In severe acute pancreatitis, accompanied by local complications such as acute peripancreatic fluid collection, pancreatic pseudocyst, acute necrotic collection and walled-off necrosis, the mortality rate is as high as 12-25%. In many cases, interventional procedure or surgical treatment are required at an appropriate time. Conservative treatment is considered for acute peripancreatic fluid collection. Endoscopic drainage could be considered preferentially for the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts with clinical symptoms or complications. In the case of necrotizing pancreatitis, conservative treatment is preferred, but therapeutic intervention should be considered if infectious pancreatic necrosis with clinical deterioration is suspected. For therapeutic intervention, it is recommended to proceed with a step-up approach in which drainage is first performed and, if necessary, necrosectomy is performed. The optimal timing of intervention is considered 4 weeks after the onset of pancreatitis when necrosis become walled-off, but early drainage within 4 weeks can be considered depending on the patient's condition. This guideline provides an overview of current treatment strategies for local complications of acute pancreatitis.

Initial and convalescent treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP) is important in order to improve the prognosis and prevent the recurrence in the patients with AP. Initial intensive treatment includes fluid therapy, pain control, antimicrobial therapy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and nutritional support. Goal-directed therapy is recommended for fluid therapy, and the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics is not recommended. In acute gallstone pancreatitis, urgent ERCP should be performed only in patients with cholangitis or persistent cholestasis. Early oral feeding is advisable as tolerated and enteral feeding via nasogastric or nasojejunal tube appear comparable. In convalescent treatment, cholecystectomy during the initial admission is advisable for mild biliary pancreatitis with gallstone as possible, and treatment against alcohol dependence is considerable for recurrent acute alcoholic pancreatitis. In this review, we recommend practice guidelines for initial treatment, nutritional support, and convalescent treatment.

The severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) is classified into mild, moderately severe, and severe, considering the presence and duration of organ failure and local complications. Since patients with AP show a large difference in mortality and morbidity according to AP severity, evaluation of the severity of patients with AP in the early stage is important for predicting the prognosis and determining treatment plans including transfer to the intensive care unit or advanced facilities. In order to evaluate the initial severity of AP, it is necessary to confirm the presence of organ failure and objective evaluation using imaging or clinical examinations. In this guideline, it is recommended that evaluation using various severity indices such as bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE)-II scores be considered.

There is general acceptance that a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis requires two of the following three features: 1) epigastric or upper abdominal pain characteristic of acute pancreatitis, 2) serum amylase and/or lipase ≥3 times the upper limit of normal, and 3) characteristic findings of acute pancreatitis on abdominal images such as ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging. Other pancreatic diseases and acute abdomen have been ruled out before making a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Serum lipase may be more useful than serum amylase because serum lipase is thought to be more sensitive and specific than serum amylase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Contrast-enhanced CT scan is the best imaging technique to rule out the conditions that masquerade as acute pancreatitis, to diagnose the severity of acute pancreatitis, and to identify complications of pancreatitis. The etiology of acute pancreatitis should be made clear as soon as possible to decide treatment policy of acute pancreatitis or to prevent the recurrence of pancreatitis. The etiology of acute pancreatitis in an emergency situation should be assessed by clinical history, laboratory tests such as serum liver function tests, measurement of serum calcium and serum triglycerides and ultrasonography. A differentiation of gallstoneinduced acute pancreatitis should be given top priority in its etiologic diagnosis because early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography should be considered if a complication of cholangitis and a prolonged passage disorder of the biliary tract are suspected.

