Pasture formation and management are crucial to avoid yield reduction. This experiment aimed to examine the effects of tall fescue-centered mixed-seeding combinations on yield and vegetation changes in perennial pastures in the central region for two years, from September 2020 to October 2022. The treatments were arranged in three replications in a randomized block design: control (C), tall fescue-based mixture-1 (T-1), and tall fescue-based mixture-2 (T-2). The tall fescue (TF), orchard grass (OG), perennial ryegrass (PRG), Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), and white clover (WC) were used. The emergency rate of grasses (70.0 to 73.3%) did not differ among mixed seeding combinations. Overwintering rates (81.7 to 83.3%) were similar among treatments. The plant height of grasses was similar at each harvest date, with the highest height (86.2 cm) recorded in the second harvest of the first year, followed by that (58.4 cm) in the third harvest of the first year; it was least (38.9 cm) in the fourth harvest of the second year. There was no significant difference in the dry matter yield of grasses among the mixed seeding combination treatments in the first, third, or fourth harvests of the first year (p>0.05). For second-year grasses, dry matter yield was not significantly different in harvest date among the treatments (p>0.05). Based on mixed seeding ratio, orchard grass showed the highest yield at 70% in the C treatment, followed by tall fescue at 80% and 60% in the T-1 and T-2 treatments, respectively, in the first harvest after seeding. There was no significant difference in feed value between treatments (p>0.05), but a significant difference was observed between the third and fourth harvest (p<0.05). Therefore, it indicated that it is important to create perennial pastures in the central region through mixed seeding combinations centered on tall fescue.

This study was conducted to evaluate the productivity of whole crop silage wheat utilizing the paddy fields during a couple of years from 2019 to 2021 in Suwon, Korea. This investigation was used the two maturity types of wheat cultivar ‘Cheongwoo’ (early) and ‘Taeu’ (late). The heading date of 2nd year (Oct. 2020 to May. 2021) cultivation was delayed about 11 to 13 days by more than 1st year (Oct. 2019 to May. 2020). The growth characteristics were shown that the plant height was increased in 2nd cultivation, while the number of culms and the panicle part ratio were decreased. Moreover, the nutritive value of ‘Cheongwoo’ and ‘Taeu’ were also decreased in 2nd cultivation. These changes have thought to a difference of the precipitation by cultivation years. Because, the precipitation during the period from the end of winter dormancy to the harvesting stage in 2nd (337 mm) cultivation was more about twice than 1st (169.3 mm) cultivation. However, the dry matter yield of ‘Cheongwoo’ was not shown a statistical difference by cultivation years, while ‘Taeu’ was shown to decrease tendency. The total dry matter yield regardless of the cultivation years were higher in ‘Cheongwoo’ than ’Taeu’, and especially ’Cheongwoo’ was more 3 tons per hectare (15.3 t/ha) than ‘Taeu’ (12.6 t/ha) at 2nd cultivation (p<0.01). The trend of dry weight in ‘Cheongwoo’, early mature type, showed a relatively high ratio of dry matter (p<0.05) was considered that due to a high panicle ratio by a fast heading and an adequate weight of panicles by a sufficient maturing. In conclusion, selecting the early maturity cultivars could achieve a higher and more stable total dry matter yield considering the cropping system in the central region. Furthermore, it also has the advantage of being able to double-cropping system with forage rice, which has considered the maximum whole-crop forage production year-round. These results suggest that the ‘Cheongwoo’ be optimum cultivar to produce the year-round forage on paddy fields in the central region.

Sorghum×sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, SSH) is one of the most important summer forage crop and it is widely used for silage in Korea. Agriculture is highly dependent on the climate condition and experiencing significant loss of productivity due to climate change. This study was conducted to investigate the correlation analysis between productivity of forage SSH and climatic factors in Central Northern region of South Korea for 3 years (2017 to 2019). Plant height and dry matter yield of SSH were significantly higher in Gyeonggi-do than Ganwon-do. The productivity of SSH is more closely related with temperature than other climatic factors. Maximum temperature and Growing degree days in May and June showed a positive correlation. However, correlation between production of SSH and precipitation was not clear in this study, but rainy days showed a negative correlation (0.42). In conclusion, temperature is most important climatic factor to the maintenance of plant yield.

