This study quantitatively evaluates the effects of embankment height and input excitation frequency on crest settlement—a key damage indicator—for railway embankments founded on liquefiable ground. Dynamic numerical analyses were conducted using FLAC2D, based on the cross-section adopted in a previous 1-g shaking table test. The parametric study considered four embankment heights (0, 2, 4, and 6 m) and three input frequencies (0.8, 2.5, and 5.0 Hz). To simulate liquefaction in the foundation soil, the PM4Sand constitutive model was employed within an effective-stress framework. Model validity was first examined by comparing computed time histories of excess pore-water pressure, acceleration, and settlement with experimental results, and by confirming qualitative agreement with observed settlement trends across different embankment heights. The results show that crest settlement does not increase monotonically with embankment height; instead, it reaches a maximum and then decreases beyond a critical range. The largest settlement occurs when the embankment height is approximately 15~25% of the liquefiable layer thickness. This behavior reflects the competition between increased overburden pressure, which enhances liquefaction resistance beneath the embankment, and amplified lateral spreading, which increases permanent deformation. Although excitation frequency influences settlement, its effect is smaller than that of embankment height.

돼지 유전체 연구에서 Affymetrix와 Illumina의 SNP 칩은 널리 활용되지만, 플랫폼 간 기술적 차이로 인해 데이터 통합 및 비교 분석에 어려움이 있다. 본 연구는 Affymetrix Axiom® Pig55K와 Illumina PorcineSNP80v1 플랫폼 간의 데이터 호환성을 직접 비교하고, 두 플랫폼에서 생산된 데이터의 통합 및 활용을 위한 실질적인 가이드라인을 제공하고자 수행되었다. 동일한 127두의 돼지 샘플을 두 플랫폼으로 분석하여 유전자형을 호출하고, 각 플랫폼에 최적화된 품질 관리(QC)를 거쳤다. 공통 마커는 Illumina 프로브 서열을 돼지 참조 유전체(Sscrofa11.1)에 직접 정렬하여 식별하였으며, 이를 기반으로 유전자형 일치율 및 최소 대립유전자 빈도(MAF) 상관관계를 분석하였다. 최종적으로 두 플랫폼 간에 27,774개의 공통 마커가 식별되었으며, 전체 유전자형 일치율은 96.53%로 나타났다. 하지만 이는 극히 낮은 일치율을 보인 5개의 이상치(outlier) 샘플에 의한 것으로, 이들을 제외한 77개 정상 샘플에서의 일치율은 98.88% ~ 99.88%로 매우 높았다. 본 연구 결과는 플랫폼 간의 기술적 차이보다 분석 샘플의 품질이 데이터 호환성에 결정적인 영향을 미침을 보여준다. 샘플 품질이 보장된다면 두 플랫폼의 데이터는 상호 교차 활용이 가능할 만큼 높은 신뢰도를 가지며, 이는 대규모 데이터 통합 연구의 기반이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

본 연구는 CIPP 평가모형을 적용하여 공동연구 프로그램을 대학원생 관점에서 평가하였다. 연구 대 상은 프로그램 참여 대학원생 15명이며, 방문연구 직후 실시한 대면 인터뷰 자료(15명)와 CIPP 평가모 형에 기반한 설문 18문항(7점 리커트 척도) 및 서면 인터뷰 11문항 응답자료(각 13명)를 수집·분석하 였다. 설문 분석 결과, 영역별 평균은 상황(Context) 6.00점, 투입(Input) 5.25점, 과정(Process) 5.71 점, 산출(Product) 5.95점으로 CIPP 네 영역 전반에서 대체로 긍정적 인식을 보였다. 상황 영역에서는 프로그램 필요성과 개인의 연구·학습 요구의 적합성이 높았고, 대학 간 공동연구·교류 경험을 통해 연구 수준 제고와 타 기관 연계 경험 보완을 기대하였다. 투입 영역은 운영 체계에 대한 평가는 긍정적이었 으나 일정·자원 지원 방식에서는 참여자 간 체감 차가 확인되었다. 과정 영역에서는 활동의 유익성과 몰입도가 높았으나 행정 지원 지연 문제가 일부 제기되었다. 산출 영역에서는 역량 향상, 네트워크 유 지, 진로 영향이 높게 평가되었다. 본 연구는 다기관 공동연구를 ‘교육 프로그램’ 관점에서 조망하여, 과 정과 맥락을 포함한 평가의 필요성을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study proposes a dynamic evaluation framework for diagnosing signal control adequacy using high-resolution Automated Traffic Signal Performance Measures (ATSPM) data. Traditional signal performance assessments have primarily relied on aggregated metrics, such as average delay and volume-to-capacity ratio, which are effective for evaluating overall operational efficiency but insufficient for capturing cycle-level control limitations and temporal variability. Although split failure-based measures, including the Split Failure Ratio (SFR), provide more direct insights into green time adequacy, most existing applications focus on the failure frequency within a fixed analysis period. To address this limitation, this study introduces a Dynamic Operational Strain (DOS) index that extends the split failure into a time-evolving state variable incorporating accumulation and recovery mechanisms. By modeling the recursive evolution of the operational strain, the proposed framework captures how often failures occur and how they persist or dissipate over time. Phase-level DOS measures are subsequently aggregated at the intersection level to derive a priority score reflecting structural control inadequacy. The framework is further applied to classify intersections using DOS–SFR quadrant analysis, enabling the identification of distinct operational patterns, such as persistent oversaturation, localized phase imbalance, intermittent strain accumulation, and stable control conditions. The results demonstrate that intersections with similar SFR values may exhibit substantially different temporal strain structures, highlighting the importance of a dynamic state-based evaluation. The proposed approach provides a diagnostic foundation for data-driven signal re-timing and future adaptive control strategies by shifting the signal performance assessment from static frequency-based measures to dynamic structural adequacy analysis.

