This study aimed to develop a solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (solid-SNEDDS) to enhance the formulation of ketoconazole (KTZ), a BCS Class II drug with poor solubility. Ketoconazole, which is insoluble above pH 3, requires solubilization for effective delivery. This SNEDDS comprises oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, which spontaneously emulsify in the gastrointestinal tract environment to form nanoemulsions with droplet sizes less than 100 nm. The optimal SNE-vehicle composition of oleic acid, TPGS, and PEG 400 at a 10:80:10 weight ratio was determined based on the smallest droplet size achieved. This composition was used to prepare liquid SNEDDS containing ketoconazole. The droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI) of the resulting liquid SNEDDS were analyzed. Subsequently, solid-SNEDDS was fabricated using a spray-drying method with solidifying carriers such as silicon dioxide, crospovidone, and magnesium alumetasilicate. The physicochemical properties of the solid-SNEDDS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction, and its solubility, droplet size, and PDI were evaluated. In particular, the solid-SNEDDS containing ketoconazole and crospovidone in a 2:1 weight ratio exhibited significantly enhanced solubility, highlighting its potential for improved medication adherence and dissolution rates.

In order to develop catechin patches for skin regeneration at wound sites, patches with varying concentrations of catechin and chitosan were manufactured. An optimal composition ratio was determined by adjusting the drug release rate and amount, to maximize efficiency. The catechin used in this study was extracted from green tea leaves using a solvent/ultrasonication method, and its characteristics were confirmed through Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. Patches were prepared with different concentrations of catechin and chitosan, and various properties were analyzed using techniques such as FT-IR, water contact angle analysis, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. It was observed that as the chitosan concentration increased, the release of catechin slowed down or almost ceased. A patch manufactured with 1.5 mg/cm2 of catechin at a 1 % chitosan concentration exhibited a high initial release rate over 24 h and demonstrated cellular biocompatibility. Consequently, these patches, with tailored release characteristics based on the concentrations of chitosan and catechin, hold promise for use as drug delivery systems in wound healing applications.

This study was conducted to determine seafood product quality change in the fresh food cold chain logistics. Salmon was stored in three different simulated refrigerated distribution environments according to door opening time (0, 20, and 60 s) every 10 min before the samples’ qualities were evaluated. The temperature inside the refrigerator generally rose from the bottom to the top, and it was possible to confirm the rapid change in temperature in the order of A, B, and C as the door opening time increased. It was observed that the freshness of salmon decreased as the door opening time increased through the evaluation of various food qualities of salmon, such as its appearance, color, pH, VBN, moisture content, hardness, general bacteria, and E. coli bacteria. It was confirmed that fresh food quality is strongly associated with delivery temperature, while cold-chain delivery vehicles must reduce heat exposure time during delivery.

This study aims to prepare a colloidal silica-containing powder to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of rivaroxaban using a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). We investigate the impact of colloidal silica on a nanoemulsion system for preparing powdered SNEDDS. The liquid SNEDDS comprises 30/20/50 (w/w/w) Peceol/ Cremophor RH40/Tween 80, which results in the formation of the smallest droplets. Three powdered SNEDDS formulations are prepared by suspending the liquid SNEDDS formulation using colloidal silica and spray drying. The powdered SNEDDS prepared with liquid SNEDDS and colloidal silica at a ratio of 1/0.5 (w/w) exhibits the highest water solubility (0.94 ± 0.62 vs. 26.70 ± 1.81 μg/mL) and dissolution rate (38.4 ± 3.6 vs. 85.5 ± 3.4%, 45 min) when compared to the drug alone. Morphologically, the liquid SNEDDS is adsorbed onto colloidal silica and forms smaller particles. In conclusion, an SNEDDS containing rivaroxaban, prepared using colloidal silica, facilitates the creation of a nanoemulsion and enhances the water solubility of rivaroxaban. Accordingly, this technology holds significant potential for commercialization.

