바쁜 일상 속에서 신체 활동량의 감소와 식생활의 서구화 등으로 인한 복부 비만의 발생률이 높아지고 있다. 따라서 체형 관리에 대한 욕구를 충족시키기 위해 시간 대비 고 효율의 관리 프로그램이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 전기근육자극요법 (electric muscle stimulation therapy)을 활용하여 다이어트젤 (슬리밍 화장품)과의 복합사용에 의하여 허리둘레 및 체지방량 (또는 복부의 지방)를 감소 효과를 촉진시켰다. 연구 대상자는 20대 성인 남녀로 다이어트젤을 허리 부위에 단순 도포를 한 후, 그 위에 EMS를 착용 하여 기상 후와 취침 전에 1일 2회 20분간 마사지를 실시하였다. 실험 기간은 2주 동안 실시되었다. 지방 분해 촉진 효과는 비 조영 CT를 활용하여 피하지방의 감소에 대한 관찰이 되었으며, 이와 함께 허리둘레와 체지방량 측정으로 확인되었다. 결론적으로 개발된 EMS와 다이어트젤의 동시 사용 프로그램은 약 3 cm (p<.001)의 허리둘레 감소와 약 1 kg (p<.01)의 체지방량 감소를 나타내어 허리라인 관리에 탁월한 효과가 있음을 입증하였다. 이는 EMS의 활용이 근육 자극에 의한 마사지 효과를 나타내며 다이어트젤의 흡수를 도와 지방 분해를 촉진시키는 역할을 하는 것으로 사료된다.

Background: Patients with stroke have core muscle weakness and limited rib cage movement, resulting in restrictive lung disease. Objectives: To examine the comparison of effects of rib cage joint mobilization combined with diaphragmatic breathing exercise and diaphragmatic breathing exercise on the pulmonary function and chest circumference in patients with stroke. Design: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-four patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group (rib cage joint mobilization combined with diaphragmatic breathing exercise group) and control group (diaphragmatic breathing exercise group). Patients in the experimental group underwent rib cage joint mobilization for 15 min and diaphragmatic breathing exercise for 15 min. The control group underwent diaphragmatic breathing exercise for 30 min. Both groups underwent exercise thrice a week for 4 weeks. The pulmonary function and chest circumference were measured using the MicroLab spirometer and a tape measure, respectively. Results: After the intervention, the pulmonary function and chest circumference significantly improved in both groups. These improvements were significantly higher in the experimental group than those in the control group. Conclusion: Rib cage joint mobilization combined with diaphragmatic breathing exercise improves pulmonary function and chest circumference in patients with stroke.

We investigated coffee consumption in relation to the abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference in Korean women aged 19~64 years, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012~2016. The participants to the study were classified according to 3-in-1 coffee consumption level (none-coffee, ≤1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee, >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee) by a food frequency questionnaire. The analysis was conducted by the following age groups: <50 years and 50≤ years. The 3-in-1 coffee consumption group had significantly more smokers and more alcohol consumption frequency as compared to the none-coffee group. The energy intake from the participants in the 3-in-1 coffee consumption of ≤1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group, and >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group were 131.2 kcal/day and 123.1 kcal/day. In the 50 years or over age group, >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group was at a lower risk of abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference, compared with the non-coffee group multivariable adjustment (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.25~0.77). Our findings suggest that the 3-in-1 coffee consumption may be related to abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference in Korean females aged 50 years or over.

Background: Posterior-anterior (PA) vertebral mobilization, a manual therapy technique has been used for relieving pain or stiffness treating in spinal segment for in clinical practice, however evidence to gauge efficacy is yet to be synthesised. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of PA mobilization of the thoracic spine on the respiratory function in patients with low back pain (LBP). Methods: The study participants included 30 patients with chronic LBP. They were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. The experimental and control groups received PA mobilization of the T1-T8 level of the thoracic spine and placebo mobilization, respectively. All patients received interventions for 35 minutes a day, five times a week, over 2-week period, respectively. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow 25∼75% (FEF25∼75%), and chest wall expansion were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and two-way analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to compare the correlation between respiratory function and chest measurement. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEF25∼75% (p<.05), and chest wall expansion (p<.05) compared with the control group. Conclusion: PA mobilization of the upper thoracic spine may be beneficial for improving respiratory function parameters including FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEF25∼75%, and chest wall expansion in patients with chronic LBP.