본 연구는 국내 정원 조성 및 식물 수급 여건을 반영하여 도입 된 한국 우수정원식물(KGM Plants)의 선정 및 평가 체계를 분석하고, 그 제도적 의의의 고찰을 목적으로 한다. 기존 국내 정원식물 추천 자료는 작성 주체의 선별 목록에 머물러 있었으 며, 명확한 평가 기준과 절차에 기반한 선정 체계는 부재하였다. 이에 한국정원협회는 영국 RHS의 AGM 제도를 참조하여 대중 성, 적응성, 정체성, 관상성의 네 가지 평가 항목을 설정하고, 국가표준식물목록 14,695종을 대상으로 단계적 심의를 통해 2024년 300종, 2025년 500종의 KGM Plants를 발표하였 다. KGM Plants는 재배품종(50%), 자생식물(30%), 도입식물 (20%)의 구성 비율을 명시적으로 설정하고, 정기적 증보와 갱신 이 가능한 구조를 구축하였다. 본 연구는 KGM Plants가 국내 최초로 정원식물 평가를 제도화한 사례임을 밝히고, 향후 객관 성과 투명성을 강화하기 위한 개선 방향을 제시한다.

Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larvae) are increasingly used as alternative protein sources in livestock feed due to their high nutritional value. Recently, interest has expanded to darkling beetle larvae capable of biodegrading polystyrene through gut-associated microbial activity. However, information regarding the safety of incorporating such styrofoam-biodegrading mealworms into poultry diets remains limited. This study evaluated the toxicological and physiological effects of replacing soybean meal with conventional mealworms (CMW) or styrofoam-biodegrading eco-mealworms (EMW) in broiler diets. Seven dietary treatments were tested in a 35-day feeding trial: a control diet without mealworms and diets containing 5%, 10%, or 15% CMW or EMW. Broilers fed diets containing 15% mealworms showed higher average daily feed intake than the control, suggesting improved feed palatability. No apparent toxicological or physiological abnormalities were observed across treatments. Organ weights, hematological indices, serum biochemical parameters, androgen levels, and tissue histopathology were within normal physiological ranges, and no significant differences were detected between CMW and EMW groups. However, as this study represents a pilot-scale evaluation with limited sample size, the statistical power to detect subtle differences may have been constrained. Thus, the absence of significant differences should not be interpreted as definitive evidence of equivalence. Within these limitations, EMW showed a safety profile comparable to CMW at dietary inclusion levels up to 15% for 35 days. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm these findings.

With the evolving nature of modern warfare and the rapid advancement of technology, Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) has emerged as a core element of future air power. This study systematically identifies evaluation measures for assessing the mission effectiveness of MUM-T in the context of Air Force operations. To this end, a survey of experienced fighter pilots was conducted to derive mission scenarios suitable for MUM-T, and statistical analysis led to the selection of five scenarios. Subsequently, comprehensive evaluation measures for each selected scenario were derived through literature review and expert interviews, and their validity and expert consensus were verified using the Delphi method. Finally, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to calculate the relative importance of the evaluation measures (secondary measures only) for each scenario, and a formula-based model was proposed. The findings of this study provide a quantitative evaluation framework for verifying MUM-T mission effectiveness using Modeling and Simulation (M&S) tools, and are expected to serve as a foundational basis for weapon system acquisition and the development of operational concepts.