This paper explores the relationships of various cognitive, attitudinal, and behavioural responses of e-discount sales promotion technique preferences consumers have when making purchases through online food delivery services (OFDS). This paper highlights new findings towards expanding e-discount and sales promotion literature and thus provide relevant implications.

This study aims to integrate the protection motivation theory (PMT) model and attitude to explore the factors influencing consumers’ usage behavior toward online food delivery platform services (OFDPSs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The utilitarian value and hedonic value of OFDPSs, which may influence consumers’ attitude, were also included in the integrated research model. This study collected a total of 384 participants who are with experience in using OFDPSs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan for analysis

With the development of information technology, online food delivery services have significantly changed people’s food consumption patterns. The outbreak of COVID-19 has further facilitated the development due to restaurant restrictions and social distancing measures. Due to the emergence of online food delivery services, scholars have paid increasing attention to this popular topic, and a large number of studies have examined which factors are related to consumers’ intention to use online food delivery services. However, previous studies showed inconsistent findings, and relationships between variables lack a comprehensive understanding. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a research model and examine the factors influencing consumers’ intention to use online food delivery services. By reviewing and analyzing 52 studies with 53 independent samples (N = 22,937), the meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach was carried out to assess the research model. The findings indicate that two attributes of online food delivery services (i.e., convenience and price-saving orientation) play different roles in the research model. Specifically, convenience significantly impacted perceived ease of use but had no direct impact on perceived usefulness. Price-saving orientation significantly influenced both perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Moreover, relationships between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived trust were significant, and these factors ultimately significantly led to the intention to use food delivery services. The findings contribute to theoretical advancement in the extant literature on food delivery services and help firms develop to provide better food delivery services for consumers’ continuous usage.

Last-mile delivery is the quintessential example of a logistics sector that is ripe for innovation, owing to a powerful confluence in the advancement of technologies and consumption models. Compared to the conventional delivery mode, the delivery robot offers countless advantages, including maintaining social distancing, improving health safety, protecting the environment, and reducing shipping costs and delivery times. Considering the high investments associated with developing and introducing delivery robots, a better understanding is needed of the consumers’ perceptions and willingness to guide practitioners on whether it is worth starting/continuing investing in such innovation. For this reason, this study addresses the following research questions: 1) What are the relevant characteristics of robot delivery and how do consumers cognitively and affectively respond to these characteristics? 2) What are the processes that form consumers’ willingness to reuse the delivery robot and spread the word about it (i.e., WOM)? Drawing on the technology-task fit model, the present study provides three interesting theoretical insights in relation to the post-adoption behaviour on delivery robots. In the first part, the findings enrich the literature by revealing that consumers’ evaluation of the perceived fit of using delivery robots are based on a combination of internal, external and conditional factors. This study found that hedonic motivations, perceived anthropomorphism and robotic service quality exhibited a positive influence on perceived task-technology fit. This indicates that, being able to experience a sense of fun or enjoyment when using novel technologies (e.g., robot services) will encourage future behaviour and push individuals to continue exploring the benefits of this innovation. Also, consumers tend to attribute the human-like robots as more capable and reliable as it gives the feeling that they are interacting with a social entity. The findings also value to current scarcity research and demonstrate the positive influence of service quality in matching the performance and functionality of delivery robots. In the second part, the empirical findings confirm the positive influence of perceived task-technology fit on trust and value-in-use in the emerging context of delivery robots. In the last part, this research goes further, revealing the indirect link between perceived task-technology fit and post-adoption behaviour. In line with consumer behaviour literature that suggests the individual will undergo a psychological state (or mental evaluation) in goal-oriented behavior, this research deepens our understanding of the mechanisms involved in this relationship. It reveals that trust and value-in-use acted as the missing links in bridging the associations through which perceived task-technology fit influences service reuse likelihood and positive word-of-mouth.

