이 연구는 구(舊)일본해군의 군사적 요충지 역할을 맡은 군항도시 사세보 (佐世保)가 관광도시로 전환되는 과정에 기반을 두고 있다. 사세보는 1889 년 7월 진수부(鎮守府)가 개청된 이래 군사 전략적 요충지로 자리잡았다. 1946년 다나카 마사스케(田中正輔) 시장의 취임 이후, 군항도시의 이미지 를 벗고자 평화산업항만도시의 실현을 위해 관광산업을 추진하였고 사세보 주변 해역을 포함한 서해 일대를 국립공원으로 지정받기 위해 최선의 노력 을 다했다. 하지만 사이카이(西海)국립공원 지정 논의가 한창 진행된 시기 인 1950년 한국전쟁이 발발하였고 미국에 의해 일본의 재무장을 촉진 시 키는 계기가 된다. 1950년 7월 맥아더에 의해 해상보안청이 설치되었고 그 총감부가 사세보에 배치된다. 니시오카(西岡) 현(県)지사와 다나카(田中) 시 장은 지역경제를 고려하여 군상(軍商)항이라는 두 마리 토끼를 잡겠다는 목표로 의지를 표명했다. 1955년 여러 난관을 뚫고 서해 일대가 만장일치 로 국립공원 1순위로 결정되었고 3월 16일 정식으로 지정되었다. 본 논문 은 사세보시가 군항도시에서 관광도시로 전환하기 위하여 추진했던 사이카 이(西海)국립공원 유치 활동과 지정 과정을 고찰하고자 한다. 아울러 동아 시아의 역사 속에서 사세보라는 군항도시가 평화산업항만도시로 변천되어 가는 과정을 규명하고자 한다.

With the buzzword "conversational marketing", especially in the course of a further technological upgrade of marketing management via chatbots, messaging apps etc., the central idea of dialogue-oriented marketing, as has been required since the late 1970s/early 1980s, has received a significant upgrade. However, mostly with a quite narrow focus on the management of transactions and in the sense of a customer-centric and dialogue-driven approach for driving customer engagement, improving customer experience along a very narrowly interpreted customer journey, and growing revenue. There is no question that the consistent use of all available technological options to optimize the exchange processes with customers represents an important challenge. However, conversational marketing should not be interpreted too narrowly. On the one hand, it is important to expand this approach with reference to all stakeholders and not only to refer to 1:1 interactions, but also to explicitly include complex exchange processes within and between relevant stakeholder groups in the consideration. On the other hand, the focus should not be solely on the management of transactions. At the same time, targeted relationship and reputation management as well as consistent context management must be explicitly included in the consideration. This is not least because firstly Marketing measures always tend to have corresponding effects in all three areas, i.e. possible transaction, relationship and reputation as well as context effects must be taken into account and controlled in a targeted manner. Secondly, the developments in market and society are increasingly contributing to the fact that the demands on companies are constantly increasing. On the one hand, this affects the expectations of all stakeholders that companies make significant contributions to the sustainable development of society as a whole through not only the economically successful handling of all their business processes but also consistently pursuing ecological, social and cultural goals. In order to meet these demands, companies must also try to exert a targeted influence on the relevant framework conditions in the market and society and their further development. The range here is extraordinarily large and colorful: from the creation of infrastructural conditions for smart problem solutions (e.g. smart mobility) up to ensuring the sustainable development of social value systems. The latter found its expression, e.g. in various approaches of brand activism ("black lives matter", "everyone is awesome" or the conveyance of a new self-understanding of men in the case of Gillette’s “we believe” campaign).

한국 대통령이 처음으로 나토 정상회의에 참여했다. 나토가 한국 정상 을 초대한 배경은 한국의 국제적 위상과 동아시아 지역에서 한국의 전략 적 중요성을 인정한 결과라고 볼 수 있다. 특히 이번 회의는 나토의 신 전략개념 윤곽 아래에서 나토와의 안보협력 의제를 논의하기 때문에 전 략적 의미가 매우 크다고도 할 수 있다. 나토 신전략개념을 발표하는 자 리에 정상이 초대된 만큼, 한국도 이를 계기로 나토가 규정한 위협과 대 응에 전략적 사고로 준비해야 한다. 본 연구는 나토의 신전략개념을 고 찰하고, 동맹이론 중 패권적 세력배분구조 관점에서 신전략개념의 목적 과 인도태평양 지역에서 나토의 관여 의도를 분석하였다. 패권적 세력배 분구조는 미국의 평시 동맹 확장과 강화를 통한 전략에 기반하고 있다. 미국은 이러한 동맹기반을 최대로 활용해 인도태평양 지역에서 안보이익 을 추구할 수 있다. 이러한 동맹 패턴 변화에 대비하여 한국이 인도태평 양 지역에서 어떠한 정책을 펴야 하는지를 살펴보았다.

