본 연구는 낙지의 생식생태 이해에 필요한 수컷 생식기관과 정포의 미세해부학적 구조를 기재 하였다. 낙지는 교접완의 유무를 통하여 성을 구별할 수 있는 성적이형을 갖는 종이다. 수컷 생 식기관은 정소, 일차수정관, 저정낭, 이차수정관, 정포선, 정포낭으로 구성된다. 정소는 조직학 적으로 정세관형이었으며, 수컷 생식세포들은 층상배열상을 보였다. 일차수정관은 정소와 저정 낭을 연결하는 관으로 상피층과 결합조직으로 이루어져 있었다. 저정낭은 일차수정관과 이차 수정관의 사이에 위치하며, 상피층은 상피세포와 점액세포로 구성된다. 점액세포는 AB-PAS (pH 2.5) 반응에서 푸른색, AF-AB (pH 2.5) 반응에서 보라색으로 반응하였다. 이차수정관은 저정낭 과 정포선을 연결하는 짧은 관으로 내강에 주름이 발달하였다. 정포선은 다수의 관상선으로 이루어져 있었으며, 분비세포는 호산성 과립을 가지고 있었다. 정포낭은 주머니 모양으로 내강 에 주름이 발달하였으며, 상피층에 공포상의 분비세포가 존재하였다. 정포는 길이 약 83.5 mm 로 전방부의 당김사, 중간부의 발사체와 고정체, 후방부의 정자 저장부로 구성되어 있었다.

Background: The gluteus maximus (GM) muscle comprise the lumbo-pelvic complex and is an important stabilizing muscle during leg extension. In patients with low back pain (LBP) with weakness of the GM, spine leads to compensatory muscle activities such as instantaneous increase of the erector spinae (ES) muscle activity. Four-point kneeling arm and leg lift (FKALL) is most common types of lumbopelvic and GM muscles strengthening exercise. We assumed that altered hip position during FKALL may increase thoraco-lumbar stabilizer like GM activity more effectively method. Objects: The purpose of this study was investigated that effects of the three exercise postures on the right-sided GM, internal oblique (IO), external oblique (EO), and multifidus (MF) muscle activities and pelvic kinematic during FKALL. Methods: Twenty eight healthy individuals participated in this study. The exercises were performed three conditions of FKALL (pure FKALL, FKALL with 120° hip flexion of the supporting leg, FKALL with 30° hip abduction of the lifted leg). Participants performed FKALL exercises three times each condition, and motion sensor used to measure pelvic tilt and rotation angle. Results: This study demonstrated that no significant change in pelvic angle during hip movement in the FKALL (p > 0.05). However, the MF and GM muscle activities in FKALL with hip flexion and hip abduction is greater than pure FKALL position (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our finding suggests that change the posture of the hip joint to facilitate GM muscle activation during trunk stabilization exercises such as the FKALL.

목적 : 본 연구는 상지근력 저하로 인해 일상생활 활동 수행이 제한되는 근육병 장애인을 대상으로 Arm Support 사용에 따른 작업 부하의 변화와 심리·사회적 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상자는 지역사회에 거주하는 근육병 장애인 3명으로, 모두 척수성 근위축증을 진단받았다. 대상자는 능 동형 Arm Support 적용 전·후에 식사, 마스크 착용, 머리 빗기 활동을 수행하였다. 이후, NASA-TLX를 통해 능동형 Arm Support 적용 전·후 활동의 작업 부하를 측정 및 비교하였으며, 한국판 보조공학기기 심리·사회적 영향 척도 (K-PIADS)를 활용하여 Arm Support의 심리·사회적 영향력을 측정하였다. 마지막으로, 인터뷰를 통해 기기 사용 후 느낀 주관적인 감정 등에 대해 알아보았다. 결과 : 작업 부하 변화는 Arm Support 적용 후에 모든 항목의 평균 점수가 감소하였으며, 신체적 요구도 항목의 평균 점수가 가장 많이 감소하였다. 심리·사회적 영향 측정 결과는 하위 영역인 자기욕구 실현능력 2.08점(‘긍정적인 영향 ~ 매우 긍정적인 영향’), 적응성 2.06점(‘긍정적인 영향 ~ 매우 긍정적인 영향), 자존감 1.71점(’다소 긍정적인 영향 ~ 긍정 적인 영향‘)이었다. 인터뷰를 통해, 대상자는 Arm Support 사용함으로써 활동 수행 시 자신감, 만족감, 편안함 등을 느 꼈지만, Arm Support 구조가 정확하게 고정되지 않거나 휠체어 구조물의 간섭으로 인해 불편함 또한 느낀 것을 확인하 였다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 Arm Support가 근육병 장애인의 작업 부하를 낮추며, 긍정적인 심리·사회적 영향을 미치는 점 을 알 수 있었다. 추후에는 다양한 유형의 근육병 장애인을 대상으로 실생활 기반의 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이며, 체계 적인 평가를 통해 맞춤형의 서비스가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구의 결과가 Arm Support를 중재 전략으로 활용하는 연구와 서비스에 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

