To understand antioxidant enzyme response of two contrasting Arundinella hirta ecotypes to drought stress, drought-tolerant Youngduk and drought-sensitive Jinju-1, were comparatively analyzed changes in the enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR). Two ecotypes, drought-tolerant Youngduk and drought-sensitive Jinju-1 were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for 12 days. ROS accumulation level and electrolytic leakage were significantly increased in both A. hirta ecotypes by drought stress treatment but less in Youngduk than Jinju-1. The RWC significantly decreased in both the drought stress-treated ecotypes as compared to control, but less in Youngduk than Jinju-1. Soluble sugar and protein content were increased more in drought stress-treated Youngduk as compared to Jinju-1. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, POD, APX, and GR increased significantly in both the drought stress-treated ecotypes Youngduk and Jinju-1 as compared to control. The increase in antioxidant enzyme activity level was more prominent in drought stress-treated Youngduk as compared to Jinju-1. Taken together, these results suggest that Youngduk was more tolerant to drought stress than Jinju-1, and seem to indicate that tolerance of A. hirta to drought stress is associated with increased activity of antioxidant enzymes.
The objective of this study was to determine phosphorus effects on drought stress-induced oxidative stress in Kentucky bluegrass. Drought stress was induced by reducing of water to plants in pots. Two types of phosphorus were applied as potassium phosphate (P) or potassium phosphonate (PA). Application of phosphorus was efficient to ameliorate the adverse effects of drought. Osmotic potential, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content were significantly decreased by drought stress, but was relieved by P or PA application. Superoxide (O2 •−) concentration was significantly increased more than 14-fold under drought-stressed plants, was accompanied with increase of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA). However, malondialdehyde (MDA) was much less in P or PA applied plants under drought stress condition. Activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol-peroxidase (GPX) were largely increased by drought stress and its increase rate was much higher in P or PA applied plants except APX. These results indicate that drought stress-induced oxidative stress is alleviated by P or PA application due to the increase of activities of antioxidant enzymes.
본 연구는 서양계 단호박과 동양계 늙은 호박의 성숙과정에 따른 탄수화물의 축적 양상과 항산화효소의 활성 변화를 조사하기 위하여 실시한 결과, 종간 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 단호박 과실의 건물률과 탄수화물은 수확기까지 지속적으로 높게 유지된 반면, 늙은 호박은 60일째까지 큰 변화 없이 단호박보다 낮았다. 이는 호박 종간에 과실의 성숙과정이 차이가 있음을 나타내었다. 두 종의 과실의 유리당을 비교 하였을 때, 늙은 호박 과실에서는 과당과 포도당이, 단호박 과실에서는 자당이 높았다. 착과 후 발육시기에 따른 호박 과실의 종간 항산화효소(SOD, HPX, APX) 발현 양상은 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. HPX의 경우 종간에 밴딩 패턴 차이와 더불어 시기에 따른 밴드 밀도에 차이가 있었으나, SOD와 APX 겔 활성은 호박 종간 패턴상의 차이는 없었지만 시기에 따른 발현 밀도 차이는 있었다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 호박과실의 품질향상과 수확시기 판정 등에 이용될 수 있는 기초자료로 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다.
흰가루병은 호박 시설재배 시 가장 큰 문제가 되는 병원균 중의 하나이다. 본 실험은 흰가루병 발병에 의한 산화적 스트레스가 항산화효소의 활성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였 다. 흰가루병 발병과 더불어 과산화수소와 환원산소종의 생성은 급격하게 증가하였다. SOD와 HPX 밴드 패턴은 서양계 호박과 페포계 호박간에 다르게 나타났지만, 겔 활성은 흰가루병이 발병된 잎에서 높았다. 특히 서양계 호박에 있어서 relative mobility(Rm)이 0.46과 0.55인 밴드는 발병된 잎에서만 존재하였다. APX 밴드 패턴은 서양계 호박과 페 포계 호박간에 차이가 없었으며 발병된 잎에서 활성이 높은 것으로 분석되었다.
Linuron is a pesticide with a weak anti-androgenic property, which impacts male reproductive organs. In this study, to clarify whether linuron affects the cellular antioxidant system of ventral prostate, gene expression patterns of the representative antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), selenoprotein P (SePP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated in the rat ventral prostates exposed to linuron using real-time RT-PCR analyses. Sprague-Dawley rats castrated at 6 weeks old were treated with linuron (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg per oral) daily for 10 days after testosterone propionate administration (0.4 mg/kg) subcutaneously. As compared to normal control animals, mRNA levels of phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx (PHGPx), SePP, and Mn SOD significantly increased in the prostates exposed to linuron (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). However, cytosolic GPx (100 mg/kg) and Cu/Zn SOD (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) mRNA levels significantly decreased in the ventral prostates. These results indicate that linuron upregulates the expressions of PHGPx, SePP, and Mn SOD mRNAs, but down-regulates the expressions of cytosolic GPx and Cu/Zn SOD in rat prostates, suggesting that linuron may have dual effects in the cellular antioxidant system of prostate.
