반려견은 인간과의 정서적 유대를 바탕으로 가족 구성원으로 인식되고 있으나, 도시화 된 생활환경과 보호자의 생활 패턴 변화로 인해 운동 부족 문제가 심화되고 있다. 본 연구 는 반려견 복지를 향상시키기 위한 방안으로 ‘독피트니스(Dog Fitness)’의 필요성을 고찰 하였다. 선행 문헌과 국내외 사례를 중심으로 독피트니스의 개념과 구성 요소를 정리하 고, 미국, 캐나다, 호주, 일본 등에서의 운영 현황을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 독피트니스는 반려견의 신체 기능 강화뿐 아니라 정서 안정과 삶의 질 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 복지적 개입으로 볼 수 있다. 또한 국내 반려동물 문화의 현실과 비교하여 독피트 니스 도입의 필요성과 적용 가능성을 논의하였으며, 인식 개선, 전문 인력 양성, 제도적 기반 마련 등이 필요함을 제언하였다. 본 연구는 독피트니스가 반려견 복지 실현을 위한 효과적인 수단이 될 수 있음을 고찰하였으며, 향후 실증적 연구와 정책적 적용에 대한 논 의가 확대될 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

본 논문은 펫 휴머니제이션 현상으로 펫푸드 시장이 질적으로 고도화되었음에도, 불구하고, 여전히 「사료관 리법」상 축산 생산 수단적 관점에 머물러 있는 현행 관 리 체계의 한계를 조명하고 실증적인 물성 표준화 방안 을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 우선 KS H 4897 및 법정 관 리 체계와의 비교·분석을 통해 펫푸드 물성 규격화의 제 도적 미비점을 규명하였다. 또한, 반려견 보호자 71명을 대상으로 시행한 설문조사 결과, 응답자의 97.0%가 제품 구매 시 물성을 주요하게 고려하나 54.0%는 제조사별 다 른 마케팅 용어로 인해 선택의 어려움을 겪고 있음을 확 인하였다. 특히 단단한 제형으로 인한 치아 및 잇몸 손상 경험(15.0%)과 습식 급여 중 사레 경험(46.0%) 등 실질적 인 급여 안전사고 실태를 통해 정량적 지표 도입의 당위 성을 확보하였다. 이를 바탕으로 반려견의 해부학적 구조 와 체급별 치악력 등 수의학적 근거를 반영하여 유동식 부터 고강직식까지 아우르는 5단계의 ‘반려견 Texture-Code’를 도출하였다. 본 논문은 영양 성분에 치 중되었던 기존 품질 관리 패러다임을 물리적 섭식 안전 분야로 확장하고, 향후 반려동물의 지위 변화를 반영한 선진적 사료 관리 체계 수립을 위한 기초 자료를 제공한 다는 점에서 학술적·제도적 의의를 지닌다.

In canine solid tumors, genetic alterations are crucial for initiating and advancing tumor growth, leading to modifications in the originating tissue and shaping the tumor’s developmental course. Structural variants, including inversions, deletions, and translocations, are hallmarks of most cancer genomes and are causatively linked to tumorigenesis. Histopathology was used to confirm tumor type, while structural genomic alterations were identified through whole-genome sequencing. The examination of 4 tumors and 52 normal whole-genome sequences enabled a precise exploration of the genetic foundations of solid tumor biology, particularly the pattern of somatic structural variation. Structural variants in tumor samples were predominantly found in genes involved in the RTK–Ras–MEK–ERK signaling pathway, as well as in those regulating apoptosis and cell survival. Among the structural variants discovered, the detection of STARD4 in the solid tumor group, which is related to cholesterol regulation, indicates a potential common pathway in tumorigenesis. This research highlights the genetic intricacy of tumors and underscores the importance of personalized strategies for diagnosis and prognosis, employing comprehensive genetic profiling.