In the intensely competitive global fashion market, the use of cultural elements to enhance design has become increasingly widespread. However, there is a lack of research on challenges and opportunities associated with integrating cultural elements of Minhwa into fashion design. Moreover, diverse approaches to incorporate Korean cultural elements into contemporary fashion designs are still needed. This study aims to reveal the real-world challenges relating to the incorporation of Korean cultural elements, including Minhwa, into fashion design and to clarify the possibility of applying Lin’s cultural levels to cultural aspects in accordance with experts’ views. To establish a theoretical foundation, the literature review on cultural design and Minhwa studies was conducted. It analyzes Minhwa to gain an understanding of the characteristics associated with different cultural levels. In-depth interviews with fashion industry professionals and Minhwa artists were conducted to ascertain their attitudes toward Minhwa use. The study’s major findings were threefold. First, the cultural design facilitates the introduction, promotion, understanding, and maintenance of the culture. Since Minhwa offers rich inspiration linked to Korean culture, Minhwa-related designs can provide new perspectives while still having commercial potential. Second, however, the limitations of existing cultural designs included their being outdated, superficial without interpretation, unsophisticated, or limited. Furthermore, the use of Minhwa is limited since it is difficult to avoid creating superficial and unsophisticated designs in the real world. Third, approaching Minhwa at different cultural levels can promote diverse thinking and reduce the challenges of Minhwa use in design, but the major challenge remains visual expression.

민주화 이후 한국은 7회의 대통령 선거를 치렀으며 총 54명의 후보중 17명이 5% 이상의 유의미한 득표를 얻었다. 17명 중 14명은 정당이나 공직 경력을 통해 정치적 지명도를 얻은 정치 내부자이며 나머지 3명은 정치 외부에서 얻은 대중적 명성을 기반으로 대선에 출마했다는 점에서 정치 외부자의 개념적 특성에 부합한다. 정치 외부자는 어떠한 정당 활 동이나 공직 경력 없이 정치 외부에서 얻은 대중적 명성을 가지고 선거에 출마하는 자를 뜻한다. 이들은 정치 또는 정당 불신을 기반으로 주로 등 장하고 탈이념적인 중도와 실용적 정치를 강조하며 대중영합적인 소통 방식과 정책 공약을 그 행태적 특징으로 한다. 한국 대선에 도전한 3인의 정치 외부자는 개념적 특성뿐만 아니라 행태적으로도 정치 외부자의 특 징을 나타내고 있다. 정치 불신이 매우 크고 디지털 미디어를 통한 직접 소통이 확대되고 있는 한국 현실을 감안할 때, 이후 제3후보만이 아닌 주류 정당에서도 정치 외부자가 등장할 가능성이 높다.

The purpose of this study was to introduce strategies and projects through which local government can play a role in mitigating damage to health when addressing the health challenge posed by radon (222Rn). We first compared and analyzed naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) in the soil of relatively high (Geumsan) and low (Boryeong) concentration areas of indoor radon (222Rn) to understand the factors influencing concentrations. Mortality rates linked to lung cancer in the areas were also compared and analyzed in the study (T-test). We selected two key priority research studies and four key strategies based on status analysis and a review of domestic and international policy trends in relation to radon (222Rn). As a result of comparing the radium and thorium in the soil with indoor radon concentrations, Geumsan had a higher mean concentration of indoor radon (222Rn = 182.8 Bq/m3) and recorded a higher concentration of radium (226Ra = 48.4 Bq/kg) than Boryeong (226Ra = 43.9 Bq/kg). These findings show that Geumsan, which had a high concentration of radium (226Ra), revealed a high concentration of radon (222Rn), a radioactive decay material of radium (226Ra), demonstrating that the concentration of indoor radon (222Rn) can vary according to geological and soil characteristics. The age standardized mortality from lung cancer per 100,000 people was 31.6 in Geumsan and 27.3 in Boryeong (p < 0.05). These findings show that there is likely an association between the concentration of indoor radon (222Rn) and mortality from lung cancer. Two key priority research studies include a survey on factors influencing exposure to radon (222Rn) in local environments and preparation of a potential map of radon (222Rn). Four key strategies include “management of exposure factors regarding radon (222Rn),” “environmental health services provided to protect radon (222Rn) exposure,” “management of technical support measures for radon (222Rn),” and “disclosure regarding the risk of radon (222Rn) exposure (risk communication).”