This study focuses on the development of a Last-Mile delivery service using unmanned vehicles to deliver goods directly to the end consumer utilizing drones to perform autonomous delivery missions and an image-based precision landing algorithm for handoff to a robot in an intermediate facility. As the logistics market continues to grow rapidly, parcel volumes increase exponentially each year. However, due to low delivery fees, the workload of delivery personnel is increasing, resulting in a decrease in the quality of delivery services. To address this issue, the research team conducted a study on a Last-Mile delivery service using unmanned vehicles and conducted research on the necessary technologies for drone-based goods transportation in this paper. The flight scenario begins with the drone carrying the goods from a pickup location to the rooftop of a building where the final delivery destination is located. There is a handoff facility on the rooftop of the building, and a marker on the roof must be accurately landed upon. The mission is complete once the goods are delivered and the drone returns to its original location. The research team developed a mission planning algorithm to perform the above scenario automatically and constructed an algorithm to recognize the marker through a camera sensor and achieve a precision landing. The performance of the developed system has been verified through multiple trial operations within ETRI.

Licensing for the application of the Polymer Concrete High Integrity Container (PC-HIC) to nuclear power plants has been completed or is in progress. Approval for the expanded application to all domestic nuclear power plants has been completed to utilize the 860 L PC-HICs for the 2nd stage surface repository, and the regulatory body is reviewing the license application to use the 510 L PCHICs for the 1st stage underground repository in the representative nuclear power plants. The 860 L PC-HICs, which have been licensed for all domestic nuclear power plants, will be used for safe storage management and disposal of low-dose dried concentrate waste and spent resin, and a total of 100 units is expected to be supplied to representative nuclear power plants that have been licensed first. The 510 L PC-HICs are planned to be used for underground disposal of high-dose spent resin and dried concentrate waste. Prior to the application of PC-HICs to nuclear power plants and disposal to the repository, it is necessary to establish realistic and reasonable requirements through close consultations between waste generator and disposal operators to ensure the suitability for disposal of PC-HIC packages and to carry out disposal delivery and acceptance work. Since the Polymer Concrete High Integrity Container (PC-HIC) has long-term integrity of more than 300 years and the barrier does not temporarily collapse, spent resin and dried concentrate waste, which are radioactive wastes to be solidified, can be disposed of much more safely in PC-HIC packages than solidified types. Acceptance criteria for the PC-HIC packages should be prepared fully reflecting the advantages of PC-HIC, and quality assurance methods for physical/chemical/radiological characterization results based on the Waste Certification Program (WCP) should be supported. In addition, infrastructure should be secured for safe transportation, handling, and storage of the PC-HIC packages. In this paper, we have tried to find a reasonable acceptance criteria, quality assurance method, and infrastructure level according to the dose and disposal conditions of PC-HIC packages.

The surge in food delivery systems during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic necessitated this study of heavy metal migration from food contact materials (FCMs). A total of 104 samples of FCMs, comprising 51 polypropylene (PP), 21 polyethylene (PE), and 32 polystyrene (PS) samples of six different types of FCMs (containers, covers, table utensils, cups, pouches, and wrappers) used for food delivery distributed in Korea, were collected and investigated for migration of three heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and As) using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine whether they complied with Korea’s Standards and Specifications for Utensils, Containers, and Packages. Acetic acid (4%, v/v) was used as the food simulant, and tests were performed at 100oC (in harsh conditions) for 30 min. Linearity of Pb, Cd, and As showed acceptable results with a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9999. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of Pb, Cd, and As were 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001 μg/L and 0.002, 0.003, and 0.003 μg/L, respectively. Accuracy and precision results complied with the criteria presented in the European Commission Joint Research Centre guidelines. The average concentration of Pb, Cd, and As migration detected in a total of 104 samples was 0.009–0.260 μg/L, which was very low compared with the migration specification set in the Standards and Specifications for Utensils, Containers, and Packages. The maximum level of Pb corresponded to 0.23% of the migration limit. There were no samples exceeding the limit. Thus, this study confirmed that the heavy metal contents of FCMs used for delivery food distributed in Korea were safely managed. The data from this study represent an invaluable source for science-based safety management of hazardous heavy metals migrating from FCMs used in the food delivery industry.