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in aging dogs, sharing significant pathological similarities with human Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as amyloid-beta deposition and neuroinflammation. Yukgunja-tang (YGJ), a traditional herbal formula, has been reported to alleviate psychological symptoms via the gut-brain axis. However, its molecular mechanisms in treating CCD remain unclear. This study was about a network pharmacology approach to elucidate the multi-component, multi-target mechanisms of YGJ against CCD. Active compounds and relates of YGJ drugs and CCD targets were retrieved from the TCMSP (Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database and analysis platform) and GeneCards databases, respectively. We identified 148 common targets between YGJ drugs and CCD symptom. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed key hub genes, including TNF (tumor necrosis factor), IL1B (interleukin 1 beta), AKT1 (Ak strain transforming 1), TP53 (tumor protein 53), and IL10 (interleukin 10), which are predominantly involved in inflammation and cell survival. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these targets are significantly enriched in the age-rage signaling pathway and cancer pathways, suggesting mechanisms involving the regulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. These findings hypothesize that YGJ exerts therapeutic effects on CCD through a holistic approach: inhibiting neuroinflammation, modulating age-related cellular stress, and regulating cell signaling cascades. This study provides a scientific basis for YGJ as a potential integrative treatment for improving the quality of life in dogs with CCD.

Artificial insemination (AI) is a widely used assisted reproductive technology in livestock, but its commercialization in dogs remains limited. With the growing demand in the pet industry, it is necessary to evaluate the efficiency and commercial potential of canine AI in South Korea. A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 1990 and 2025. Fourteen relevant papers were analyzed by semen type (fresh, chilled, frozen) and insemination technique (intravaginal, intrauterine, surgical). Cost data were collected from seven overseas AI service providers between February and May 2025, covering insemination procedures and breeding timing tests. The average pregnancy and delivery rates were evaluated using two denominators: inseminations and bitches. In fresh semen, the pregnancy and delivery rates were 94.4% for both (based on inseminations), 81.1% and 83.7% (based on bitches). In chilled semen, the pregnancy and delivery rates were 95.0% for both (inseminations), 62.4% and 55.8% (bitches). In frozen semen, rates were 73.1% for delivery (inseminations) and 65.5% and 58.3% for pregnancy and delivery (bitches). Among AI techniques, intravaginal insemination rates were 58.9% for delivery (inseminations) and the pregnancy and delivery rates were 62.4% and 57.1% (bitches). In intrauterine insemination, the pregnancy rates and delivery rates were 81.8% and 86.0% (inseminations), 87.5% for both (bitches). In surgical insemination, the pregnancy rates and delivery rates were 45.0% and 73.1% (inseminations), 100.0% and 73.5% (bitches). Service costs varied among providers: intravaginal ($137), intrauterine ($345-371), and surgical ($632-777), progesterone testing ($82) and vaginal cytology ($78). Service costs varied widely among providers: intravaginal insemination averaged $137, intrauterine $345-371, and surgical $632- 777. Additional expenses included progesterone testing ($82) and vaginal cytology ($78). This study analyzes the reproductive efficiency of various canine AI methods based on experimental findings reported in the literature and examines the service models of commercially operating providers, thereby providing foundational data for the potential commercialization of canine AI technology in South Korea.

Medial patellar luxation is a common orthopedic disorder in dogs, and advanced cases with severe skeletal deformities or femoropatellar osteoarthritis are often unresponsive to conventional techniques. Patellar groove replacement (PGR) has been proposed as an alternative surgical option; however, systematic comparisons of coating technologies for veterinary PGR implants remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties, biological compatibility, and functional performance of a newly developed titanium nitride (TiN)–coated PGR system compared with a clinically available amorphous diamond-like carbon (ADLC)–coated device. TiN-coated prototypes were fabricated using Ti-6Al-4V alloy by injection molding combined with arc ion plating, which requires simpler equipment and lower production costs than the vacuum plasma deposition used for ADLC. Physicochemical evaluations, including corrosion resistance, hardness, surface roughness, and coating thickness, were conducted following International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Korean Industrial Standards (KS) guidelines. In vitro biocompatibility was assessed using MTT and cell adhesion assays with L-929 fibroblasts, while inflammatory cytokine profiling (interleukin [IL]-1β and IL-6) in a rat subcutaneous model was used to evaluate local tissue responses. Functional feasibility was examined in a canine femoral model bilaterally implanted with TiNor ADLC-coated PGR systems and monitored for one year through clinical, radiographic, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging , and micro-CT assessments. Both coatings demonstrated excellent corrosion resistance and absence of cytotoxicity. TiN-coated implants showed slightly greater hardness and coating thickness, with comparable surface roughness and biocompatibility. All implants maintained stable fixation, proper patellar tracking, and satisfactory bone–implant integration. These findings indicate that TiN-coated PGR implants achieve biological and mechanical performance equivalent to ADLC devices while offering advantages in manufacturing simplicity, scalability, and cost-efficiency, supporting their clinical applicability in veterinary orthopedics.