The field experiment was carried out to evaluate changes of dry matter productivity and feed value of Italian ryegrass and triticale at different growth stages in Wonju from 2018 to 2019. Italian ryegrass and triticale forages were harvested at an interval of seven days from May to June. The dry matter yield of Italian ryegrass with 7,870 kg/ha harvested on May 16 was significantly higher than that harvested on May 3 and May 9. The dry matter yield of triticale with 12,050 kg/ha harvested on June 7 was significantly higher than that harvested from May 3 to May 16. The crude protein yields harvested on May 16 were 890 kg/ha for Italian ryegrass and 1,103 kg/ha for triticale and were significantly higher than those harvested on May 3 and May 9. The total digestible nutrient yield(TDN) of Italian ryegrass with 5,223 kg/ha harvested on May 16 was significantly higher than that harvested on May 3 and May 9. The total digestible nutrient yield of triticale with 8,277 kg/ha harvested on June 7 was significantly higher than that harvested during May, but not different from that harvested after June 7. Considering the dry matter yield, crude protein yield and total digestible nutrient yield, it is suggested that the optimal harvesting times for Italian ryegrass and triticale seem to be May 16 and June 7, respectively.

중부지방은 송국리문화 주 분포권의 외곽지역으로 재지의 지역문화가 지속되고 있다. 이러한 지역 문화는 전기부터 성장하여 중기에 지역성이 두드러지는데, 일부 지역에서는 송국리집단의 이주나 접촉에 의해 송국리문화의 전파와 파급이 이루어진다. 본고는 중부지방 송국리문화의 제 양상을 살펴 보고 편년적 위치와 성격, 변화양상 등에 대해 검토하여 송국리문화에 대한 이해를 높이고자 하였다. 특히, 재지집단과의 관계를 어떻게 형성하고 있는지에 대해서도 파악하고자 하였다. 아울러 첨예하게 대립되고 있는 소위‘반송리식주거지’의 기원과 편년문제, 영동지역 송국리문화의 유입경로에 대해서도 살펴보고자 하였다. 중부지방 송국리문화를 검토한 결과 그 영향이 강하게 작용하지 않지만 재지집단과의 상호작용으로 변이가 관찰된다. 또한 재지집단도 송국리문화의 영향으로 선택적 수용 양상이 확인된다. 경기 남 부지역은 역삼동문화와 접촉하는 과정에서 자체의 변이는 물론 재지문화의 변이인 반송리식주거지가 등장하기도 한다. 반송리식주거지는 기존의 견해와 달리 송국리문화(송국리식주거지)의 영향을 받은 재지집단(역삼동식주거지)의 변이로 파악되고, 등장 시점도 늦은 시기로 확인되었다. 강원 영동지역은 송국리문화의 전통적인 주거구조를 유지하면서 재지의 새로운 물질문화(점토대토기문화)를 적극 수용하여 융화되는 양상이다. 이와 같이 중부지방에서 늦은 시기까지 송국리문화가 지속될 수 있었던 것은 송국리집단의 생존을 위한 방식-재지집단의 필요나 요구에 따라 적응하기 위한 적극적인 전략- 으로 볼 수 있다. 결국 송국리집단의 독자적인 생존방식도 보이지만 대부분 재지문화와 호혜적·기능적 관계를 맺고 융화·흡수되는 것으로 생각된다. 중부지방은 송국리문화 주 분포권의 외곽지역으로 재지의 지역문화가 지속되고 있다. 이러한 지역문화는 전기부터 성장하여 중기에 지역성이 두드러지는데, 일부 지역에서는 송국리집단의 이주나 접촉에 의해 송국리문화의 전파와 파급이 이루어진다.

이리응애과의 많은 종들은 잎응애, 총채벌레 및 가루이와 같은 미소 해충의 생물학적 방제원으로 이용가능성이 높다. 실제로 칠레이리응애와 같은 포식활동이 왕성한 일부 종은 현재 농업에서 전세계적으로 많이 이용되고 있다. 특정 지역이나 생태계 또는 작물에 서식하는 이리응애과의 다양성 조사는 포식성 이리응애의 활용을 위한 좋은 기초자료가 된다. 그러나 국내에서 이와 관련된 자료는 90년대에 1건에 그쳐 자생 이리응애의 활용을 위한 후속 연구를 도모하기에 턱없이 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 중부지역의 6개도 17개 시군에서 2018년 7월부터 10월까지 자생 이리응애의 발생상황을 조사하였다. 그 결과 총 29과 57종의 식물종에 서식하는 20종의 이리응애를 확인하였다. 다양한 이리응애가 서식하는 식물종은 벚나무로 긴꼬리이리응애를 포함한 6종이 출현하였다. 서식 식물종이 가장 많은 이리응애는 긴꼬리이리응애로 17종이 식물에서 출현했고, 두 번째는 긴털이리응애로 16종의 식물에서 발견되었다.

