2019년 12월, 상주-영천 고속도로 상행선에서 도로 노면 결빙에 의한 연쇄추돌사고로 48명의 사상자가 발생하였다. 이에, 국토교통부 는 2020년 1월 결빙 취약구간 선정기준을 마련하여 결빙 취약구간 403개소를 지정하고, 결빙 취약구간을 대상으로 2022년까지 1,699억 원의 예산을 투입하여 결빙사고 예방사업을 계획하였다(BAI, 2021). 하지만, 결빙 취약구간 선정기준에 대해 적정성 검토가 이루어지 지 않아 그 신뢰성과 실효성이 충분히 검증되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 국가교통정보센터의 노드·링크(Node·Link) 체계를 기반으로 전국 고속국도 및 일반국도의 특성정보(시설, 선형구조, 기상, 교통 등)를 GIS(Geographic Information System) 데이터로 구축하였다. 최근 5년 결빙사고 발생이력이 있는 도로구간(Link)을 확인하고 Random Forest 알고리즘을 통해 도로 특성정보의 결빙사고에 대한 변수 중요도(Feature Importance)를 분석했다. 이를 통해 결빙사고와 각 인자의 상관성을 파악하여 ‘결빙 취약구간 평가 세부 배점표’의 항목별 배점을 수정, 보완함으로써 평가표의 신뢰성을 제고한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between ecotoxicity and water quality items using Daphnia magna in public sewage treatment plant process and to obtain operational data to control ecotoxicity through research on removal efficiency. The average value of ecotoxicity was 1.39 TU in the influent, 1.50 TU in the grit chamber, and 0.84 TU in the primary settling tank and it was found that most organic matters, nitrogen, and phosphorus were removed through biological treatment in the bioreactor. Using Pearson’s correlation analysis, the positive correlation was confirmed in the order of ecotoxicity and water quality items TOC, BOD, T-N, NH3-N, SS, EC, and Cu. As a result of conducting a multilinear regression analysis with items representing positive correlation as independent variables, the regression model was found to be statistically significant, and the explanatory power of the regression model was about 81.6%. TOC was found to have a significant effect on ecotoxicity with B=0.009 (p<.001) and Cu with B=16.670 (p<.001), and since the B sign is positive (+), an increase of 1 in TOC increases the value of ecotoxicity by 0.009 and an increase in Cu by 1 increases the value of ecotoxicity by 16.670. TOC (β=0.789, p<.001) and Cu (β=0.209, p<.001) were found to have a significant positive effect on ecotoxicity. TOC and Cu have a great effect on ecotoxicity in the sewage treatment plant process, and it is judged that TOC and Cu should be considered preferentially and controlled in order to efficiently control ecotoxicity.