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs is a heart disease that is characterized by histopathologic changes in cardiomyocytes, which ultimately result in valve degeneration and blood regurgitation due to structural changes in the heart valves. A number of studies have been conducted with the objective of identifying prognostic factors that may influence the prognosis of dogs with MMVD. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of research examining the factors that predict MMVD stage progression as defined by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. The objective of this study was to examine whether there are factors associated with stage progression within one year of diagnosis in dogs diagnosed with subclinical MMVD (stage B1 or B2) using physical examination findings, clinicopathologic biomarkers, and echocardiographic markers. This is a retrospective study of veterinary practice performed at Chungbuk National University Animal Hospital. The electronic medical record of the hospital was searched to obtain clinical records of canine patients diagnosed with subclinical MMVD over an 11-year period. For each patient cohort, a logistic regression analysis was conducted. The variables were initially selected using the backward elimination method, and the optimal logistic regression model was determined by removing the independent variables with the largest variance inflation factor. Among the independent variables examined in this study, heart murmur intensity was identified as a statistically significant predictor of stage progression within one year for subclinical MMVD, a finding that aligns with those of previous studies. No other independent variables were found to be significantly associated with subclinical MMVD stage progression. This is the inaugural exploratory study to concentrate on blood test results, a relatively straightforward and quantifiable test result that can be readily obtained in primary care veterinary clinics, among the factors that may be associated with the progression of subclinical MMVD stages.

Background: The clinical application of canine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) necessitates efficient and safe culture methods to produce large quantities of cells. Traditionally, fetal bovine serum (FBS) has been used for MSC expansion, but it carries risks such as contamination and adverse immune responses. Methods: In this study, we investigate the efficacy and efficiency of canine allogeneic serum as an effective alternative to FBS for the in vitro culture of canine MSCs. We measured the population doubling time of canine MSCs in allogeneic serum conditions and utilized qRT-PCR, flowcytometric analysis, and cellular staining/color-metric assay for investigating its effects on cellular senescence during long-term culture and the expression of key pluripotency-related transcriptomes. Results: Our findings demonstrate that canine MSCs cultured with allogeneic serum exhibited enhanced proliferation rates, reduced cellular senescence, and lower apoptosis levels compared to those cultured with FBS. Additionally, the expression of key pluripotency-related transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, was increased in canine MSCs cultured with allogeneic serum. Conclusions: These results highlight the potential of canine allogeneic serum to provide a safer and more effective culture environment, supporting the large-scale expansion and maintenance of canine MSCs for clinical applications.

Background: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a toxic metabolite generated by Aspergillus species and is commonly detected during the processing and storage of food; it is considered a group I carcinogen. The hepatotoxic effects, diseases, and mechanisms induced by AFB1 owing to chronic or acute exposure are well documented; however, there is a lack of research on its effects on the intestine, which is a crucial organ in the digestive process. Dogs are often susceptible to chronic AFB1 exposure owing to lack of variation in their diet, unlike humans, thereby rendering them prone to its effects. Therefore, we investigated the effects of AFB1 on canine small intestinal epithelial primary cells (CSIc). Methods: We treated CSIc with various concentrations of AFB1 (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μM) for 24 h and analyzed cell viability and transepithelial-transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) value. Additionally, we analyzed the mRNA expression of tight junction-related genes (OCLN, CLDN3, TJP1, and MUC2), antioxidant-related genes (CAT and GPX1), and apoptosis-related genes (BCL2, Bax, and TP53). Results: We found a significant decrease in CSIc viability and TEER values after treatment with AFB1 at concentrations of 20 μM or higher. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated a downregulation of OCLN, CLDN3, and TJP1 in CSIc treated with 20 μM or higher concentrations of AFB1. Additionally, AFB1 treatment downregulated CAT , GPX1, and BCL2. Conclusions: Acute exposure of CSIc to AFB1 induces toxicity, and exposure to AFB1 above a certain threshold compromises the barrier integrity of CSIc.