Fowl adenovirus serotype-4 (FAdV-4) infection, also known as hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS), is one of the most prevalent diseases in the Korean poultry industry. Therefore, an effective vaccination against FAdV-4 should be developed for prevention of HHS infection. However, a standard animal model with significant pathologic characteristics has not been established for evaluation of HHS vaccine efficacy. In this study, we comparatively evaluated FAdV-4 pathogenicity from specific- pathogen-free (SPF) chickens using FAdV-4 strain (ADL091024) isolated in laying chickens in Korea according to chicken age, passage number and virus titers. In brief, FAdV-4 passaged four times in yolk sac of SPF eggs with the highest viral titers could induce the most severe clinical signs in 1-day-old chickens, similar to natural HHS outbreaks. Furthermore, the efficacy of a newly developed attenuated live FAdV-4 vaccine candidate was successfully determined using the established 1-day-old SPF chickens. There was no significant pathogenicity based on the criteria such as mortality, body weight, gross lesions, histological lesions and virus detection rates in the vaccination and non-challenge control groups. However, the challenge group without vaccination showed significant pathogenicity including hepatic necrosis, histological lesion scores in the liver and heart, virus replication and decreased body weight gain. In conclusion, the chicken challenge model established in this report was proposed for consistent and reliable evaluation of FAdV- 4 vaccine efficacy.

Currently, the cut flower market seems to be an export revenue in the world trade of the flower industry. The amount of exported cut flowers is impressive with increased production in various countries, especially in Korea. In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, automatic technologies are continuing to develop agricultural effective tools in the challenge of digital innovation. Thus, the low production costs set up in the field, greenhouse, or smart farm set up, and the short time of harvest must be considered within a few months. The postharvest quality of cut flowers presents freshness and long vase life, and the tools for postharvest handling are expected to optimize these. This review highlights the most important factors improving postharvest quality of cut flowers, the potential standard applicable techniques for commercial handling outlines of cut flower vase life, and recommendations for improving postharvest handling in the flower industry.

본 연구는 한국 정치에서 매니페스토의 지체원인 및 대안을 탐색하고 자 매니페스토 실천 및 문제해결 실천지향성을 학술연구 및 자료를 통해 주로 살펴보았다. 더 나아가 기존의 논의를 구조적, 행위자적, 환경적 차 원으로 구분하여 해당 과제의 대안을 시론적 의미에서 제시하고자 한다. 현대사회는 네트워크 사회로 형상화되며, 각 개인과 집단은 사회의 원자 화된 모듈로서 정체성을 기반으로 자신들의 정치적 의견을 제시하거나 구체적인 목표를 확립시킬 수 있는 조건을 갖추고 있다. 아울러 정치행 위에 대한 상호실패에 대한 대안적 의제를 제시할 수 있는 환경(시민참 여형, 개방형 등)이 활성화된다면 더 큰 정치발전을 이끌어 낼 수 있을 것이다. 한편으로 매니페스토의 약점으로 꼽히는 정치의 현재화, 즉 체제에 대한 보다 긴 안목의 정치적 자세가 결핍되어 단기간의 이익에 몰두 하는 정치행태의 한계에 대해서도 긍정적인 답을 제시할 것으로 기대한다. 매니페스토 가운데 정치참여와 절차, 운영에 대한 자발성이 시민사회 에 뿌리내리고, 이의 해석과 판단에 대한 협업이 운동의 맥락에 내재되 어 학습될 수 있다고 본다. 매니페스토 정책선거가 적극적인 시민참여를 배태할 수 있는 만큼, 성숙한 정치문화의 형성에도 도움을 줄 것으로 본 다.