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield, and chemical compositions of winter forage crops cultivated after rice harvest in the central inland region. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of 4 species (Rye, Oat, Triticale and Italian ryegrass), and varieties were “Marton”, “Donghan”, “Shinyoung” and “Kowinnearly”, respectively. As a result, dry matter yield and TDN yield were higher in rye than in the other winter forage crops, and lowest in Oat(p<0.05). Crude protein and crude fat content were significantly higher in Italian ryegrass(p<0.05). However, Crude ash and ADF content did not show significant difference among winter forage crops. NDF content was higher in order of Rye > Triticale > Oat > Italian ryegrass(p<0.05). TDN and total amino acid content (EAA+NEAA) were higher in order of winter forage crop with high crude protein content (Italian ryegrass > Oat > Triticale > Rye). Total mineral content was higher in order of Rye > Triticale > Oat > Italian ryegrass(p<0.05), and total free sugar content was higher in order of Oat > Italian Ryegrass > Triticale > Rye(p<0.05). Compared with the results above, Italian ryegrass and Oat are high in crude protein, TDN, amino acid and free sugar content. Rye and Triticale have the merit that feed value is decreased but high yield(dry matter and TDN yield) can be maintained. Therefore, it is advantageous to grow Rye and Triticale as winter forage crops after rice harvest in the central inland region.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the characteristic and productivity of forage corn varieties sown at the last ten days of May at Cheonan of Korea on 2017 and 2018. Forage corn varieties sown on 24th May 2017 and 25th May 2018 were emerged in 5th and 1st June, respectively. Silking date of forage corns was different among varieties(p<0.05). Stem length of forage corns was not different among the varieties, except Kwangpyeongok(KPA) and Nero IT. Stem diameter of forage corns was not different amaong the varieties. Outbreak rate of black streaked dwarf virus was lower than 3% in all varieties. Total digestible nutrient(TDN) yield was different among corn varieties(p<0.05), which was higher in P32P75, followed by P2088, P31N27, and KPA. The TDN yield of varieties had direct correlation with stem length, stem diameter and ear yield, respectively(p<0.01). Average of TDN in all varieties was 69.8%. These results suggested that forage corn variety with late-seeding adaptability is more important for increasing the productivity of forage corn If harvesting of winter forage crops have to be finished in the middle ten days of May in middle region of Korea.

소립 검정콩의 생산지역 확대를 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 중북부지역에서 생산된 소립 검정콩의 품질과 이화학 특성을 검토하였다. 소립 검정콩의 수분, 조회분, 조지방, 조단백질 및 탄수화물 함량은 각각 5.53~6.69, 5.47~6.54, 15.38~19.14, 34.17~40.26 및 32.04~36.85 g/100 g으로 품종 및 파종 시기에 따라 대체적으로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 명도, 적색도 및 황색도는 각각 35.60~38.61, －0.02~0.07 및 －0.56~－0.13으로 나타났고, 수분결합력, 용해도 및 팽윤력은 각각 84.48~148.31, 46.65~54.89 및 29.87~35.12%로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 1차, 2차 및 3차 파종한 시료에서 각각 10.40~15.48, 9.86~14.85 및 8.61~15.39 mg GAE/g, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 5.81~7.25, 5.81~7.34 및 5.52~7.64 mg CE/g으로 품종에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보였다. DPPH radical 소거활성은 각각 4.55~7.86, 3.99~8.79 및 3.74~9.43 mg TE/g, ABTS radical 소거활성은 각각 9.32~12.90, 8.64~13.39 및 8.51~14.35 mg TE/g으로 품종에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 파종시기에 따라 다원콩, 소청 품종의 페놀 성분은 파종시기가 늦어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 소청, 쥐눈이 품종의 radical 소거활성은 유의적으로 감소하였고, 소청2호와 소청자 품종은 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 연구에서 품종 및 파종시기에 따라 페놀 성분 함량과 radical 소거활성이 달라지므로 재배지역의 환경을 고려하여 알맞은 품종과 적정 파종시기에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다