This study analyzed the correlation between carcass traits of Hanwoo steers and feeding methods (concentrate feed and total mixed ration for ruminants). The results indicated that in the feeding system using concentrate feed, the variation in carcass weight and marbling score among individual animals within farms tended to affect the average carcass sale price, with both showing negative effects (p=0.057, p=0.053). The standardized regression coefficients were used to compare the influence of each variable, revealing that the coefficients for carcass weight variation and marbling score variation were –0.38 and –0.30, respectively, indicating a greater influence of carcass weight variation. Therefore, reducing the variations in carcass weight and marbling score among steers in farms using concentrate feed is likely to increase the average carcass sale price. In the case of farms using total mixed ration (TMR) for ruminants, the variation in marbling score among individual animals significantly affected the average carcass sale price, showing a negative effect (p=0.002). Thus, reducing the variation in marbling score among steers in TMR farms is likely to increase the average carcass sale price. In summary, the coefficient of variation of marbling score was found to have a significant impact on the average carcass sale price of the farm. In farms using concentrate feed, the variations in both carcass weight and marbling score tended to affect the average carcass sale price (0.05<p<0.1). Meanwhile, in farms using TMR, the variation in marbling score had a significant impact. In conclusion, the coefficient of variation for marbling score in carcass performance was found to have the most significant impact on the average carcass sale price for both feeding types (concentrate and TMR diets). Furthermore, reducing the variation along with carcass weight of Hanwoo steers on concentrate feed may be a way to increase farm income.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 척수손상 환자들의 작업수행들이 형성하고 있는 연결망의 관계 수준이 회복탄력성 간의 관련성을 분석하는 데 있다. 방법: 연구대상은 척수손상환자 17명이다. 작업수행들이 형성하고 있는 연결망의 관계 수준이 사회연결망 분석을 활용하여 분석하였으며, 연결정도 중심성과 매개 중심성, 위세 중심성을 분석하였다. 사회연결망 분석에 있어서 작업연결망에 대한 강도는 만족도로 설정하여 분석하였다. 작업수행에 대한 조사는 통계청 생활시간조사에서 제시하고 있는 일상생활활동 항목목록을 활용하여 조사하였으며, 대상자들에게 의미 있는 작업수행 항목을 선택할 수 있도록 하였다. 회복탄력성은 Korean ver. of Connor-Davison Resilience Scale (K-CD-RISC)을 활용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 그 결과 작업연결망의 강도 중 연결정도 중심성과 위세 중심성과 회복탄력성 간의 정적 상관관계가 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 작업수행에 있어서 연결정도 중심성과 위세 중심성의 수준이 높아질 수록 회복탄력성 의 수준이 높아지는 것으로 설명된다. 결론: 척수손상 환자들의 회복탄력성을 향상시키기 위해서 작업수행에 대한 연결정도 중심성과 위세중심성의 강도를 고려해야 할 것이며, 이러한 활동을 중심으로 치료적 중재의 목표와 계획이 수립되어야 할 것이다.

This paper introduces a study on measuring the 3D vibration displacement of plate structure using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) applied to stereo digital continuous camera images. The proposed method is a non-contact 3D displacement measurement method that does not require physical sensors to be attached to the structure, and it has the advantage of simultaneously measuring dynamic displacements at multiple points on the structure. Theoretically, multiple cameras can be used, but in this study, two cameras were used to capture continuous images of the vibrating structure, and the image coordinates of multiple tracking points at arbitrary positions on the structure were measured using correlation matching. Using these image coordinates as input data, the dynamic 3D positions were calculated through Space intersection, successfully determining the 3D dynamic displacements. The measured dynamic displacements were validated for accuracy by comparing them with values measured by laser displacement sensors. And frequencies of measured data were validated by comparing with computational modal analysis by Finite Element Model (FEM).

본 연구는 프로그램 운영기준을 확인하기 위해 2018년부터 국내외에서 발표된 치유농업 관련 분야의 실험연구 동향을 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 식물자원 및 치유농업과 관련된 논문은 총 103편으로, 치유농업 프로그램에 참여하는 연구대상자 규모는 31명 이상, 총회기는 11~20회, 단위 활동당 시간은 60분 이내, 단위 활동간 간격은 주 1회, 기간은 2개월이 가장 많았다. 데이터 정보 변인간 관계를 알아보기 위해 논문기초정보와 그에 따른 데이터 정보 변인인 대상자 정보, 프로그램 정보의 유의한 연관성이나 차별성이 있는지 확인하기 위하여 카이제곱 검정을 실시한 결과, 저자전공과 대상자정보·프로그램 정보는 대부분 항목에서 관계가 있었으나 저자소속, 발행연도, 논문구분, 치유유형 등은 1 또는 2개의 항목에서만 관계가 있었고, 종속변수 치유문제-중분류는 저자소속을 제외한 저자전공, 발행연도, 논문구분, 치유유형 항목 모두에서 유의미한 관계를 보였으며, 치유문제-대분류는 저자소속과 발행연도를 제외한 저자전공, 논문구분, 치유유형 3개의 변인과의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 향후 치유농업 연구에 기초자료로 제공하고 현장에서의 활용도를 높여 치유농업의 신뢰도를 높이는 데 기여하고자 한다.