Since delivery food has become a new dietary culture, this study examines consumer awareness through big data analysis. We present the direction of delivery food for healthy eating culture and identify the current state of consumer awareness. Resources for big data analysis were mainly articles written by consumers on various websites; the collection period was divided into before and after COVID-19. Results of the big data analysis revealed that before COVID-19, delivery food was recognized as a limited product as a meal concept, but after COVID-19, it was recognized as a new shopping list and a new product for home parties. This study concludes by suggesting a new direction for healthy eating culture.

Background: Delivery workers repeatedly get in and out of trucks and walk or run to deliver packages during work. Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is a well-known non-traumatic overuse injury of the lateral side of the knee caused by frequent knee flexion and extension. Hip muscle strength is among the factors that prevent lower extremity injuries. Although many studies have examined the relationship between ITBS and hip muscle strengths, there was no study comparing hip muscle strength and ratio between delivery workers with and without ITBS. Objects: This study aimed to compare hip muscle strength and hip internal/external rotator and adductor/abductor strength ratios between delivery workers with and without ITBS. Methods: Fourteen delivery workers with ITBS matched inclusion criteria in the present study among 20 participants. Because total sample size was required 28 subjects by G*power program (ver. 3.1.9.4; University of Trier), 14 delivery workers without ITBS were recruited. Hip muscle strengths were measured in a side-lying position using a Smart KEMA pulling sensor (KOREATECH Co. Ltd.). An independent t-test was used to compare hip muscle strengths and hip internal/external rotator and hip adductor/abductor strength ratios between delivery workers with and without ITBS. Results: The adductor/abductor strength ratio was significantly greater in delivery workers without ITBS than in those with ITBS (p < 0.05). The strengths of the hip abductor, hip adductor, hip internal rotator, hip external rotator, and the ratio of internal/external rotator strengths were not significantly different between the delivery workers with and without ITBS (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study’s findings showed that delivery workers with ITBS had significantly lesser adductor/abductor strength ratio, while the strengths of the hip abductor and adductor muscles did not differ significantly. These results suggest that adductor/abductor strength ratio should be considered when evaluating and treating ITBS in delivery workers.

Recently, unmanned logistics delivery systems, such as UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, written as drone below) and autonomous robot delivery systems, have been implemented in many countries due to the rapid development of autonomous driving technology. The development of these new types of advanced unmanned logistics delivery systems is essential not only to become a leading logistics company but also to secure national competitiveness. In this paper, the application of the unmanned logistics delivery system was investigated in terms of market trends, overall technology level of last mile delivery drone and autonomous delivery robot. The direction of response to changes in the last mile delivery service market was checked through a comparison of the technological level between domestic companies that produce last mile devices and advanced foreign companies. As a result of this technology level analysis, the difference between domestic companies and advanced companies was shown using tables and figures to show their relative levels. The results of this analysis reflect the opinions of experts in the field of last-mile delivery technology. In addition, the technology level of unmanned logistics delivery systems for each country was analyzed based on the number of related technology patents. Lastly, insights for the technology level analysis of unmanned last mile delivery systems were proposed as a conclusion.

Various non-face-to-face services are being activated due to the influence of the Corona 19 virus around the world. However, unlike the rapid development of delivery services, social awareness of delivery services is causing many problems. Therefore, in this study, we analyze the quality attributes of delivery services from the consumer's point of view, and based on the results, we try to derive a direction for service improvement. In this study, quality factors were established through interviews and surveys with actual consumers, and quality attributes were classified through the Kano model and Timko’s customer satisfaction coefficient. “Attractive” is (‘Ease of ordering, Accurate delivery to the designated place’), “One Dimensional” is (‘Variety of payment methods, Accurate delivery on time, Accurate delivery of ordered food, Degree of non-deformation of packaging conditions, etc., Convenience of use time’), “Must be” is (‘Kindness of the delivery person’), “Reverse” is (‘provision of services, service response to order discrepancies’). This study has academic significance in that it compensated for the disadvantage of not being able to interpret the mathematical meaning of the Kano model with Teamco’s customer satisfaction coefficient. It also has practical implications in that it provides an indirect clue to future improvement directions.