녹두의 생산지역 확대를 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 중북부 지역에서 생산된 녹두의 품질과 이화학 특성을 검토하였다. 녹두의 일반성분 함량과 색도는 품종 및 파종시기에 따라 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 파종시기에 따라 조회분 및 조단백질 함량은 파종시기가 늦어질수록 감소하였고, 탄수화물 함량은 약간 증가하였으며, 적색도는 장안 품종을 제외하고 파종시기가 늦어질수록 증가하였고, 황색도는 금성과 장안 녹두가 감소하였다. 수분결합력은 어울 품종이 1차, 2차 및 3차에서 각각 115.15, 99.76 및 96.31%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 파종시기가 늦어질수록 감소하였다. 용해도와 팽윤력은 품종별로 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, 파종시기에 따라 경선 품종은 증가, 다현 품종은 감소하였으며, 나머지 품종은 파종시기에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 1차와 2차 파종한 장안 품종이 각각 8.59 및 8.57 mg GAE/g으로 높게 나타났고, 파종시기에 따라 소현 품종을 제외하고 유의적으로 감소하였다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 1차 파종한 장안 품종이 5.25 mg CE/g으로 가장 높았고, 파종시기가 늦어질수록 유의적으로 감소하였다. DPPH radical 소거활성은 1차 파종한 금성과 경선 품종이 2.44 및 2.32 mg TE/g으로 높은 활성을 나타내었고, 파종시기가 늦어짐에 따라 유의적으로 감소하였다. ABTS radical 소거활성은 1차 파종한 장안 품종이 6.98 mg TE/g으로 높은 활성을 나타내었고, 파종시기가 늦어짐에 따라 금성, 어울 및 장안 품종은 감소하였다. 이상의 연구에서 품종 및 파종시기에 따라 페놀 성분 함량과 radical 소거활성이 달라지므로 재배지역의 환경을 고려하여 알맞은 품종과 적정 파종시기에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

This study was performed to persue the optimal cropping system for the cultivation of upland crops on rice-paddy field. It was conducted at Anseong-si Gyeonggi province of Korea from 2013 to 2015. In order to investigate growth and yield characteristics of sorghum under different paddyupland rotation systems, varieties of Nampungchal, Moktaksusu, Aneunbangisusu and Hwanggeumchal were examined. Four paddy-upland rotation systems of upland (1 year)-rice paddy (1 year)-upland (1 year), rice paddy (1 year)-rice paddy (1 year)-upland (1 year), rice paddy (1 year)-upland (1 year)- upland (1 year) and upland (1 year)-upland (1 year)-upland (1 year) systems were tested. The pH of upland (1 year)-upland (1 year)-upland (1 year) system exhibited the highest (pH 6.68), showing a tendency that the longer the upland years, the higher the soil pH. Among four paddy-upland rotation systems, the higher exchangeable Ca was obtained from upland (1 year)-upland (1 year)-upland (1 year) system (5.03 cmol+/kg), showing a tendency that the longer the upland years, the higher the exchangeable Ca. Upland (1 year)-upland (1 year)-upland (1 year) system exhibited the shortest days from seeding to heading (68 days) among four paddy-upland rotation systems and Hwanggeumchal showed the shortest days from seeding to heading (62 days) among four varieties. In the average of culm length and ear length, there was no significance between four paddy-upland rotation systems, but Moktaksusu (151.7 cm in culm length) and Aneunbangisusu (27.4 cm in ear length) exhibited the highest culm length and ear length respectively. The highest grains per ear was obtained from upland (1 year)-upland (1 year)- upland (1 year) system (1,068 grains) among four paddy-upland rotation systems and Nampungchal (1,107 grains) among four varieties. In average yield per 10a among four rotation systems, rice paddy (1 year)-upland (1 year)-upland (1 year) system produced the highest yield (221.2 kg/10a).