이 연구는 1세대 스마트 온실의 재배환경 데이터와 장미 절 화의 품질 특성 데이터를 수집하고 그 요인들 간의 상관 관계 를 분석하여 절화수명 예측 및 최적 환경 조성의 기초 자료를 얻고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해, 토경재배(SC) 및 암면배지경 양액재배(RWH) 하우스 각 1개소를 선정하여 1년간 기온, 상 대습도(RH) 및 수증기압차(VPD), 일적산광량(DLI), 근권온도 등의 환경 데이터와 매월 말 수확된 장미 ‘Miss Holland’ 절 화의 품질 특성 데이터를 수집하였으며, 이 데이터와 절화수 명과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 절화수명은 10월과 11월을 제외하고는 SC 하우스에서 RWH 하우스보다 더 길었다. 절 화수명과 환경 및 생육 특성 간의 상관관계 분석에서 SC 하우 스의 상관계수는 RWH 하우스보다 조금 더 높았으며, 절화수 명 예측을 위한 요소들도 두 하우스 간에 차이가 있었다. SC 하우스의 절화수명 Y=0.848X1+0.366X2-0.591X3+2.224X4- 0.171X5+0.47X6+0.321X7+9.836X8-110.219(X1-X8: 최고 RH, RH 일교차, DLI, pH, Hunter’s b value, EC, 절화 장, 잎 두께; R2=0.544)로 예측되었고, RWH 하우스의 절화수명 Y=-1.291X1+52.026X2-0.094X3+0.448X4-3.84X5+0.624X6 - 8.528X7+28.45(X1-X7: 경경, 야간 VPD, 최고 근권온도, 최 저 근권온도, 기온 일교차, RH 일교차, 최고 VPD; R2=0.5243) 로 예측되었다. 이 두 모델식으로부터 SC 하우스에서는 RH, EC 및 pH가, 그리고 RWH 하우스에서는 근권 온도가 절화수명에 더 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 추론할 수 있다. 따라서 각 재배 방법에 따라 장미의 절화수명에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인을 효율적으로 관리할 필요가 있다.

algorithms for deriving and analyzing retroreflectivity influence factors through regression analysis. METHODS : An experimental road lane was created to examine the trends of retroreflectivity and LiDAR intensity values, and a controlled indoor experiment was conducted to identify influencing factors. The optimal algorithm was developed by regression analysis of the experimental data. RESULTS : The significance probability (P-value) through SPSS linear regression analysis was 0.000 for measured height, 0.001 for perpendicular angle, 0.157 for vertical angle, and 0.000 for LiDAR intensity, indicating that measured height, vertical angle, and LiDAR intensity are significant factors because the significance probability is less than 0.05, and vertical angle is not significant. The NNR regression model performed the best, so the measurement data with height (1.2m, 2m, 2.2m) and vertical angle (11.3°, 12.3°, 13.5°) were analyzed to derive the optimal LiDAR Intensity measurement height and vertical angle. CONCLUSIONS : For each LiDAR measurement height and vertical angle, the highest correlation between LiDAR Intensity and retroreflectivity was found at a measurement height of 1.2 meters and a vertical angle of 12.3°, where the model learning accuracy (R2) was the highest.

Complaints about foul odors are emerging as an issue, and the number of complaints is steadily increasing every year. Biofiltration is known to remove harmful or odorous substances from the atmosphere by using microorganisms, and full-scale biofilters are being installed and operated in various environmental and industrial facilities. In this study, the current status and actual odor removal efficiency of full-scale biofilters installed in publicly owned treatment facilities such as sewage, manure, and livestock manure treatment plants were investigated. In addition, the effects of design and operating factors on their efficiency were also examined. As a result, it was found that odor prevention facilities with less than 30% odor removal efficiency based on complex odors accounted for 40%-50% of the biofilters investigated. In investigating the appropriate level of operating factors on odor removal efficiency, it was found that compliance with the recommended values p lays a significant role in improving odor removal efficiency. In the canonical correlation analysis for the on-site biofilter operation and design data, residence time and humidity were found to be the most critical factors. The on-site biofilter operation and design data were analyzed through canonical correlation analysis, and the residence time and humidity maintenance were found to be the most important factors in the design and operations of the biofilter. Based on these results, it is necessary to improve the odor removal efficiency of on-site biofilters by reviewing the effectiveness of the operation factors, improving devices, and adjusting operating methods.

