본 연구는 취약계층의 디지털 포용을 위한 기업들의 사례를 통해 탐색하고 비즈니스 모델 캔버스를 활용하여 연구·분석하였다. 취약계층에 중점을 두고, 사업 영역을 구축하고 활동하는 기업의 사례를 통 해 디지털 포용 분야의 핵심 기업 비즈니스 모델을 핵심 구성 요소별로 살펴보고 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 디지털 포용기업의 특징으로 사업 활동의 대상이나 목표가 결코 취약계층에만 있는 것이 아니라, 사업의 모든 활동과 과정에서 취약계층을 참여시키거나 핵심 활동의 일원으로 고용을 창 출하는 것 또한 디지털 포용의 큰 의미라고 할 수 있겠다. 둘째, 정부의 노력에도 불구하고 취약계층의 사각지대는 엄연히 존재하며, 디지털 소외 계층의 해소 와 디지털 격차를 줄이는 디지털 포용기업에 대한 정부 주도의 정책이나 제도적인 보완이 필요할 때인 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 공유가치의 등장과 사회적 가치 창출이 지속 가능한 경영의 전략으로 주목받는 현대 사회의 핵 심 이슈에 걸맞은 신 기업가 정신의 연구와 일선 기업들의 노력이 필요할 때이다. 끝으로 취약계층의 포용과 배려를 위한 기업의 노력과 확산을 바라며, 기업의 공유가치와 사회적 가 치 창출에 대한 후속 연구를 기대해 본다.

해양산업시설의 위험유해물질 배출이 미치는 사회영향을 평가하고, 기술근거배출허용기준 설정과정에서 요구되는 사회영향평 가 항목 및 방법적용에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다. 연구범위는 인천광역시에 있는 해양산업시설을 대상으로 하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기업 및 산업에 대한 영향은 ‘큰’ 것으로 평가되었지만, 대기업은 영업이익손실과 도산가능성, 그리고 고용손실의 영향이 적 었고, 소기업과 중기업은 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 지역사회 및 경제에 대한 영향은 ‘적은’ 것으로 평가되었으나, 직접적으로 인 과관계를 지니는 어업생산자나 지역관광종사자, 그리고 해당 지역은 그 영향이 집중되어 크게 나타날 수 있기 때문에 이에 대한 세심한 정책적 개입이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 기술근거배출허용기준의 설정방법에서 사회적 손실비용 및 사회적 편익산정 항목과 방법 이 유용하게 적용될 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.

PURPOSES : To efficiently manage pavements, a systematic pavement management system must be established based on regional characteristics. Suppose that the future conditions of a pavement section can be predicted based on data obtained at present. In this case, a more reasonable road maintenance strategy should be established. Hence, a prediction model of the annual surface distress (SD) change for national highway pavements in Gangwon-do, Korea is developed based on influencing factors. METHODS : To develop the model, pavement performance data and influencing factors were obtained. Exploratory data analysis was performed to analyze the data acquired, and the results show that the data were preprocessed. The variables used for model development were selected via correlation analysis, where variables such as surface distress, international roughness index, daily temperature range, and heat wave days were used. Best subset regression was performed, where the candidate model was selected from all possible subsets based on certain criteria. The final model was selected based on an algorithm developed for rational model selection. The sensitivity of the annual SD change was analyzed based on the variables of the final model. RESULTS : The result of the sensitivity analysis shows that the annual SD change is affected by the variables in the following order: surface distress ˃ heat wave days ˃ daily temperature range ˃ international roughness index. CONCLUSIONS : An annual SD change prediction model is developed by considering the present performance, traffic volume, and climatic conditions. The model can facilitate the establishment of a reasonable road maintenance strategy. The prediction accuracy can be improved by obtaining additional data, such as the construction quality, material properties, and pavement thickness.