Procymidone is a fungicide with anti-androgenic properties widely used to protect fruits from fungal infection, which induces an excessive reactive oxygen species production in male reproductive organs. In this study, to clarify whether procymidone affect the cellular antioxidant system of prostate at onset of puberty, gene expression patterns of the representative antioxidant enzymes such as cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase (GPx1), phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx (PHGPx), selenoprotein P (SePP), cytoplasmic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and manganese SOD (SOD2) were investigated in the rat ventral prostates exposed to procymidone using real-time RT-PCR analyses. Seven-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats castrated at 6 weeks old were treated with procymidone (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg per day) orally for 7 consecutive days after testosterone propionate (0.4 mg/kg per day) administration by subcutaneous injection. As compared to normal control animals, GPx1 mRNA expression in prostates significantly increased by the administration with TP and/or procymidone. However, PHGPx and SOD1 mRNA levels significanatly decreased by over 25 mg/kg of procymidone treatment and SePP and SOD2 mRNA levels was significanatly reduced by over 50 mg/kg of procymidone treatment. These findings indicate that procymidone may affect the antioxidant system of prostatic cells in up-regulation mode of GPx1, but in down-regulation modes of PHGPx, SePP, SOD1, and SOD2, suggesting that procymidone may affect differently the cellular antioxidant system of prostate according to the exposure doses.
The mechanisms underlying the actions of the antioxidants upon reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by NADPH oxidase complex have remained uncertain. In this study, we investigated NADPH oxidase activity and the role of antioxidant enzymes upon the generation of ROS during hypoxic stress. ROS generation was found to increase in the mouse kidney under hypoxic stress in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, we found in MCT cells that hypoxia-induced hydrogen peroxide production was decreased by NAC pretreatment. We further analyzed HIF-1α, PHD2 and VHL expression in the NAC-pretreated MCT cells and assessed the response of antioxidant enzymes at the transcriptional and translational levels. SOD3 and Prdx2 were significantly increased during hypoxia in the mouse kidney. We also confirmed in hypoxic Prdx2-l- and SOD3 transgenic mice that erythropoietin (EPO) is transcriptionally regulated by HIF-1α. In addition, although EPO protein was found to be expressed in a HIF-1α independent manner in three mouse lines, its activity differed markedly between normal and Prdx2-l-/SOD3 transgenic mice during hypoxic stress. In conclusion, our current results indicate that NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS generation is associated with hypoxic stress in the mouse kidney and that SOD3 and Prdx2 cooperate to regulate cellular redox reactions during hypoxia.
공장 폐수로 인한 오염이 심한 경기 시화호에서 오염정도가 다른 두 지역으로부터 풀망둑을 채집하여 이들의 해독효소계 또는 항산화효소계의 반응을 비교하였다. 해독효소계에서 I상효소로는 CYP, P450R, b5R, EROD를, II상효소로는 GST를 조사하였다. 그리고 항산화효소계로는 CAT, GR, CPx의 활성 그리고 GSH및 CSSG농도를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 오염정도가 심한 지역에서 잡은 어류가 간장 중 P450R, b5R, GST의 활성이 높았으
저온 또는 건조 처리에 따른 토마토 유묘의 생육과 부위별 항산화효소의 반응 양상을 분석한 결과, 토마토 유묘의 생체중은 처리 후 12일째에 대조구에 비해 각각 69.5% 와 50.6% 감소하였다. SOD와 POD의 활성은 대조구에 비해 저온 또는 건조 처리에서 높은 활성을 보였는데, 저온 처리시에는 뿌리에서 더 높은 활성을 보였고 건조 처리에서는 잎과 줄기에서 높은 활성을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 동위효소의 발현양상에서도 일치하였다. GR의 활성은 저온 또는 건조 처리시 대조구보다 높은 활성을 보였는데, 잎과 줄기에서는 저온과 건조 처리간의 차이는 없었지만, 뿌리에서는 건조 처리가 높은 경향을 보였다. GR 동위효소 발현양상은 저온과 건조처리시에는 GR-3 밴드가 잎에서는 발현되어 대조구와 차이가 있었지만, 줄기와 뿌리에서는 큰 차이가 없었다. PPO 활성은 잎에서는 모든 처리에서 차이가 없었지만, 줄기와 뿌리에서는 저온 또는 건조 처리에서 대조구보다 높은 경향을 보였다. 특히 줄기의 PPO 활성은 저온 처리보다 건조처리에서 높았고 뿌리의 PPO 활성은 건조 처리보다 저온 처리에서 높았다. 동위효소의 발현양상에서도 건조처리에서는 줄기에서, 저온 처리에서는 뿌리에서 높은 밀도를 보여 불량 환경에 따른 부위별 반응 차이를 잘 반영해 주었다.