Nueva Ecija is a landlocked province in Central Luzon region that is composed of 27 municipalities and 5 cities. It is a province that is rich with biodiversity on its north and east borders, which exhibit a shared ecosystem with the Caraballo mountain range in the north and the Sierra Madre mountain range in the east. Its main economic activity is farming where rice is the main crop. Part of the Sierra Madre mountain range traverses its towns of Bongabon, Laur, Rizal and Pantabangan where most of the locals perform agro – forestry activities as a means of generating income for their families. Due to the accumulation of farm residues as a result of intensive agro-forestry activities, mushroom pharming becomes a very viable agribusiness undertaking in the area. Our research team initiated the establishment of database by tracking the mushroom production activities in the province. Similarly, the prevailing climatic condition in the geographical area and the type of agro-forestry wastes have been tracked. Wastes as a result of intensive agro – forestry activities are being generated which the locals oftentimes burned in the field that posed hazard to the environment. In order to discourage this practice, our research team generated technologies on mushroom pharming using rice straw as the main substrate. The promotion of mushroom pharming is based on the suitability of mushroom species to grow in climatic conditions that prevail in the specific geographical area in the province. As a result of its collaborative research undertakings, the Center for Tropical Mushroom Research and Development of the Central Luzon State University in collaboration with the Laboratory of Forest Products Chemistry of Tokyo University of Agriculture and the Nikken Sohonsha Corporation encouraged the adoption of medicinal mushroom production technologies on rice straw – based formulation. With oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp) as the most widely cultivated mushroom among the mushroom growers in the province, other ligninolytic mushrooms such as lacquered mushroom (Ganoderma) and wood ear mushroom (Auricularia spp.) are grown by the locals. Similarly, leaf – litter degrading mushrooms such as paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) are also being cultivated in the province. However, some mushroom growers in the province adopt sawdust – based mushroom production technology which is not economically appropriate in the province due to the scarcity of its availability compared to rice straw. Majority of the mushroom growers in the province adopt the rice straw – based mushroom technology. Moreover, high value mushroom – based products other than the fresh mushrooms are already in the local market.

Research on the useful mushroom was done at Aurora Memorial National Park (AMNP). The Park is situated in Central Luzon Region with a total land area of 5,676 hectares. AMNP has no distinct wet and dry season thus provides a favorable climate, which promotes the growth of useful mushrooms. The photo-documentation and collections were performed to assess diversity. Five Transect Lines (TL) were laid out in five areas, with 20m x 30m quadrat and interval of 100 meters between quadrats. The study resulted in the identification of 36 families, 53 genera, and 104 species of which 97 are basidiomycetes and 6 are ascomycetes. Simpson’s and Shannon diversity indexes resulted in 0.7254 and 1.4295, respectively. In both indexes, useful mushrooms at AMNP showed moderately diverse. While the evenness revealed 0.1565 indicating low species evenness in each TL. Among the significant findings revealed two new possible new species of Microporus and Cymatoderma.

This study was conducted to develop a simple volume model for the Larix kaempferi species in the Central Region of South Korea. General volume model forms were used and validated using a subset of the data collected for the L. kaempferi species. A total of 550 trees were collected in the different L. kaempferi stands through destructive sampling. The dataset was randomly divided into two: 80% for initial model development(seven volume models) and 20% for model validation. The 100% dataset was used for the final model fitting. Evaluation statistics including bias(Ē), absolute mean deviation(AMD), root mean square error(RMSE), coefficient of determination(R2), and the Akaike Information Criterion values(AIC) and weight (AICw) were used to assess performance of the different volume models. Rank analysis was employed and the first five best volume models were chosen for the model validation and final model fitting. The evaluations showed that volume model 4(V=aDBHb*Hc) had the best performance, while volume model 3(V=aDBH+bDBH2), which has a single variable, had the poorest performance.

This study was conducted to find out the effects of over seeding using new grass varieties orchardgrass ‘Kordione’ and ‘Onnuri’, and tall fescue ‘Greenmaster’ on botanical composition and dry matter productivity from 2013 to 2016 in low productivity hilly pasture, middle area of Korea. There were used 3 grass seed mixture types made of different compositions and amounts {T1: control - no over seeding, T2: tall fescue (TF) ‘Greenmaster’ 18 kg ha-1, orchardgrass (OG) ‘Kordione’ 9 kg ha-1, Perennial ryegrass (PRG) ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) ‘Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1, T3: TF ‘Greenmaster’ 9 kg ha-1, OG ‘Kordione’ 18 kg ha-1, PRG ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and KBG ‘ Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1, T4: TF ‘Greenmaster’ 9 kg ha-1, OG ‘Onnuri’ 18 kg ha-1, PRG ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and KBG ‘Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1}. In the botanical composition of grassland, T1 nearly remained constant in other seasons while ratio of weeds were increased in summer season. T2 was better than control (T1) in portion of grass ratio, which has increased by 80%. In the early time of establishment, the portions of OG were increased in T2, but TF rate was increased after 3 years later when grass was established. T3 and T4 showed a very similar patterns, grass ratio had increased by 80% and the portion of KBG had increased as time passed. T2 (129,763 kg ha-1) was showed the highest dry matter yield than other treatments (T1: 6,756 kg ha-1, T3: 9641, and T4: 10,738) in 2016.