축산 폐수는 고농도의 영양염류와 중금속을 함유하고 있어, 배출될 때 수질을 악화시킨다. 기존 처리 기술과 비교하여 bioremediation은 축산 폐수 처리에 유능하다. 특히, 미세조류는 오염물질 제거에 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Ankistrodesmus bibraianus를 이용하여 축산 폐수 내 영양염류 (질소 (N), 인 (P))와 중금속 (구리 (Cu), 아연 (Zn))의 제거 가능성을 평가하고, A. bibraianus의 최적배양조건을 확립하였다. 연구결과, 최적 배양조건은 28°C, pH 7, 광주기는 14 : 10 h로 설정되었다. N과 P의 단일 처리구 (500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000 mg L-1)에서 제거효율은 각각 22.9~80.6%와 11.9~50.0%였다. 또한, N과 P의 복합 처리구에서 제거효율은 각각 16.4~58.3%와 7.80~49.8%였다. Cu와 Zn의 단일 처리구 (10, 30, 50 mg L-1)에서 제거효율은 각각 15.5~81.5%와 6.28~34.3%였다. 유사하게, Cu와 Zn의 복합 처리구에서 제거효율은 각각 16.7~74.5%와 5.58~27.5%였다. 또한 영양염류 (N 및 P)와 중금속 (Cu 및 Zn)의 성장 및 제거효율을 축산 폐수에 적용할 수 있음을 나타냈다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르면 A. bibraianus는 축산 폐수 내 영양염류와 중금속 제거에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 Best-Worst Scaling(BWS)을 이용하여 캄보디아 농촌 지역의 고등학교 교사의 교육 원조 우선순위를 결정하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 공여국에 의한 농촌 개발과 교육 부문을 통합하는 개발전략을 수립할 때, 교육을 제공하는 교사의 교육원조 선호도 우선순위에 대한 이해가 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는「기술직업교육 확대(항목 1)」,「현직 교사의 상 위학위 취득기회 확대(항목 2)」,「학교시설 건설 및 학습 기자재 제공(항목 3)」,「투명한 학교운영(항목 4)」,「빈곤 학생을 위한 재정적 지원(항목 5)」,「전문성을 키우는 교원교육(항목 6)」,「선진국 해외연수(항목 7)」,「교원 보수증대를 위한 재정적 지원(항목 8)」, 「선진화된 교과과정 개발(항목 9)」로 구성된 9가지 교육원조 항목을 선정하였다. 캄보디아 농촌지역 고등학교에 재직 중인 96명의 교사를 대상으로 BWS 설문조사를 한 결과, 상위 3개 우선순위는 항목 8, 항목 6, 항목 2였고, 가장 낮은 우선순위는 항목 7, 항목 9, 항목 5, 항목 6으로 나타났다. BWS 분석방법은 국제농업·농촌개발전략 수립에 필요한 수혜자의 원조 선호도 우선순위를 파악하는 데 유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

연 10회 이상 발생하는 온실가루이는 토마토 재배 시 6월 하순 기온이 상승하면서부터 발생량이 급격히 증가하고 약제에 대한 저항성이 강해 많은 농가에서 방제에 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이러한 온실가루이의 효과적인 방제를 위해 최적교호살포 약제조합을 선발하는 실험을 실시하였다. 작용기작에 따라 약제는 각각 신경전달기능을 억제하고, 키틴생합성을 저해하며, 지질생합성을 저해하는 작용기작을 가진 약제로 선정하였다. 각 처리구별로 약제 살포순서를 다르게 하여 교호살포한 결과 모든 처리구에서 3회 약제처리 후 성충밀도가 처리전 밀도보다 유의한 차로 줄어들었다. 약충에 있어서는 약제처리전 모든 처리구에서 약충 발생이 낮아 정확한 밀도억제효과를 확인하기 어려웠지만 최종조사에서는 신경전달저해, 탈피저해, 지질생합성저해 약제 순으로 처리한 처리구의 밀도가 무처리구와 비교하였을 때 일정수준 억제되는것을 확인하였다

본 연구는 14살부터 26살까지 고쇼라는 특별한 공간에서 한 명의 여성으로서, 또한 뇨보로서 살아 온 니죠가 천황을 비롯, 당대의 최고의 정치가, 최고의 고승으로 존경받은 남성들과의 애욕유전의 생애를 여성의 생명으로, 그것을 차원 높은 문학으로까지 승하시킨 일기 ｢도와즈가타리｣를 통하여 작자 니죠의 여성으로서의 매력을 고찰하여 전체적인 니죠상을 그려보고자 했다. 먼저 그녀의 전반전 인생이 시작된 고쇼에서 한 명의 여성 커리어 우먼인 뇨보로서 출사하였다. 그러나 일하는 뇨보로서의 그녀의 꿈은 천황인 고후 카쿠사인에 의해 깨어져 버렸다. 고후카쿠사인은 그녀를 단순한 뇨보로 두지않고, 자신의 정식인 부인도 아닌 애첩으로 그녀를 사랑했던 것이다. 그리고 그녀도 고후카쿠사인의 사랑을 받으면서 동시에 당시의 최고 정치가인 유키노아케보노와의 삼각관계를 형성한 것이다. 또 얼마 지나지 않아 당대의 최고의 종교 지도자인 아리아케노 츠키와도 남녀관계를 맺으며 불꽃같은 사랑의 편력을 이루어간다. 고쇼라는 특별한 공간에서 당대의 최고의 남성들과의 관계를 통해 그녀는 자신의 여성으로서의 매력 과 높은 자존심은 그녀를 사랑에 뛰어난 멋진 여인으로 더욱더 빛나게 하는 요소로 작용하게 된다. 결과적으로 고쇼를 중심으로 그녀는 당대의 최고의 남성들과 복수의 연애관계를 맺지만, 그 형태는 당시의 도덕적, 사회적인 규범으로부터 일탈한 형태였다. 이러한 애욕유전의 생애를 니죠는 아무도 묻지도 않았지만, 자신의 일생을 일기로 쓸 수 있었던 것은 그만큼 여성으로서의 높은 자존심과 남녀간의 사랑에 뛰어난 여성이었기에 가능한 자신감의 표출이었다고 생각된다.