The shipping revolution was introduced due to development and improvement that occurred in the shipping industry. Until now, changes in the shipping industry are still ongoing to improve their services, especially by introducing mega ships to transport cargoes. Thence, the shipping revolution stimulates seaport to comply with the requirements for a new mega ship. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the external environment factors that contribute to the challenge of Malaysia Port towards the shipping revolution. Firstly, the external environmental factors that challenge Malaysia Port towards shipping revolution are identified by using the PESTEL analysis; which are political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Then, these identified factors are ranked by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the priority external environment factors that contribute to the challenge of Malaysia Port towards shipping revolution. Data were collected by using pair wise comparison questionnaire which is qualitative method. The questionnaire consists two sections; there are demographic information and PESTEL factors. Thereafter, the data were analysed by AHP analysis. The results shown that the top three priority external environmental main factors that contribute to the challenge of Malaysia Port towards shipping revolution which are economic, technology and environment. Then, the top three sub factors are economic growth, digitalization and reduce emission. As a conclusion, these factors can influence the Malaysia Port towards shipping revolution and need priorities attention. Whereas the economic growth will monetary support shipping and port revolution, digitalization can reduce cost and increase efficiency, and reduce emission towards environmental friendly. Consequently, the findings will raising awareness and as a blueprint to government and port operators during development and expansion of harbour towards shipping revolution.

In Brazil overwieght people represent 58,2%, in the USA 40% of women’s population. Plus size is a standard of USA fashion industry that applies to woman who wears more than 12, and in Brazil it begins on 44. They are frustrated, because retails provide few options and don’t understand them.

Shiga toxin 2e (Stx2e) has a pivotal role in the colonization and enterotoxicity of F18+Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), which causes porcine edema disease (ED). In this study, a Stx2eA mutant, which has a Glu167Gln mutation in Stx2eA that inactivates N-glycosidase activity, was genetically engineered to evaluate its potential immunogenicity and protective efficacy. A significant increase in serum IgG1 (a Th2 indicator) was shown in mice immunized with the mutated Stx2eA. However, only 56% of the mice immunized with the toxoid (5 μg) survived following a challenge with a lethal dose 50 (LD50) of a virulent F18+STEC strain (JOL654), while mice immunized with Salmonella ghosts delivering selected antigens of F18+STEC showed an 86% survival rate. The results suggest that sole use of the mutated Stx2eA toxoid may not be an effective preventive strategy for the control of porcine ED.

In this study, we examined the protective immunity of a combination of seven Brucella abortus recombinant proteins; superoxide dismutase (rSodC), riboflavin synthase subunit beta (rRibH), 50S ribosomal protein (50s rL7/L12), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (rNdk), malate dehydrogenase (rMDH), arginase (rRocF), and elongation factor (rTsf) cloned in a pMal vector system and expressed in DH5α. Mice groups were immunized thrice with a combined subunit vaccine (CSV-7) at 0, 2, and 5 weeks and subsequently challenged with B. abortus at 5 × 104 CFU at 6 weeks. At four weeks post-infection, the mice were sacrificed and the bacterial burden in their spleens was quantified. Results revealed bacterial log reductions of 0.63 and 0.34 in comparison to PBS and maltose-binding protein (MBP), respectively. Cytokine profiling revealed a marked increase in IFN-γ (interferon-gamma), MCP-1 (macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) and IL-6 (interleukin 6) cytokines at 5-weeks post-immunization. On the other hand, only TNF was heightened at 7-weeks post-immunization. In general, this cytokine profile is consistently reflective of a Th1 immune response, which is beneficial for host immunoresistance.

The legacies of Tokyo Trial have been overlooked and questioned partly because prosecuting aggression was allegedly a violation of the principle of legality. This essay argues that the trial should not be overlooked for this reason because the legality debate at the trial provides insights into the interplay between the principle of legality and sources of international criminal law. Besides the majority judgment, some minority opinions could shed light on the nature of the Tokyo Charter by distinguishing between jurisdiction and applicable law and link the issue to the legality challenge. Although the Tokyo Charter was formally different from the Nuremberg Charter, both of them are substantive in nature so that the tribunals were allowed not to address the legality challenge. In addition, prosecuting aggression was arguably not a violation of the principle of legality because this principle, at that time, did not bind ex post facto legislation against international crimes committed during World War II.