In this study, the design of the lower arm, a type of suspension for a 4 wheel drive vehicle, was dealt with through structural analysis. In the case of the existing lower arm, cracks occurred in the neck, so it is necessary to reduce the maximum stress in order to extend the life of the analysis model. Based on this, various design changes were made, and the maximum stress generated was compared through structural analysis of each design change model. For structural analysis, a unit load (1N) was applied in the vertical direction to the lower arm model, and the results were analyzed relative to each other. As a result of analysis through various design changes, case 3, a model in which the stress concentration applied to the lower arm was relieved, showed an increase in strength of about 51% compared to the existing model.

Background: The serratus posterior inferior (SPI) muscle originates from the spinous process of T11-L2 and inserts at the lower border of the 9–12th ribs. This muscle is involved in thoracolumbar rotation and stability. Several positions can be used to improve trunk stability; the quadruped position is a good position for easily maintaining a neutral spine. In particular, during one arm lifting, various muscles act to maintain a neutral trunk position, and the SPI is one of these muscles. If trunk stability is weakened, uncontrolled trunk rotation may occur at this time. Tape can be used to increase trunk stability. There have been no studies on the effect of taping applied to the SPI muscle on thoracolumbar junction (TLJ) stability. Objects: This study compared the TLJ rotation angle between three different conditions (without taping, transverse taping, and SPI muscle direction taping). Methods: Thirty subjects were recruited to the study (18 males and 12 females). The TLJ rotation angle was measured during one arm lifting in a quadruped position (ALQP). Two taping methods (transverse and SPI muscle direction taping) were applied, and the TLJ rotation angle was measured in the same movement. Results: SPI muscle direction taping significantly reduced TLJ rotation compared to that without taping (p < 0.001) and with transverse taping (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the TLJ rotation angle between transverse taping and SPI muscle direction taping (p < 0.017). Conclusion: SPI muscle direction taping reduces the TLJ rotation angle during ALQP. Therefore, SPI muscle direction taping is one method to improve TLJ stability and reduce uncontrolled TLJ rotation during ALQP.

Background: Stroke patients exhibit arm global synkinesis (GS), involuntary movement due to muscle weakness and irregular muscle tension. But currently there are few studies examined the effects of GS on activates of daily living in stroke patients. Objectives: To investigate the effects the effects of task-oriented bilateral movements, which promote brain plasticity and are based on neurological theory, using the unaffected arm and the affected arm. Design: Quasi-randomized trial. Methods: Twenty stroke patients were randomly assigned to experimental group I (n=10) and experimental group II (n=10). Before the intervention, arm GS was measured using surface electromyography, and the Motor Activity Log evaluated the quantitative and qualitative uses of the affected arm in daily life. The same items were measured four weeks later. Results: The changes in the GS of the arm of experimental group I showed statistically significant differences only in bending motions (P<.05). Both groups showed statistically significant differences in the amount of use (AOU) and the quality of movement (QOM) scores (P<.01). Comparing the groups, statistically significant differences in GS appeared during bending motions (P<.05), and in the AOU (P<.01) and the QOM scores (P<.05). Conclusion: The intervention in GS reduced the abnormal muscle tension of the affected side by increasing the use of the ipsilateral motor pathway, indicating its effectiveness in improving upper limb functions with smooth contraction and relaxation of the muscles.