This study identifies the best gift ever as a new type of gift with specific characteristics that make it different from the ideal, „perfect gift‟. For this, we draw on consumers‟ lived experiences to understand the underlying traits of their most cherished gifts. This understanding is of great importance for retailers, who strive to assist consumers on their search for the „perfect gift‟ (Mintel, 2015). As Belk (1996) suggests, the „perfect gift‟ involves sacrifice, altruism, luxury, surprise and is uniquely appropriate for the recipient. Although this concept has been widely used in the literature, there remain two main limitations to address. First, existing work focused on the „perfect gift‟ is conceptual and considers this type of gift in its ideal form, thus neglecting actual experiences of givers and receivers as consumers of their most special gifts. Although some empirical research exists around the subject (Tuten & Kiecker, 2009), these studies assume the „perfect gift‟ conceptualisation proposed by Belk (1996) or suggest that “the „perfect gift‟ metaphor is not always an accurate prototype for giving” (Otnes, 2018, p.222). In addition to this, the retail environment has changed considerably since Belk‟s (1996) work. The new digital world reconfigures the definitions of gift-giving contextualised in a pre-digital landscape (Belk, 2013; Otnes, 2018), raising questions for example, of whether digital gifts can be perfect (Belk, 2013). In order to address these concerns, we propose to study participants‟ experiences of their best gift ever (both given and received); to this effect, we conducted 27 face-to-face semi-structured interviews. We did not prompt participants with any characteristics of the „perfect gift‟ from the literature but rather focused on capturing participants‟ insights about their best gift ever in their own terms. While we drew insights on the categorisation of the perfect gift proposed by Belk (1996), we adopted an interpretivist perspective allowing themes to emerge from the data (Holbrook & O‟Shaughnessy, 1988). Our findings show that the best gift ever might not be perfect but it is attainable and proposed as a new concept to understand gifts. This extends existing research beyond the notion that "the perfect gift, like most perfection, remains an ideal more than a reality in our gift giving" (Belk, 1996, p.76). Our analysis suggests that the best gift ever is: 1) experiential (i.e. symbolic meanings are associated with the shared giver-receiver experience), 2) memorable (i.e. the experience is remembered vividly and gift meaning evolves overtime); and 3) delightful (i.e. experience of deep emotions of delight, excitement and pleasure). Finally, although the best gift ever shares characteristics with those of the perfect gift including appropriateness, sacrifice, altruism and luxury, our data shows that these characteristics defining the ideal perfect gift (Belk, 1996) are not necessarily met by the best gift ever in most cases. That is, not all of these traits were simultaneously present within the same best gift ever experience and some of them were not important for our participants. Practitioners could support customers in the creation of the best gift ever by helping to build memorable and delightful gift experiences, the value of which can be enhanced over time.

Because English grammar consists of a long list of features, it is impractical to include all of them in a single grammar test. It would be useful to identify among all those features the best indicators of students’ grammatical knowledge and ability so that we could focus on what were the most representative knowledge and skills and simplify grammar assessment. This study is a preliminary, small-scale attempt to do just that. It surveyed 72 high school teachers and 129 Grade 12 students on their opinions of which features of grammar best represented grammatical knowledge and ability. They were asked to choose five indicators, including the best one, and provide reasons for thinking so. The relative pronoun was selected most frequently as the best indicator of grammatical knowledge and ability, followed by subject-verb agreement, the subjunctive, to-infinitives, and participles. This paper does not claim these five features to definitively represent the best indicators; further research should be conducted.

Various kinds of processes are used in the Public Sewage Treatment Works(PSTWs) in order to achieve water quality criteria and TMDL in the watershed. The performance of the existing processes at PSTWs depends on influent characteristics, effluent quality target, amount of sludge production, power cost and other factors. In present, the Selection Guideline for the Available Treatment Process of PSTWs is used for a process decision in the country. But there are some problems regarding redundancy of assessment factors and complexity of assessment procedure in the guideline. In this study, we did a test application of AHP for process selection of PSTWs, which propose is to simplify assessment factors such as pollutant removal amount, sludge generation, electricity consumption, stability of operation, convenience of maintenance, easiness of existing process application, installation cost, and operating cost concerning of environmental factors, technical factors and economical factors. According to the study, the PSTWs selection procedure guideline can be improved using application of AHP method.