본 연구에서는 O2O 화장품 배달 서비스 앱의 e-서비스품질이 만족과 충성도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 설문지 총 210부를 수집하여 통계패키지 SPSS 25.0으로 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였으며 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. O2O 화장품 배 달 서비스 앱 e-서비스품질의 구성요소인 효율성, 주문이행성, 시스템이용가능성, 프라이버시 모두 만족과 충성도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 만족 역시 충성도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. O2O 화장품 배달 서비스 앱을 이용하는 소비자를 증가시키기 위해서는 만족과 충성도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 시스템이용가능성과 효율성을 높여야 한다. 이를 위해 소비자가 O2O 화장품 배달 서비 스 앱을 이용하는 동안 빠른 접속과 끊김이 없는 쾌적한 환경을 제공해야 하고 효율적으로 사용할 수 있도 록 시스템을 구축해야 한다.

이 사건은 우리나라 해운산업에 큰 영향을 미친 H해운 파산으로 인하여 발생 한 여러 유형의 법적분쟁 중 한 가지이다. 그 중 정기용선계약에 있어 회생절차 의 개시에 따른 계약 해지에 관한 손해배상채권의 준거법 결정과 정기용선계약 에 있어 반선시 잔존유 반환채권의 문제 및 영국법상 상계의 적용 문제 등 다양 한 쟁점이 존재한다. 이와 관련한 주요 쟁점 중 정기용선계약의 반선시 계약서식에 따른 잔존유 반 환채권의 문제에 대해 살펴보고, 준거법이 외국법인 영국법으로 지정된 경우에 있어 상계의 문제에 대해 검토하였다. 우선 NYPE 1946과 1993 서식을 사용하는 경우와 NYPE 2015 서식의 사용에 는 많은 차이가 있으므로 앞의 서식을 사용할 때는 추가약관을 보완할 필요가 있다. 특히 이 사건의 핵심인 정기용선계약의 중도해지에 따른 잔존유 반환채권 의 경우 NYPE 1946 서식에서는 제외되지만, NYPE 2015 서식에서는 포함시키고 있음을 인식할 필요가 있다. 그 다음으로 영국법상 중도해지에 대한 상계의 문제는 보통법상 상계와 형평 법상 상계의 적용에 있다. 영국 법원과 한국 법원의 판단은 실체법적인 성격을 포함하고 있으므로 보통법상 상계가 적용된다는 것이다. 타당한 판단이지만 준 거법으로 영국법이 적용되는 경우 운송계약에 있어 항해용선계약과 정기용선계 약의 청구원인별 상계 허용에 대한 입장은 다른 경우도 있으므로 추가 검토가 필요해 보인다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 향후 실무적으로 참조가 되기를 기대한다.

The food delivery platform labor market has been continuing to grow rapidly in Korea, which resulted in traffic accident increases of delivery riders. To prevent traffic accidents while delivery, this study conducted a survey for 462 delivery riders and analyzed the statistical relationships of delivery characteristics and risk perception with delivery accidents. The results of this study revealed that riders with young age (20s: 46.6%) and/or low delivery experience (less than 1 year: 50.6%) had significantly higher proportion of accident experience than other age groups (over 40s: 36.2%) and high delivery experience (more than 2 years: 36.4%). In addition, side job riders (61.5%) showed significantly higher proportion of accident experience than main job riders (39.1%). The riders with accident experience had more number of deliveries per hour (weekday: 3.56, weekend: 3.91) than the riders without accident experience (weekday: 3.29, weekend: 3.68). Lastly, the riders with accident experience rated significantly higher perceived level of risk on weather, violation of traffic laws, uninspected motorcycle, receiving calls while driving, missing safety training, missing personal protective equipment than the riders without accident experience. This study suggested four aspects based on the study results to prevent traffic accidents for delivery riders.