Background: As technology has progressed, various robot-assisted devices have been developed to reduce therapists’ labor and assist in therapy. However, due to their many limitations, it is more practical to use traditional mechanical devices. The grahamizer is one such traditional mechanical device used clinically to rehabilitate the upper extremities. No study has yet established the efficacy of the grahamizer in individuals with stroke. Objects: This study investigated the immediate change in arm reaching after the use of a grahamizer. Methods: Twenty-two stroke survivors participated in this study (11 males and 11 females). The reaching of the more-affected arm was measured three times using the three-dimentional electromagnetic motion tracking system “trakSTAR”. After the first measurement, the subjects performed 500 rotatory arm exercises using the grahamizer. To assess the grahamizer’s effect, the subjects were remeasured in the same way. Results: There were significant increases in the reaching distance (p < 0.05) and movement smoothness (p < 0.05) of the more-affected arm after using the grahamizer. Conclusion: Our study confirms that using the grahamizer is beneficial in the rehabilitation for improving movement of the more-affected arm in stroke survivors.

Background: Lower trapezius muscle function is important for the prevention and treatment of shoulder injuries. However, scapular posterior tilt movement has been overlooked in lower trapezius strengthening exercise programs. Objective: To examine the effects of prone arm lifting with scapular posterior tilt (PALSPT) on trapezius muscles. Design: Crossover study Methods: 17 healthy males were recruited for participation in this study. Participants performed backward rocking diagonal arm lifting (BRDAL) and PALSPT. To train participants in scapular posterior tilt movements for PALSPT, visual biofeedback of scapular movements was provided using a motion sensor. Electromyography (EMG) activities of the middle and lower trapezius were recorded using a surface EMG system. Differences in middle and lower trapezius muscle activity between BRDAL and PALSPT exercises were analyzed. Results: Lower trapezius muscle activity was significantly greater during PALSPT than during BRDAL (p=.006). Although greater EMG activity was observed in the middle trapezius during PALSPT than during BRDAL, this difference was not significant (p=.055). Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that scapular posterior tilt movements must be considered in lower trapezius muscle strengthening programs.

Background: Shoulder function is achieved by the coordinated movements of the scapula, humerus, and thoracic spine, and shoulder disorders can be associated with altered scapular kinematics. The trunk plays an important role as the kinematic chain during arm elevation. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of thoracic hyperkyphosis on scapular orientation and trunk motion. Methods: Thirty-one subjects (15 in the ideal thorax group and 16 in the thoracic hyperkyphosis group) performed right-arm abduction and adduction movements in an unconstrained plane. The scapular orientation and trunk motion were recorded using a motion analysis system. Results: Those subjects with thoracic hyperkyphosis displayed greater scapular posterior tilting at a 120˚ shoulder elevation, greater scapular internal rotation throughout the arm raising phase, and greater trunk axial rotation at the upper ranges of the shoulder elevation, compared to those subjects with an ideal thorax (p<.05). Conclusion: Thoracic hyperkyphosis can cause scapular instability, greater trunk rotation and greater scapular posterior tilting, and may contribute to preventing the achievement of a full range of humeral abductions in an unconstrained plane.

Contemporary people want to develop their bodies to enhance quality of life. Although weight-training machines have been mainly developed with this trend based on intuition and experience, this study attempted to improve and verify those products through computer simulations using the musculoskeletal model of the human body. An arm-curl machine, a weight-training machine for arm exercise, was chosen for this research and the improved exercise effects were observed. The existing exercise that moves the scapula on the axis of the elbow with raised forearm is effective for biceps but not for triceps and adjacent muscles. Thus we suggested the idea for a new concept arm-curl machine that also raises the scapula after raising the forearm. To verify the effects of this new exercise, we manufactured arm-curl linkage. The experiments found that the exercise effects of the biceps were maintained, and the exercise effects of the triceps remarkably improved. These findings verified the effects of the proposed new concept arm-curl linkage.

Background: Although there are interventions available for the improvement of arm functions of patients with stroke, measuring changes in global synkinesis (GS) according to changes in the muscle activity of paretic and nonparetic side muscles is an important factor and studies to investigate such potential factors are evaluated necessary. Objective: To examine the correlation between the affected arm muscle activity and GS changes in patients with stroke. Design: Randomized controlled trial Methods: In order to measure muscle activities of 30 stroke patients, anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, biceps brachii and triceps brachii of the affected arms were measured using surface electromyography (EMG) and for analyzing GS, biceps brachii and triceps brachi of the affected arms were measured using the same instrument. Results: When the correlations between the muscle activity and GS of the affected arm were analyzed, the results showed significant correlations between the posterior deltoid and the triceps brachii(p < .01) and between the triceps brachii and GS(p < .05). Conclusion: : The results of this study suggest that the efficient movements of the affected arms of stroke patients, it is possible to increase extensor activity by improving smooth antagonism of the arm.