PURPOSES : Local governments in Korea, including Incheon city, have introduced the pavement management system (PMS). However, the verification of the repair time and repair section of roads remains difficult owing to the non-existence of a systematic data acquisition system. Therefore, data refinement is performed using various techniques when analyzing statistical data in diverse fields. In this study, clustering is used to analyze PMS data, and correlation analysis is conducted between pavement performance and influencing factors. METHODS : First, the clustering type was selected. The representative clustering types include K-means, mean shift, and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN). In this study, data purification was performed using DBSCAN for clustering. Because of the difficulty in determining a threshold for high-dimensional data, multiple clustering, which is a type of DBSCAN, was applied, and the number of clustering was set up to two. Clustering for the surface distress (SD), rut depth (RD), and international roughness index (IRI) was performed twice using the number of frost days, the highest temperature, and the average temperature, respectively. RESULTS : The clustering result shows that the correlation between the SD and number of frost days improved significantly. The correlation between the maximum temperature factor and precipitation factor, which does not indicate multicollinearity, improved. Meanwhile, the correlation between the RD and highest temperature improved significantly. The correlation between the minimum temperature factor and precipitation factor, which does not exhibit multicollinearity, improved considerably. The correlation between the IRI and average temperature improved as well. The correlation between the low- and high-temperature precipitation factors, which does not indicate multicollinearity, improved. CONCLUSIONS : The result confirms the possibility of applying clustering to refine PMS data and that the correlation among the pavement performance factors improved. However, when applying clustering to PMS data refinement, the limitations must be identified and addressed. Furthermore, clustering may be applicable to the purification of PMS data using AI.

본 연구는 병원간호사의 조직몰입 및 관련요인에 대한 선행연구를 체계적으로 고찰하고 메타분석을 시행하고자 한다. 이를 통해 병원간호사의 조직몰입에 대한 연구동향과 유효한 변수를 규명하고자 하 며, 간호사의 조직몰입 향상을 위한 전략 및 중재개발의 기초를 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구는 2008~2018년 발표된 연구에 대한 문헌고찰과 메타상관 분석을 실시하여 병원간호사의 조직몰입과 관 련된 요인들을 분석하였다. PRISMA표를 활용하여 연구에 대한 스크리닝과 질적 평가를 시행하였고, 최종 144개의 논문을 추출하였다. 조직몰입과 관련해서는 45개의 변수가 유의미하게 분류되었으며, Schaufeli’s Energy Compass Model에 따라 이 변수들을 6개 그룹(직무요구, 직무자원, 참여형 리더 십, 개인적 자원, 피고용인의 웰빙, 직무성과)으로 분류하였다. 이들 중 직무요구를 제외한 5개 범주가 조직몰입과 일정 정도의 강한 상관관계를 보였다. 또한, 조직몰입과 긍정적인 직무성과 간에는 강한 정(+)적 상관관계가 발견되었다. 본 연구 결과, 병원간호사의 조직몰입과 직무자원 간에는 상관관계가 존재한다는 것이 규명되었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 병원간호사의 조직몰입을 높이기 위한 프로그램 개발 및 연구에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다