Background: The continuous co-contraction of the trunk muscles through trunk stabilization exercises is important to patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). However, intentional abdominal muscle contraction (IAMC) for trunk stabilization has been used only for specific training in the treatment room. Objects: The purpose of this study was to provide feedback to adults with LSS to enable IAMC during activities of daily living (ADLs). Methods: The participants with spinal stenosis were divided into an experimental group of 15 adults and a control group of 16 adults. Electromyographic signals were measured while the subjects kept their both hands held up at 90°. The measured muscles were the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and erector spinae (ES). Pelvic tilt was measured using a digital pelvic inclinometer. The degree of pain was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and functional capacity was measured using the Korean version of the Oswestry disability index (KODI). Results: While the experimental group showed statistically significantly higher activities in the RA, EO, and IO after the intervention compared with the control group. Pelvic tilt was significantly decreased only in the experimental group. Both the experimental and control groups exhibited statistically significant declines in the VAS and KODI (p<.01). In terms of the levels of changes, the experimental group exhibited a statistically significant larger decline only in the VAS and the pelvic tilt when compared with the control group (p<.05). Conclusions: The subjects could stabilize their trunks, and relieve their pain and dysfunctions and reduce pelvic tilt by learning abdominal muscle contraction during ADLs.

As a measure of health, the percentage of body fat has been utilized for many ergonomist, physician, athletic trainers, and work physiologists. Underwater weighing procedure for measuring the percentage of body fat is popular and accurate. However, it is relatively expensive, difficult to perform and requires large space. Anthropometric techniques can be utilized to predict the percentage of body fat in the field setting because they are easy to implement and require little space. In this concern, the purpose of this study was to find a regression model to easily predict the percentage of body fat using the anthropometric circumference measurements as predictor variables. In this study, the data for 10 anthropometric circumference measurements for 252 men were analyzed. A full model with ten predictor variables was constructed based on subjective knowledge and literature. The linear regression modeling consists of variable selection and various assumptions regarding the anticipated model. All possible regression models and the assumptions are evaluated using various statistical methods. Based on the evaluation, a reduced model was selected with five predictor variables to predict the percentage of body fat. The model is : % Body Fat = 2.704-0.601 (Neck Circumference) + 0.974 (Abdominal Circumference) -0.332 (Hip Circumference) + 0.409 (Arm Circumference) - 1.618 (Wrist Circumference) + ε. This model can be used to estimate the percentage of body fat using only a tape measure.

본 연구는 국내에서 육성한 나리의 구근크기와 수확 시 기에 따른 절화 특성을 알기 위해 FA 종간잡종 나리 ‘Green Star’를 이용하여 수확 후 특성에 대해 조사하였 다. 구근 크기에 따른 절화 특성을 조사하기 위하여 8- 10cm, 10-12cm, 12-14cm, 14-16cm 구근 크기별로 절화 를 수확하였으며, 수확 시기에 따른 절화 특성을 알기 위 해 절화 수확 시 1번 화뢰의 크기에 따라 6cm, 8cm, 10cm로 분류하여 화뢰수가 3개인 것을 수확하였다. 구 근 크기가 커질수록 생체중은 비례하여 커지는 것으로 나 타났으며 화뢰 수는 구주 8-10cm 경우 1.5개, 10-12cm 경 우 2개, 12-14cm 경우 2.3개, 14-16cm 경우 2.9개, 16- 18cm 경우 3.4개로 구근 크기가 커질수록 화뢰 수가 증 가하는 것으로 나타났다. 1번화가 6cm, 8cm, 10cm 일 때 수확하여 저장한 후 화뢰별로 개화특성을 살펴본 결과 화 뢰가 10cm 일 때 수확하는 것이 비정상 개화율을 감소시 키고 절화수명을 증가시킬 수 있으나 개화 소요일수가 짧 아지고 저장기간동안 생체중이 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다.