Background: Stroke patients require arm movement exercising for various stimulations in standing position for various stimulations rather than in a sitting position because they require integrated skillful movements, such as stretching, holding, and controlling. Objective: This study was conducted to provide foundational clinical data about lower limb global synkinesis in stroke patients using arm movements in a standing position. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The subjects were divided into a control group (n = 10) and an experimental group (n = 10), and a pre-test was conducted to evaluate leg global synkinesis (GS) and balance. Intervention method is stretching an arm to hold a ball, repeating supination and pronation of the hand only while maintaining the arm extended as much as possible, repeating shoulder abduction and adduction while holding the pegboard. This was followed by a three-week intervention during which re-measurement was conducted in the same way as was done for the pre-test. Results: The control group showed a significant difference in GS and balance during plantar flexion (p<.05), and the experimental group showed a significant difference in GS and balance during all movements (p<.05, p<.01, respectively). There was a significant difference in GS and balance between the two groups during dorsiflexion (p<.05, p<.01, respectively). Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that human arm movements in a standing position can reduce GS in the affected limb, and balance can be improved by stimulating the surrounding tissues of the affected limb and changing them positively.

Background: Forward head posture (FHP) is a postural alignment of the cervical vertebrae that leads to increased gravitational load on cervical segmental motions. The overhead arm lift test assesses the ability to actively dissociate and control low cervical flexion and move the shoulders through overhead flexion. Objects: The purpose of this study was to explore muscle activities in the upper trapezius (UT), serratus anterior (SA), sternocleidomastoid (SCM), and lower trapezius (LT) alongside changes in head position during the overhead arm lift test in individuals with FHP. Methods: Fifteen subjects with forward head posture and fifteen subjects with normal subjcects were enrolled in this study. The patients performed the overhead arm lift test, and muscle activities of the UT, SCM, SA, and LT were measured using surface electromyography and by evaluating changes in head position. Independent t-tests were used to detect significant differences between the two groups and Cohen’s d was calculated to measure the size of the mean difference between the groups. Results: The FHP group demonstrated significantly increased muscle activity of the UT (32.46±7.64), SCM (12.79±4.01), and LT (45.65±10.52) and significantly decreased activity in the SA (26.65±6.15) than the normal group. The change in head position was significantly higher in the FHP group (6.66±2.08) than the normal group. Effect sizes for all parameters assessed were large between the two groups. Conclusion: The subjects with excessive FHP displayed were unable to fix their heads in position during the overhead arm lift test. The overhead arm lift test can thus be used in clinical settings to confirm control of the neck in these subjects.

Background: Stroke patients usually have arm weakness, which affects trunks and arms. Objective: To investigate the effects of paretic side and non-paretic side arm training on trunk control and upper limb functions. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial (single blind). Methods: Twenty patients with stroke in hospital were enrolled in the study. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to paretic side arm training group (PATG, n = 10) or non-paretic side arm training group (NATG, n = 10). Trunk impairment scale (TIS) was used for trunk control, and box and block test (BBT) was used for upper limb function. Training was conducted for 4 weeks. Results: PATG showed significant difference in TIS (static balance, dynamic balance, coordination, total score) and BBT. NATG showed significant differences in static balance, and dynamic balance and total score except for coordination and BBT. PATG also showed a more significant difference in BBT and coordination and total score than NATG. Conclusions: The arm training performed on the paretic side are more effective than those performed on the non-paretic side in improving both upper limb function and trunk control in stroke patients.

This paper deals with the stability of industrial robot arms with six axes and six degrees of freedom. The robot arm used was IRB120, a product of ABB company, which is used in the real industry, by using the commercial “DAFUL” which is a simulation program that can analyze the dynamic behavior. DAFUL was applied to the robot arm to control the motion by applying the load to the robot arm and then the structural analysis of the robot arm was performed during the analysis time. As a result of the analysis of the robot arm, the stress and displacement acting on the elliptic model and the acting torque and force were analyzed. Based on the analysis results, stability was checked with reference to IRB120 product catalog.