The advances of the Internet open consumers new opportunities to share their consumption experiences, opinions and feelings with others. Online customer reviews (OCRs) are a crucial source of information for consumers and are regarded as one of the most influential types of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in shaping consumer attitudes and facilitating purchase decisions (Plummer, 2007). Prior research has produced a number of valuable insights on OCRs (e.g., Dellarocas, Gao, & Narayan, 2010; Hennig-Thurau et al., 2004; Mayzlin, Dover, & Chevalier, 2014). Especially the influence of OCR valence (positively vs. negatively framed information) has received considerable attention both from practitioners and from scholars (e.g., Xue & Zhou, 2010; Yang & Mai, 2010; Lee et al., 2009). However, we argue that scientific insights on the influence of OCR valence remain limited. Specifically, this paper shows that the level of source credibility (high vs. low) as well as the type of product (search vs. experience good) are important moderators of the influence of OCR valence on several consumer OCR reactions (product attitude, product quality, and product trust) under specific circumstances only. Four hundred and sixteen respondents (70% females, average age 24 years) participated in an experiment with a 2×2×2 between-subjects full factorial design manipulating the OCR valence (positive vs. negative), the source credibility (high vs. low) and the product type (search vs. experience good). Results demonstrate that the effect of positive OCRs from highly credible sources on diverse outcome variables is larger than from low credible sources. By acknowledging Chaiken et al.’s (1989) theoretical extension of the heuristic-systematic model (Chaiken, 1980) we provide empirical evidence that source credibility intensifies the impact of positive OCRs due to the additivity effect. In contrast, credible negative information is not more influential than incredible information. A similar mechanism becomes operational when considering product type. Here, positive OCRs about experience goods have a stronger influence on product evaluations than similarly valenced information about search goods. This research provides further support for the crucial role of credible, positive OCRs in affecting consumer behavior in contrast to their negative counterparts. From a practical perspective, marketers should consider including highly credible OCRs from trustworthy and experienced customers’ peers as decision aids. This can be achieved, for instance, by including personal postings from Facebook. Such a strategy is particularly efficient as positive OCRs increase the consumer’s confidence towards the product while credible negative OCRs are not more harmful than incredible ones.

This study was conducted to develop local stem volume tables reflecting the local growth pattern and climate condition using stem taper equations for Pinus rigida. We developed the local stem volume table for P. rigida, which is the widely planted species following Pinus denisflora and Larix kamepferi in South Korea. Three Functions of Max & Burkhart, Kozak and Parresol et al. were applied and compared to derive the most suitable taper function. Their suitability was statistically analyzed by using the Fitness Index, Bias and Standard Error of Bias. The result showed that there was a significant difference in all three functions, and the Fitness Index of the Kozak’s function was the highest among the three functions for estimating the tree growth pattern of P. rigida. Therefore, the Kozak’s function was chosen for generating stem taper equation and local stem volume tables for P. rigida. The developed stem volume tables of each region were compared to the standard stem volume table that was driven by the data of tree growth obtained throughout the nation. The result showed that the local stem volume table was higher than standard volume tables in two regions of Muju and Boeun. There was a statistically significant difference (p<α=0.05), but there was no significant (p >α=0.05) between the local stem volume.

The world market for brands and licenses is constantly growing and represents a very interesting economic field. Brands are constantly being sold, and brand ownership may change often completely unbeknown to the majority of consumers. Brands are in fact held as any other assets, either by individuals or by companies, as part of their balance sheet (Lucky & Giliberti, 2013). A multiple case study of independent luxury companies enables us to identify the following best practices: 1) Perfume = Survival Most brands achieve a long lasting market penetration once they successfully move into the fragrancies. Every case study confirms the assumption. 2) Perfume + cosmetics = survival and success It seems that the perfume business and cosmetics in general are the main boosters for a brand to keep on growing and gain if not “top of mind” at least “aided awareness”. 3) Less licensees = more business! As strange as this can be, most luxury brands that have succeeded in keeping a remarkable growth have made the decision not to expand their number of licensees, but rather to dramatically diminish them, selecting, in most of the cases, main licensing categories like: 1- Perfumes and cosmetics 2- Watches 3- Eye glasses 4- Limited ranges of accessories The cases show that massive licensing may have brought very interesting revenues obtained “the easy way” by the brands owners, but have then started a decline in revenues due to many practical reasons: The brand loses its appeal by becoming seen just about everywhere and applied to any type of possible product. The brand simply becomes less exclusive and therefore less luxury. Cases like Saint Laurent (new name used instead of Yves Saint Laurent) in France or Valentino in Italy, clearly indicate that the brands managers have decided to concentrate their core business within a very limited number of licensees making sure that the brand orientation strictly reflects the identity chosen by the (new) owners. The most impressive example of extremely massive licensing tending to pull the brand out of the luxury market is without doubt the one of Pierre Cardin.