This study measured the suspended fungal concentration in indoor multiple facilities nationwide. The regions were selected as representative cities by region: Seoul, Gyeonggi (Incheon), Gangwon, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Busan. A total of 2028 regional comparisons, including department stores, schools, public toilets, libraries, and banks, subway, sports facilities and comparative analysis were conducted for each multi-use facility industry. Among the nationwide, Among the regions, the average concentration of floating mold in indoor multi-use facilities was the lowest in Busan at 394.67 CFU/m3, followed by Gyeonggi and Incheon 487.90 CFU/m3, Seoul 542.84 CFU/m3, Daejeon 809.30 CFU/m3, Gangwon 1,145.22 CFU/m3, Gwangju was 1,371.10 CFU/m3 in the order. Busan was the lowest, and Gangwon was the highest. The reason that Busan, which has a high average temperature and population density, shows a lower mold concentration than Gangwon, is that floating mold in the indoor air is not affected by the external atmospheric environment, population density, and number of facility users. Although it cannot be said that there is no influence of the atmospheric environment, it was found that the indoor environment has different characteristics from the outdoor environment. The importance of air quality management has been confirmed, and further, it is necessary to subdivide the management standards by region and multi-use facilities, and the management standards need to be converted to maintenance rather than recommendations.

PURPOSE: 본 연구의 목적은 둥근어깨자세(round shoulder posture)와 전방머리자세 (forward head posture)에 따라 폐활량 측정과 산소포화도 및 횡격막 움직임 크기의 상관관계를 알아보는 것이다. METHODS: 연구의 대상은 만성 심장질환 및 호흡기 질환을 가지고 있거나, 정신적, 인지적 장애가 있는 자, 척추옆굽음증(scoliosis)이 있는 자, 목과 갈비뼈 손상이나 수술 병력이 없는 50명의 자원한 사람으로 선정되었습니다. 통계분석은 피어슨(Pearson)의 상관분석을 실시한다. RESULTS:둥근어깨자세는 FVC,FEV1,FEV1/FVC%,PEF 에 대해 양의 상관계수를 보이고 이중 PEF가 가장 상관성이 높았다(p<.05). 횡격막 움직임의 크기(DMD)에 대해서도 양의 상관계수를 보였다. 그러나 TAD(table acromion distance)와는 음의 상관관계를, SPO2는 PM/C7~acro, TAD(table acromion distance) 둘다 음의 상관관계가 나타났다(P>.05). 전방머리자세는 CVA와 CRA 모두 FVC,FEV1,FEV1/FVC, PEF 비율에 대해 유의한 상관관계가 없다(p>.05). CRA와 DMD에는 유의한 차이가 있는 음의 상관관계가 나타났지만(p<.05), CVA와 DMD에는 유의한 상관관계가 발견되지 않았다. 또한 CVA와 CRA 모두 SPO2에 대해 유의한 상관관계가 없다(p>.05). CONLUSION: 결론적으로 전방머리자세의 각도와 둥근어깨 자세에 따라 폐활량과 횡격막 움직임에 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 하지만 좀더 많은 인원과 대상자들의 경직된 자세에 대해 제한할 방법을 추가적으로 찾을 필요가 있다.

Phosphate coating is applied to the surface of the round bar material used in the multi-stage cold forging process for the purpose of lubrication. The film characteristics are determined according to the conditions of the phosphate film treatment process. In this study, the film properties according to the phosphate treatment conditions were defined as the coefficient of repeated friction and quantitative analysis was performed. Different friction behaviors were exhibited depending on the film properties, suggesting that optimization of the phosphate film treatment conditions is possible based on this. Finally, as a practical example, friction behavior according to the film characteristics was applied to the automotive engine bolt forming process. As a final conclusion, the need for linkage analysis with phosphating conditions for optimizing the forging process was raised. In addition, it can be seen that damage to the phosphate film should be considered in the process of predicting the limiting life of the die.