저온에 대한 생육 반응이 다른 호박 두 품종 간 항산화효소의 활성 변화를 분석해 본 결과, 저온에 강한 '흑종'의 잎에는 Rm이 0.20인 Mn-SOD와 와 0.52인 Fe-SOD가 주된 밴드였고, 저온에 약한 '재래 13'호의 잎에는 an이 0.20인 Mn-SOD와 0.58인 Cu/Zn-SOD가 주된 밴드였다. 저온 처리 후 10일째에 '흑종'의 잎에는 Rm이 0.58인 Cu/Zn-SOD밴드가 발현되었고, '재래 13호'의 경우 밴드의 밀도가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. APX 밴드 발현 양상은 두 품종 모두 적온 처리에서는 차이가 없었지만, 저온 처리 후 10일경부터 저온에 강한 '흑종'의 잎에서 새로운 APX밴드가 발현되었다. POB밴드의 발현 양상은 품종간에 뚜렷한 차이가 있었는데, 적온 하에서 '흑종'의 잎에서는 4개의 주된 밴드가, '재래 13호'의 잎에서는 한 개의 주된 밴드가 발현되었다. 그러나 저온 처리시 '흑종'의 잎에서는 Rm이 0.36, 0.40 및 0.54인 밴드의 밀도가 급격하게 증가한 반면 '재래 13호'의 잎에서는 Rm이 0.36과 0.54인 밴드의 밀도가 증가하였다. 저온에 대한 내성과 관계없이 두 품종 모두 저온 처리 후 초기에는 SOD, APX 및 POD의 활성이 급격하게 증가하는 경향을 보였지만, 저온 처리 후 기간이 경과할수록 품종간 차이가 뚜렷하였다. '흑종'의 잎에서는 이러한 활성이 지속적으로 유지되었지만, '재래 13호'의 잎에서는 저온 처리 후 5일경부터 급격하게 감소하여 적온 처리구보다 낮은 활성을 보여 저온에 대한 품종간 내성차이를 잘 반영해 주었다.
월동기간 동안 zoysiauass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr]와 creeping bentgrass(Agrostis palustris Hunds)의 뿌리에서 저온 스트레스에 대한 생리학적 반응을 규명하기 위해 지질과산화 정도와 효소적 항산화 반응 및 탄수화물의 변화를 조사하였다. 1월 말 Creeping bentgrass의 뿌리 고사율은 zoysiagrass 보다 약 20% 현저히 높게 나타났다. Creeping bentgrass의
The purpose of this study was to improve the functionality of a healthy drink with examining the possibility of manufacturing different enzymes (alpha-, beta-, glucose-amylase) in barley malts (BM) produced in various malting periods. The study showed that enzyme treatment increased significantly total polyphenol content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and hydroxly radical scavenging activity in malted liquid samples (MLS) which obtained from various malting periods. The highest of TPC were found in Gluco-24M with 1.981 ㎎TAE/㎖, followed by Beta-24M and Alpha-72M with 1.878 ㎎TAE/㎖ and 1.845 ㎎TAE/㎖, respectively. The DPPH result revealed that percent of inhibition increased by 71-75% compared to the control. No statistical difference was found between MLS obtained by 24 hr of malting (24 M) and 72 hr of malting (72 M) after enzyme treatment. In addition, an increasing of hydroxyl radical was in the same trend to the TPC and DPPH. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of enzyme treated samples was 1,5 times higher than the control. These results suggest the possibility of enzyme application to barley malts obtained in various germination periods for improving quality and functionality of barley malts.
In vitro and in vivo experiments using Achyranthis radix and Drynariae rhizoma extracts were conducted. Antioxidant properties were analyzed and the effects on bone, glucose and lipid metabolism were investigated. Drynariae rhizoma (64.67%) obtained higher DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to Achyranthis radix (19.03%). Similar results were obtained in the reducing power. No differences were observed on the ABTS radical scavenging ability and SOD. In contrast, Achyranthis radix (77.60%) has higher chelating ability compared to Drynariae rhizoma (46.21%). In vivo experiments revealed higher plasma TBARS in OVX-DR than in OVX-AR. Opposite result was seen in erythrocyte TBARS. Hepatic, nephritic and erythrocyte enzymes were considered for the antioxidant enzyme activities. GSH-Px and PON of hepatic enzymes were higher in OVX-AR. While the CAT and GR were higher in OVX-DR. SOD, GSH-Px, GR and PON of nephritic enzymes of OVX-DR were higher compared to OVX-AR. Almost similar values were obtained in CAT using both extracts. The OVX treated rats obtained higher CAT and GR in the erythrocyte enzymes compared to SHAM. The SOD of erythrocyte enzymes in OVX-DR was higher compared to OVX-AR. On the other hand, the GSH-Px was higher in OVX-AR.