The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of obesity indices among the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%), and to determine which is the most useful index to predict the risk of chronic diseases of elderly people. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 261 (68 men and 193 women) with age ≥60 years. The distribution of obesity using 3 obesity indices in the subjects with hypertension, diabetes, or arthritis was BF%>WC>BMI in elderly men and WC>BF%>BMI in elderly women. In elderly women, odds ratios (ORs) for hypertension in BMI and WC quartiles were significantly increased in quartile 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The ORs for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and arthritis in BF% quartiles were significantly increased in quartile 3 and 4 (p<0.05). The BF% was sensitive obesity index for predicting the occurrence of chronic disease in men, and the WC was sensitive index in women. Our results suggested maintaining BMI less than 23.5 kg/m2, WC less than 82 cm, and BF less than 35% in order to prevent chronic diseases in elderly women.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the grip strength by the girth of upper arm and forearm and their muscle activities by duration of grip strength. The subjects were consisted of 20 healthy adults(10 males & 10 females) who had no medical history of neurological and surgical problems with their arms. Girth of upper arm/ forearm and maximum grip strength for 4sec and 30sec were measured. Muscle activity was by wireless electrode EMG system. Co-relation of girth of upper arm/ forearm was significantly high. Upper arm's muscle activity performed for 4sec and 30sec was significantly high. In this study. It suggests that training of upper arm should be performed with the training of grip strength because both of upper arm and forearm affected grip strength.

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation among bone mineral density(BMD), body composition and body circumference on 20's college women in Hwaseong. A total of 86 subjects were measured with BMD and body composition and body circumference. To evaluate the correlation between BMD and body composition, bone density and body weight, body mass index(BMI), lean body mass, muscle mass, fat mass and body fat mass were compared. The results of this study, weight was considered the strong correlation with BMD than the height and BMI seems to be greater significance rather than the lumbar spine and femur BMD. In addition, the relationship between body composition and BMD, lean body mass, muscle mass, body fat mass were the most relevant factors and BMD. The relationship between BMD and body circumference that have been difficult because of not enough previous studies but somewhat the study showed that association.

본 연구는 고품질 절화백합 생산을 하기 위해 실제 유통 중인 7품종을 구주를 달리 하여 식재하고, 채화 후 구주와 품종이 절화품질에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알 아보고자 수행하였다.절화품질을 측정한 결과, 화뢰장은 ‘Medusa’, 품종, 절화장은 ‘Mother’s Choice’ 품종에서 가장 긴 것으로 확인되었다. 줄기휨각도는 ‘Mother’s choice’ 품종과 ‘Ismael’ 품종을 제외한 모든 품종이 30o 이상으로 나타났다. 화경장, 화서장, 경경, 꽃 수, 중량 모두 구주가 클수록 좋은 결과를 보였다. 절화품질 중 화뢰장, 절화장, 꽃 수에 영향을 미치는 요인은 구 주의 크기이며, 휨각도는 품종과 구주의 크기 모두 영 향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이와같이 절화품질은 품종보다는 구주에 영향을 받으며 크기가 커질수록 좋 은 결과가 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다.

The relationships of scrotal circumference (SC) to semen characteristics and the conception rate (70 days-nonreturn rate) of artificial insemination in farm were studied with 137 heads of bull in Hanwoo. The average and range of SC were cm and 26.0~52.5 cm, respectively. Hanwoo bulls were classified with SC, divided into 34 cm below group, 34~39 cm group, and 39 cm over group. The 5,487 semen records of 43 heads of bull from July. 1. 2007 to June. 30. 2008. were used to determine the relationships between SC and semen characteristics. The semen concentration and total sperm number of each group were 11.18, 16.68, and , and 69.83, 101.64 and /ejaculate. The bulls with 34 cm or more SC were higher than the bulls with 34 cm below in semen concentration and total sperm number (p<0.01). But between SC and semen volume have no significant relationship (p>0.05). The 9,862 mating records of 44 farm with 137 heads of bull were used to determine the relationships between SC and conception rate. The conception rate of 1st artificial insemination were 73.31, 74.16, and 77.33 % in each group. Also SC was positively correlated with pregnancy rate (r=0.12, p=0.17). These results indicate that SC correlates positively with semen characteristics, and maybe with pregnancy rate in Hanwoo.