As modern society has emerged and developed, the subway has established itself as a representative means of transportation in the city due to its speed, accuracy, and accessibility. According to the Indoor Air Quality Management Act, underground stations have established and managed the maintenance and recommendation standards for PM10, PM2.5, CO2, CO, HCHO, NO2, Rn, VOCs However, th the standards for airborne mold has not been applied for subway stations even though management for the health effect of exposure to mold is necessay. In this study, the correlation with major contributing factors was analyzed by measuring the concentration of airborne molds in the indoor air of underground stations and through literature research. It was confirmed that there was a correlation between the concentration of airborne molds in subway stations and the major contributing factors. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the concentration of airborne molds became higher as the location of the platform became deeper underground, during periods of congestion, and especially in summer. There was no significant correlation with the year of construction. Our findings indicate that appropriate management measures should be devised in response to such contributing factors.

이 논문은 대중음악의 리듬에 큰 영향을 끼친 펑크 리듬과 아프로 큐반 리듬을 구조적 관점으로 분석하여 그 연관성과 응용과정을 연구하였다. 펑크 리듬은 1965년 제임스 브라운과 그의 밴드들 에 의해 발생 및 발전되었으며, 아프리카에서 온 흑인들에게 영향을 받은 라틴 음악의 리듬을 미 국 대중음악에 적용하고 융합하여 만들어 낸 리듬이다. 대중음악 리듬에 큰 영향을 끼치고 있는 펑크 리듬의 발생과 발전에 대해 체계적으로 분석하여, 리듬의 응용과 융합 방법의 원리를 제시하 는 것이 이 연구의 목적이다. 연구 방법은 대중음악 리듬의 혁명으로 불리는 1960년대 중반 이후 의 제임스 브라운의 앨범에 정착된 펑크 리듬과 아프로 큐반 음악의 리듬 구조를 비교하여 연관성 을 분석하였고, 대중음악 리듬으로 응용 및 적용하는 과정에 대해 추론하였다. 연구 결과 아프로 큐반의 대표적인 리듬들과 대중음악에서 사용되는 펑크의 중심 리듬에서 그 연관성을 찾을 수 있 었으며, 특히 드럼의 킥 패턴과 킥과 스네어 드럼 조합의 패턴을 응용하여 대중음악 리듬으로 만 들었다는 것을 도출해 내었다. 마지막으로 이 방법을 활용하여 좀 더 많은 전통 리듬들을 응용하 여 새로운 대중음악의 리듬을 응용하고 만들어내는 가능성을 제시하였다.

Kori and Wolsong unit 1 were permanently shutdown in 2017 and 2019, respectively. During the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant, various types and levels of decommissioning waste will be generated sporadically in many areas in a relatively short period of time, so safe management of decommissioning waste is expected to emerge as a very important issue in the future. Since Korea has no experience in decommissioning nuclear power plants, radionuclides added by abnormal routes or errors in data can be identified through the list of expected nuclides and radioactivity data during decommissioning by analyzing cases of overseas nuclear power plants decommissioning. Therefore, it is expected that safety information of nuclear power plants in the United States (i.e. all information related to safety, such as radioactive waste characteristics and accident or decommissioning information at nuclear power plants) can be utilized when decommissioning Korea nuclear power plants. Therefore, in this study, the characteristics of solid radioactive waste were analyzed by collecting solid radioactive waste data during operation and after permanent shutdown of nine PWR nuclear power plants in the United States, and the correlation between the characteristics data of solid radioactive waste was analyzed. However, in the case of Korea, only data from the United States were analyzed because there was no data for each radionuclide that were disclosed when disposing of radioactive waste in LILW repository and there was no nuclear power plant that had been decommissioned. Correlation analysis of solid radioactive waste was performed by linking radioactivity of radionuclides, volume of waste, and total radioactivity data based on decommissioning work and accident data after permanent shutdown or during operation. The correlation analysis of total radioactivity, volume, and radioactivity of each nuclide of solid radioactive waste during operation and after permanent shutdown was performed using XLSTAT, an Excel add-in software, for carrying out Mann-Kendall Test and estimating Sen’s slope. Trends during operation and after permanent shutdown were compared and the effects of specific events or tasks were analyzed. This study is expected to be utilized as basic data related to safety management of decommissioning Korea nuclear power plants in future.