Background: Canine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an attractive source for veterinary regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug development. Here we used vitamin C (Vc) to improve the reprogramming efficiency of canine iPSCs, and its functions in the reprogramming process were elucidated. Methods: Retroviral transduction of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc (OSKM), and GFP was employed to induce reprogramming in canine fetal fibroblasts. Following transduction, the culture medium was subsequently replaced with ESC medium containing Vc to determine the effect on reprogramming activity. Results: The number of AP-positive iPSC colonies dramatically increased in culture conditions supplemented with Vc. Vc enhanced the efficacy of retrovirus transduction, which appears to be correlated with enhanced cell proliferation capacity. To confirm the characteristics of the Vc-treated iPSCs, the cells were cultured to passage 5, and pluripotency markers including Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Tra-1-60 were observed by immunocytochemistry. The expression of endogenous pluripotent genes (Oct4, Nanog, Rex1, and telomerase) were also verified by PCR. The complete silencing of exogenously transduced human OSKM factors was observed exclusively in canine iPSCs treated with Vc. Canine iPSCs treated with Vc are capable of forming embryoid bodies in vitro and have spontaneously differentiated into three germ layers. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize a straightforward method for enhancing the efficiency of canine iPSC generation and provide insight into the Vc effect on the reprogramming process.

Intervertebral disc disease is a medical condition in which the disc, a fibrocartilage substance, escapes in the spinal cavity and compresses the spinal cord and it often co-occurs with Chiari-like malformation. A 7-year-old Pomeranian dog was referred for a forelimb ataxia. Disc protrusion at C2 to C3, crowding of the caudal fossa and mild cerebellar herniation into the foramen magnum were confirmed through Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The patient was hospitalized for two weeks and received electroacupuncture along with other rehabilitation therapies. After 2 weeks of inpatient treatment, there was an improvement in the patient's clinical symptoms.

A 12-year-old, spayed female, Pomeranian dog was referred for limbs stiffness and circling movement. Computed tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) revealed a contrast-enhanced space-occupying lesion suggestive of meningioma in the olfactory groove to the right frontal lobe. For a successful and accurate surgery, 3D printing technique for preoperative planning and 3D guide was applied. Surgical excision of the meningioma was successfully performed. The postoperative complications were managed through medical treatment and patient care without the revision surgery.

Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) has been reported worldwide as a major pathogen associated with acute hemorrhagic enteritis. The disease is a major infectious cause of death, particularly in young dogs. The earliest type of CPV-2 was replaced with three main subspecies, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, within a few years. Vaccination is carried out regularly, but the emergence of antigenic variants and the influence of maternal antibodies have limited the efficacy of commercial vaccines. New vaccines, such as the subunit vaccine, have been developed for alternative, safe, and effective vaccination. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is an excellent eukaryotic expression system with a high-level expression of foreign proteins and the ability of post-translational modification. Therefore, it is used widely to produce recombinant protein and subunit vaccines. In this study, the VP2 protein of CPV-2b cloned in the gateway vector system was generated using a baculovirus expression system in Spodoptera frugiperda (SF9) insect cells. Hemagglutination assay (HA) titers (24) were obtained, and the expression was detected in 6-His tagged VP2 and monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CPV-2 by western blotting. The VP2 protein of CPV-2b expressed in this study may provide a basis for a clinical diagnosis and vaccination applications for CPV-2.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are members of the family Orthomyxoviridae and genus Orthomyxovirus. Avian and mammalian species are the host of IAVs, which includes humans and dogs. Canine influenza virus (CIV) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe and acute respiratory diseases in dogs. This study monitored the antigen and antibody against CIV in dogs in the Republic of Korea (ROK) from 2016 to 2021. One thousand and seventy-two nasal swabs and 1,545 blood samples were collected from animal hospitals and animal shelters. Five nasal swabs in 2017 and seven in 2018 from stray dogs were positive for CIV according to RT-PCR. The prevalence of H3N2 CIV ranged from 9.5% to 24.8%, according to the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. On the other hand, none of the serum samples from 2018 to 2021 showed seropositivity against the avian H5, H7, and H9 viruses. The HI titers for H3N2 ranged from 16 to 512. The distribution of HI titer 16–32 was 57.6% in seropositive samples. The pet dogs were vaccinated against CIV, but the stray and military dogs were unvaccinated. In 2017 and 2018, the seroprevalence of CIV in stray dogs was higher than in the other years, and viral RNA was detected in nasal swabs. It may mean previous exposure of stray dogs to CIV. With the increasing number of pet dogs and the close contact between humans and dogs, canines could serve as an intermediate host for transmitting IAVs to humans. Therefore, continuous surveillance of CIV is needed for public health and the potential emergence of novel zoonotic viruses.

This case report describes satisfactory correction of deep and large canine corneal ulcerations by application of bidirectional corneo-conjunctival transposition (CCT). A 12-year-old spayed female Maltese dog with a large corneal descemetocele, perforation, and blepharospasm of the right eye was referred to Chungbuk National University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. More than half of the thickness of the cornea was damaged, and the ulcer was progressive. On ophthalmic examination, menace response and dazzle reflex were absent. No corneal melting was observed. As the patient had large and deep corneal ulcers, traditional one-sided CCT was not sufficient to cover the wound lesion. To increase corneal transparency after recovery, we decided to perform bidirectional CCT from 12 o’ clock on the dorsal side to 7 o’ clock on the ventral side. The dog was medicated with topical eye drops, ofloxacin, atropine, and moxifloxacin before surgery. Debridement with a diamond burr was then performed around the descemetocele. Five weeks after surgery, the dazzle reflex was restored as the blood vessel receded from the cornea to the conjunctiva. Eight weeks after surgery, corneal transparency and corneal stability were gradually restored, but not completely. Bidirectional CCT provides structural support and helps corneal wound healing in large canine corneal ulceration.

Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) is a major etiological agent causing gastrointestinal enteritis in domestic and wild carnivores. Since the emergence of CPV-2 in the late 1970s, subtypes CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c have spread worldwide. CPV-2 prevalence differed according to region and season. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of CPV-2 infection in Korea. Samples were collected from 536 dog feces in animal shelters and 225 necropsied intestinal tissues of dog carcasses submitted in the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) for diagnostic purposes from 2016 to 2020 in Korea. Among the 761 samples, 181 (23.8%) were positive for the following subtypes: CPV-2a (n=138), CPV-2c (n=16), CPV-2b (n=14), and CPV-2 (n=2). Feline parvovirus (n=2) and co-infection with CPV-2a and CPV-2c (n=1) were also detected. There was no significant difference in the regional distribution of CPV-2 in Korea, which is prevalent in winter. This result shows the prevalence of CPV-2 according to various environments in Korea and will be useful in establishing an effective prevention strategy against CPV-2 that reflects the situation in Korea with continuous monitoring.

The canine parvovirus (CPV) causes clinical signs, such as severe enteritis, dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, leukopenia, and hair loss, which may lead to death. Vaccination is still the most important approach, as no specific treatment exists to prevent CPV. Monoclonal antibodies are valuable tools to study the pathogenic mechanisms of CPV and develop effective diagnostic reagents and pharmaceuticals. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against CPV-2a were obtained through hybridoma technology by fusing myeloma cells and B cells from the spleens of mice immunized with CPV type 2a (CPV-2a). Two MAbs (CPV-330 and CPV-620) were studied on the reactivity of vaccine (CPV-2a) and field strains (CPV-new 2a, -2b, and -2c) by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), hemagglutination inhibition test (HI), virus neutralization test (VN), and inhibition of virus growth test. Two MAbs showed similar antibody titers for HI and VN. On the other hand, CPV-330 inhibited the viral replication in Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells better than CPV-620. These CPV MAbs may provide valuable biological reagents to study the CPV pathogenic mechanisms and work as therapeutic antibodies.