한우 종모우의 고환둘레와 정액성상 그리고 후대희 성장 및 도체성적과의 관계를 구명하기 위하여 4~8세 한우 종무우 92두를 공시하였으며 8,628개의 종모우 정액성상 그리고 종모우 후대 814e의 성장 및 도체성적을 이용하였다. 종모우의 고환둘레는 38.73.73 cm, 1차 정액량, 정자농도 및 총정자수는 각각 5.63mL, 17.9/mL 및 100.34/ejaculation 이었고 2차 정액량, 정자농도, 및 총정자수는 각각 5.32mL, 15.0/

This study examines the scale unique instruments used for astronomical observation during the Joseon dynasty. The Small Simplified Armillary Sphere (小簡儀, So-ganui) and the Sun-and-Stars Time-Determining Instrument (日星定時儀, Ilseong-jeongsi-ui) are minimized astronomical instruments, which can be characterized, respectively, as an observational instrument and a clock, and were influenced by the Simplified Armilla (簡儀, Jianyi) of the Yuan dynasty. These two instruments were equipped with several rings, and the rings of one were similar both in size and in scale to those of the other. Using the classic method of drawing the scale on the circumference of a ring, we analyze the scales of the Small Simplified Armillary Sphere and the Sun-and-Stars Time-Determining Instrument. Like the scale feature of the Simplified Armilla, we find that these two instruments selected the specific circumference which can be drawn by two kinds of scales. If Joseon’s astronomical instruments is applied by the dual scale drawing on one circumference, we suggest that 3.14 was used as the ratio of the circumference of circle, not 3 like China, when the ring’s size was calculated in that time. From the size of Hundred-interval disk of the extant Simplified Sundial in Korea, we make a conclusion that the three rings’ diameter of the Sun-and-Stars Time-Determining Instrument described in the Sejiong Sillok (世宗實錄, Veritable Records of the King Sejong) refers to that of the middle circle of every ring, not the outer circle. As analyzing the degree of 28 lunar lodges (lunar mansions) in the equator written by Chiljeongsan-naepyeon (七政算內篇, the Inner Volume of Calculation of the Motions of the Seven Celestial Determinants), we also obtain the result that the scale of the Celestial-circumference-degree in the Small Simplified Armillary Sphere was made with a scale error about 0.1 du in root mean square (RMS).

During the reign of King Sejong (世宗, 1418-1450) in the Joseon Dynasty, there were lots of astronomical instruments, including miniaturized ones. Those instruments utilized the technical know-how acquired through building contemporary astronomical instruments previously developed in the Song(宋), Jin(金), and Yuan(元) dynasties of China. In those days, many astronomical instruments had circles, rings, and spheres carved with a scale of 365.25, 100, and 24 parts, respectively, on their circumference. These were called the celestial-circumference degree, hundred-interval (Baekgak), and 24 direction, respectively. These scales are marked by the angular distance, not by the angle. Therefore, these circles, rings, and spheres had to be optimized in size to accomodate proper scales. Assuming that the scale system is composed of integer multiples of unit length, we studied the sizes of circles by referring to old articles and investigating existing artifacts. We discovered that the star chart of Cheonsang yeolcha bunyajido was drawn with a royal standard ruler (周尺) based on the unit length of 207 mm. Interestingly, its circumference was marked by the unit scale of 3 puns per 1 du (or degree) like Honsang (a celestial globe). We also found that Hyeonju ilgu (a equatorial sundial) has a Baekgak disk on a scale of 1 pun per 1 gak (that is an interval of time similar to a quarter). This study contributes to the analysis of specifications of numerous circular elements from old Korean astronomical instruments.