을 위한 집단 의사결정 방법으로 이용할 수 있음을 보여준다.

부동산 시장은 침체되고 전월세 가격은 안정화되었지만, 주택 임대차에 대한 부동산 정책의 입안은 잠자고 있는 상황이다. 한시적으로 시행된 계약갱신권 은 2024년 말이면 계속 유지할지, 새롭게 개정해야 할지에 대한 제도적인 대 안을 모색하여 법 개정의 시점이 다가오고 있다. 과거에 갑작스러운 입법 예 고와 시행으로 전월세 가격의 급등했던 사례를 감안한다면 지금이 바로 제도 적 대안을 제시하여 미리 준비하고 주택임대차에 대한 안정화하는 대책이 요 구된다. 우리의 주택 보급은 가구 수 대비하여 결코 부족하지 않으나, 주택에 대한 인 식이 소유에서 이용으로 변화하는 기로에서 사회 환경과 경제 활동의 다변화 로 가구 분화가 시작되어 1~2인 가구의 급증하고 인구의 도심 집중 현상이 심화되면서 수도권을 중심으로 임차 가구는 서서히 증가하는 추세이다. 이에 따라 임차 주택은 수요 대비 공급이 부족하여 주택의 전월세 가격이 급등할 것으로 예상된다. 이에 따라 지난 정부에서는 임차인이 원하는 주택에 거주 할 수 없고, 주거 환경이 열악한 주택이나 외곽지역으로 내몰리는 현상이 지 속되어 주택가격의 안정화와 사회적 약자인 임차인의 주거 안정을 보장하기 위해 초강수를 두고 ‘임대차 3법’을 강력하게 시행하였다. 처음 시행된 ‘임대 차 3법’ 중 하나인 계약갱신권은 한시적으로 1회에 한하여 2년을 연장하여 최대 4년까지 존속 기간을 유지하여 임차인보호에 획기적인 전기를 마련하였 지만, 입법 예고 단계부터 시행까지 소급하여 입법을 적용하고 임대인의 사 유 재산권을 침해하는 문제와 갱신 거절에 대한 분쟁과 소송에 대한 비판과 지적도 적지 않았다. 이렇게 시행된 계약갱신권의 제도적으로 대안이 시급한 이유는 시행된 지 3년이 지났고 1년 후에는 계약갱신권의 실효성에 대한 혼란이 예상되어 계약갱신권의 유지와 새로운 제도를 개선할지에 대한 제도적 대안이 시급하게 요구되기 때문이다. 이제 1년도 남지 않은 계약갱신권을 계 속 유지하면 계약갱신권만 혜택을 제공하고 전월세가격은 안정화되어 사회적 약자인 임차인의 보호를 위해 큰 도움이 되지만, 반대로 임대인의 사유재산 권을 침해하고 임차 계약의 순환 속도가 저하되면서 부동산 가격의 하락으로 경제의 큰 비중을 차지하는 부동산이 침체되어 경제에 악영향을 줄 것으로 우려하는 목소리도 만만치 않다. 또한 부동산 거래와 관련한 직종 종사자의 사업상 피해와 계약갱신권만 차임 5% 상한제를 유지한다면 다양한 계약 유 형은 전월세 상한제에 적용받지 못하는 문제를 안고 있다. 따라서 계약갱신 권 제도에 대한 시행여부는 법의 형평성을 고려하여 당사자의 입장과 차임 5%의 상한 제한의 대상및 적용범위, 부동산 관련 종사자의 피해 등을 고려하 여 신중한 검토가 요구된다. 그럼 우리와 다른 제도를 적용하고 있는 외국의 주택임대차는 우리와 다르게 보증금이 작고 차임이 상당히 많은 특징이 있 다. 이런 외국의 계약 갱신에 대한 입법례는 주택임대차로 담보된 자금이 소 액이어서 계약 갱신에 대한 별 문제는 없다고 하지만, 우리의 임대인은 차임 인상 없이 장기간 채무자의 역할과 부동산 가격 상승으로 얻는 수익이 제한 되는 문제가 있다고 주장하고 있다. 이제 계약갱신을 유지할지에 대한 문제의식을 가지고 현행 계약갱신권의 긍 정적인 면과 부정적인 면을 분석해 보고, 장기 거주여건을 보장하고 있는 외 국의 계약 갱신과 해지를 검토함으로써 주택임대차의 존속보호와 주거 안정 을 위한 제도적 대안을 모색해 보고자 한다.

Protein is an essential nutrient for humans to sustain life, but it is predicted that it will be challenging to secure protein through the traditional livestock industry in the future. Microalgae has high future value as an alternative protein food source due to resource utilization and sustainability advantages. In order to increase productivity, the culture conditions of microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, and Scenedesmus obliquus were examined in this study. The optimal culture conditions of C. vulgaris were mixotrophic culture, 25oC culture temperature, 7.0 initial pH, 10% initial inoculation, stirring culture, 3000 Lux light intensity, and 24L:0D light/dark cycle period with red LED. For D. salina, the optimal culture conditions were mixotrophic culture, 20oC culture temperature, 8.0 initial pH, 10% initial inoculation, stirring culture, 6000 Lux light intensity, and 12L:12D light/dark cycle period with white LED. For S. obliquus, the optimal culture conditions were mixotrophic culture, 30oC culture temperature, 8.0 initial pH, 10% initial inoculation, stirring culture, 4500 Lux light intensity, and 14L:10D light/dark cycle period with fluorescent light. These findings can be used as important information for increasing the production of microalgae as an alternative protein material resource in the future.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the practical experience of nursing graduates through a clinical practicum alternative program during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants in this study comprised sixteen students who had gone through clinical field practice and clinical alternative programs during 4 semesters at nursing college. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and analyzed via the phenomenological research method developed by Colaizzi. Results: From the meaningful statements offered by the participants, six theme clusters emerged: (a) interest in new experiences, (b) practice that doesn’t feel like practice, (c) limits on yourself, (d) ambivalence about alternative programs, (e) longing for vivid clinical settings, and (f) choice in an unavoidable situation. Conclusion: This study provides a profound understanding of the practical experiences of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic situation about the clinical practicum alternative program. Based on this study, it is necessary to determine how students who have participated in the implementation of the clinical practice alternative program are adapting to the actual field as nurses. It is also necessary to develop various programs that reflect the needs of students and utilize technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and metaverse along with current teaching methods.