Skin protects the body by mediating various immune responses against exogenous substances including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, in addition to its predominant role as a physical barrier. Despite the significant protection offered via various mechanisms, bacterial infection of the skin is one of the most common skin diseases in veterinary medicine. This study demonstrated the structural and immunological changes in the skin during infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius using skin explants from four healthy beagles. Skin structure was generally well preserved in uninfected controls, but defects in skin structure, including injury of keratinocytes and dermal–epidermal junctional disruption, were identified when skin explants were exposed to P. aeruginosa and S. pseudintermedius. On exposure to P. aeruginosa, marked linear cleft formation was noted along with acantholysis along the basal layer after 24 hours of culture. In addition to the defects in the skin structure, mRNA expression levels of the AMPs cBD103 and S100A8 were decreased, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. Taken together, these results suggest that our ex vivo canine skin model is a research tool for investigating bacterial skin infections in dogs.

The prevalence of cancer in companion dogs is growing nowadays with the increasing worldwide population of domestic dogs. Since there is a less established standard of care in veterinary medicine, investigational treatments, such as the development of biomarkers can be considered as a therapeutic intervention for early diagnosis. Despite the enormous efforts that have been invested in the search of biomarkers, still, there is a need for easy detection of significant biological markers for predicting canine cancers at an early stage. In this study, we have analyzed the expression pattern of previously reported 46 canine cancer-associated candidate genes in blood specimens using real-time qPCR. We hypothesized that analysis of gene expression in blood would provide preliminary evidence of local or systemic immunogenic response which further contribute to the easy and early diagnosis of canine cancer from blood specimen as an analytical tool. The datasets included a total of 22 blood samples collected from different breeds of dogs diagnosed with cancer and five from healthy normal dogs. RT-qPCR analysis was performed by employing the SYBR Green PCR mix to assess the expression of these 46 genes in a total of 27 samples. From our result, a total of nine genes (ROS1, C1QA, CD48, IL1b, TLR2, IL2R, CHI3L1, CTSS, and TLR7) were found to be significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) in the cancer samples compared to non-cancer samples. The relative expression level of ROS1, C1QA, CD48, IL1b, TLR2, IL2R, CHI3L1, CTSS, and TLR7 genes was 5.74, 4.78, 3.94, 2.94, 2.57, 2.53, 2.50, 2.04, and 2.57, respectively, in cancer samples compared to non-cancer samples. Thus, our results reveal several highly expressed cancer genes that can be therapeutic target genes for further testing in canine cancers.

Natural killer (NK) cells have cytotoxic effects on tumor cells and viral pathogens. NK cell-derived exosomes (NK-exosomes) also express typical NK cell markers and cytotoxic molecules, therefore, exert anti-tumor and immune homeostatic activities. In this study, canine NK-exosomes separated from cytotoxic NK cell supernatant carried specific markers such as CD81, Alix, and Perforin 1. We examined the anti-tumor effects of NK-exosomes in an experimental murine model using the canine mammary carcinoma cells, REM134. REM134 cells were xenografted of mammary fat pad of mice. CD133, Bmi-1, MMP-3, IL-6, TNF-α, and PCNA are useful as a molecular marker for tumorigenesis and metastasis. The treatment of canine NK-exosomes inhibited tumor growth and significantly (p<0.01) downregulated the expression of Bmi-1, MMP-3, IL-6, TNF-α, and PCNA in REM134-treated mice. Also, the expression of CD133, potent cancer stem cell marker, was significantly downregulated in the canine NK-exosomes-treated mice compared with that of the tumor group. Collectively, these results suggested that canine NK-exosomes has a potential capacity for regulation of cancer progression and metastasis against canine mammary carcinoma.