Acute pancreatitis can range from a mild, self-limiting disease that requires no more than supportive care to severe disease with life-threatening complications. Therefore, to provide a framework for clinicians to manage acute pancreatitis and to improve national health care, the Korean Pancreatobiliary Association (KPBA) established the first Korean guideline for the management of acute pancreatitis in 2013. However, many challenging issues exist, which sometimes lead to differences in practice between clinicians. Taking together the recent dramatic changes of latest knowledge and evidence newly obtained, the committee of the KPBA decided to perform an extensive revision of the guidelines. These revised guidelines were developed by using mainly Delphi methods, and the main topics of these guidelines fall under the following topics: 1) diagnosis, 2) severity assessment, 3) initial treatment, nutritional support, and convalescent treatment, 4) the treatment of local complication and necrotizing pancreatitis. The specific recommendations are presented with the quality of evidence and classification of recommendations.

췌장고형종양의 초음파 내시경(endoscopic ultrasound, EUS) 유도하 조직 검사는 기술적 난이도가 높고 침습적이기 때문에 임상에서의 적절한 사용을 위해 엄격한 권고안을 필요로 한다. 이에 대한소화기내시경학회에서는 췌장고형종양의 초음파 내시경 유도하 조직 검사를 위한 임상진료지침을 개발하기 위해 진료지침 개발위원회를 발족하였다. 권고안의 등급과 개별 권고안의 근거 수준은 2014년 출판된 임상진료지침 개발을 위한 Minds Handbook에서 제시된 체계에 기반하여 평가하였다. 본 진료지침 개발위원회는 초음파 내시경 분야의 전문가 16인과 임상진료지침 개발방법론 전문가 1인으로 구성되었으며, 8개 분야에 걸쳐 총 12건의 근거 기반 권고안을 개발하여 췌장고형종양 진단 시 임상의들이 근거에 기반한 임상적 판단을 할 수 있도록 돕고자 하였다. 본 임상 진료지침은 췌장고형종양에서 초음파 내시경 유도하 조직 검사에 대해 다루고 있으며, 권고안에서는 해당 검사의 적응증, 진단 정확도를 최대화하기 위한 기술적 방법론(예: 바늘의 종류 및 직경의 적절한 선택, 충분한 바늘천자횟수, 조직 획득 기술적 방법론, 검체 처리 방법), 시술 관련 합병증, 그리고 숙련도와 교육에 관련된 문제들에 대해 다루고 있다. 본 진료지침은 외부 전문가의 검토를 거쳤으며, 원고작성 시점까지 보고된 가능한 모든 최신 근거들에 기반하여 최선의 진료 방법을 권고하고 있다. 그러나 모든 임상 상황에 본 진료지침을 일괄적으로 적용할 수는 없으며, 기관의 법적/행정적 상황 및 환자의 개별 임상적 상황과 해당 자원의 가용성 등을 고려하여야 한다. 추후 내시경적 기술의 발전과 이로 인한 변화, 임상에서의 최신 근거를 토대로 본 진료지침이 개정될 수 있다.

총담관결석은 임상의들이 흔히 진료할 수 있는 질환으로 임상적으로 무증상, 복통, 급성 담도염, 급성 췌장염, 그리고 응급처치가 필요한 패혈성 쇼크까지 임상증상이 다양하게 나타난다. 따라서 이를 신속하게 진단하고 적절한 치료를 조기에 시행하는 것은 국민보건과 삶의 질 향상에 매우 중요하다. 혈액검사, 복부 초음파, 복부 CT, MRCP, 내시경초음파 등의 여러 가지 영상 의학적 방법으로 총담관결석을 진단할 수 있다. 또한 대부분의 총담관결석은 내시경역행담췌관조영술과 내시경유두괄약근절개술로 치료가 되고 있지만, 필요에 따라서는 담도내시경, 내시경유두큰풍선확장술, 복강경총담관탐색술, 개복술 등이 사용될 수 있다. 임상적인 증상, 총담관결석의 크기, 환자의 상태에 따라서 총담관결석 진단과 치료 방법의 선택이 다를 수 있다. 이에 대한췌담도학회에서는 총담관결석의 진단과 치료에 관한 미국과 영국의 진료지침을 수용 개작하여 진료가이드라인을 개발하여 국민보건향상에 도움을 주고자 하였다.