혼합야채추출물의 항산화와 α-amylase 및 α-glucosidase 억제활성 증진을 위해서 톳, 매생이, 미역귀의 첨가효과를 분석하였으며 해조류 첨가된 야채추출물의 일반성분과 미네랄 함량 변화를 조사하였다. 3가지 해조류의 첨가량은 야채추출물의 일반성분에 유의적으로 영향을 미치지 않은 반면 톳과 미역귀 5% 첨가에 의해 칼슘, 나트륨, 칼륨, 마그네슘, 철분 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 톳 20% 첨가한 경우 총 폴리페놀 함량과 환원능력이 야채추출물보다 각각 47.08와 16.82%로 유의적으로 증가하였다. 반면에 3가지 해조류 첨가에 의한 hydroxyl radical 소거활성이 큰 변화가 없었다. 톳, 매생이, 미역귀 20% 첨가에 의해 DPPH radical 소거활성이 각각 27.47, 22.25, 17.27%로 유의적으로 증가하였다. 해조류 첨가된 혼합 야채 추출물이 상대적으로 약한 α-amylase 억제활성을 지니고 있는 동시에 강한 α-glucosidase 억제활성이 나타냈다. 특별히 미역귀 5% 첨가한 경우 α-glucosidase을 98.26%로 유의적으로 억제하였다. 전반적으로 해조류 첨가를 통해 야채추출물의 미네랄 함량이 증가하였고 항산화와 2형 당뇨병 관련 효소 억제활성이 개선됨을 알 수 있었다.
토마토 정식 전 후 묘령에 따른 토마토의 생육의 특성, 수량, 광합성 및 항산화 효소 활성을 알아보고자 본 실험을 수행하였다. 토마토 파종부터 정식시 까지 기간을 40, 45, 50, 55, 60일로 설정하였다. 육묘 기간이 50일(표준묘)보다 짧을수록 토마토 생장과 생육이 촉진된 반면에 육묘 일수가 길수록 생장과 생육이 감소하였다. 정식 후 4주는 묘령이 가장 짧은 40일묘에서 광합성량이 낮았지만 정식 후 8주는 차이를 보이지 않았다. CAT(Catalase), APX(Ascorbate peroxidase), POX(peroxidase) 들은 정식후 6주까지 증가하다가 8주부터 감소하였다. 정식후 4주는 SOD (Superoxide dismutase), CAT 활성은 묘령이 어릴수록 높은 경향을 보였고 반대로 정식 후 6주는 APX, POX는 육묘기간이 길수록 활성이 높았다. 토마토 수량도 표준묘와 비교해서 육묘 기간이 짧은 묘령에서 토마토 생산성이 높은 반면에 육묘기간이 길수록 생산이 감소하였다. 토마토의 생장과 수량의 관점에서 보면 육묘 기간은 40-50일 적합하다는 결과를 도출하였다. 따라서 토마토를 토경재배 할 경우 표준 묘령 50일보다 짧은 묘를 정식 후 생장과 생산성에서 유리할 뿐 아니라 육묘 시 발생되는 생산비의 절감에 유리할 것으로 사료된다.
The protective effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the antioxidant system under paraquat(PQ) stress was investigated in leaves of 8-week-old lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants. PQ stress caused a decrease of leaf growth including leaf length, width and weight. Application of NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), significantly alleviated PQ stress induced growth suppression. SNP permitted the survival of more green leaf tissue preventing chlorophyll content reduction and of higher quantum yield for photosystem Ⅱ than in non-treated controls under PQ exposure, suggesting that NO has protective effect on chloroplast membrane in lettuce leaves. Flavonoids and anthocyanin were significantly accumulated in the leaves upon PQ exposure. However, the rapid increase of these compounds was alleviated in the SNP treated leaves. PQ treatment resulted in lipid peroxidation and induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the leaves, while SNP prevented PQ induced increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2. These results demonstrate that SNP serves as an antioxidant agent able to scavenge H2O2 to protect plant cells from oxidative damage. The activities of two antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in lettuce leaves in the presence of NO donor under PQ stress were higher than those under PQ stress alone. Application of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3- oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, to the lettuce leaves arrested SNP mediated protective effect on leaf growth, photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant systems. However, PTIO had little effect on lettuce leaves under PQ stress compared with that of PQ stress alone. The obtained data suggest that the damage caused by PQ stress is in part due to increased generation of active oxygen by maintaining increased antioxidant enzyme activities and SNP protects plants from oxidative stress. From these results it is suggested that NO might act as a signal in activating active oxygen scavenging system that protects plants from oxidative damage induced by PQ stress and thus confer PQ tolerance.