자기공명영상(MRI)은 연부조직의 대조도가 우수하여 신경 및 근골격계 이상을 평가하는 데 탁월한 진단 도구로 활 용되고 있다. 특히 요천추 신경총과 같은 복잡한 신경 구조의 정밀한 영상화에 적합하여 임상 진단 과정에서 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 기존에 사용된 SPACE 3D, STIR, 그리고 최근에는 딥러닝 재구성 기법 등 다양한 MRI 기법이 도입되어 영상 화질 향상과 검사 효율성을 동시에 개선하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 조영제 주입 후 요천추 신경총 MRI 검사에서 얇은 슬라이스 두께로 획득한 SPACE 3D T2 STIR 기법과 딥러닝 TSE T2 STIR 기법을 비교하여, 요천추 신경총 영상에 유용한 MRI 기법을 알아보고자 하였다. 요천추 신경총 병변이 의심되는 20명의 환자를 대상으로 하 여 SPACE 3D T2 STIR 기법과 DL TSE T2 STIR 기법을 적용해 관상면 영상을 획득한 후, 신호대잡음비, 대조대 잡음비, 검사 시간 및 영상의 질을 정량적·정성적 방법으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 기법 간 통계적으로 유의한 차이 가 확인되었으며, 특히 DL 기법은 검사 시간 단축과 우수한 대조도를 제공하였다. 환자의 임상 상태와 촬영 여건을 고려하여 적절한 기법을 선택한다면, 요천추 신경총 MRI 진단에 최적화된 영상 품질을 확보할 수 있을 것으로 사료 된다.

뷰티 기능성 화장품 소재로의 활용 가능성과 이 분야 연구에 따른 기초자료를 확 보하고자 코치닐 색소의 열수(hot water)와 MeOH 추출물의 일부 유리아미노산과 단백질 비구성 아미노산 유도체의 조성 및 함량, 그리고 일부 항산화 활성 및 tyrosinase 저해 활성을 조사하였다. 유리아미노산은 열수와 MeOH 추출물에서 모두 검출되지 않았으며, 단백질 비구성 아미노산 유도체는 열수 추출물에서 1종 (phosphoserine), 메탄올 추출물에서는 2종(phosphoserine, taurine)이 검출되었다. DPPH와 ABTS radical 소거 활성은 각각 열수 추출물이 MeOH 추출물에서 보다 약간 높게 나타났다. 또한 Tyrosinase 저해 활성 정도는 열수(9.85±0.13%)와 MeOH 추출물(11.00±0.12%)에서 모두 활성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 코치 닐 색소의 열수와 MeOH 추출물은 일부 단백질 비구성 유도체 성분을 함유하고 있 고, DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성과 tyrosinase 저해 활성이 있는 것으로 나타 나, 뷰티미용식품 및 코스메슈티컬화장품 성분으로의 활용 가능한 것으로 사료되나, 이에 따른 세포독성 및 제형 연구를 포함한 지속적이고, 추가적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다. 이의 연구 결과는 화장품 소재 분야 연구에 따른 기초자료로서의 활 용 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

Odor emissions from sewer systems are a persistent environmental concern in urban areas, particularly in combined sewer systems where septic tanks are widely used. However, the contribution of septic tanks as sources of sewer odor has not been sufficiently quantified. This study investigated the characteristics of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generation in septic tanks and evaluated its potential influence on sewer odor, as well as the effectiveness of odor mitigation technologies. Field investigations were conducted in combined sewer areas to measure aqueous H2S concentrations in septic tanks. The results showed that H2S concentrations in septic tanks were not significantly affected by septic tank capacity (ANOVA, p > 0.05), suggesting that tank size or user population is not a primary determinant of sulfide generation. In contrast, aqueous H2S exhibited a positive correlation with chemical oxygen demand (COD), indicating that organic matter availability plays an important role in sulfide production through microbial sulfate reduction processes. A significant relationship was observed between aqueous H2S in septic tanks and gaseous H2S measured at catch basins, demonstrating that sulfide derived from septic tanks can transfer to the sewer atmosphere and potentially impact human odor exposure in urban environments. In addition, the performance of odor control technologies applied to septic tanks was evaluated with aeration-based technologies found to significantly reduce H2S concentrations. These findings suggest that septic tanks can serve as important sources of sewer odor highlighting the need for effective management and proper operation of septic tank odor control systems in combined sewer areas.

The tensile performance of anchors strongly influences the seismic safety of nuclear power plant equipment, as tensile failure of anchors has been identified as a governing failure mode in seismic fragility assessments. To improve the reliability of tensile-strength evaluation, this study examines existing design codes and research-based models by comparing them with experimental data. Design codes generally yield conservative estimates because they give limited consideration to anchor reinforcement. In contrast, research-based models provide a more accurate representation of load-sharing behavior between concrete breakout and anchor reinforcement but require relatively complex calculations for practical design applications. Based on experimental observations, a simplified method for evaluating tensile strength is proposed. The proposed method evaluates the combined resistance of concrete breakout and anchor reinforcement yielding or bond failure. Seismic fragility analysis results indicate that methods incorporating both concrete and reinforcement contributions increase the median capacity and HCLPF by approximately 11-20% compared to code-based approaches. These findings highlight the significant influence of tensile strength modeling on seismic performance assessment. The proposed method enables a more realistic and practical evaluation of anchor tensile strength, thereby improving the seismic safety assessment of nuclear power plant equipment.

Odorous compounds from the operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have increasingly become public health concerns and civil complaints. This study identifies priority management stages in WWTPs by quantitatively analyzing the distribution of complex odor and designated odor substances across key processes using a dimensionless tool (the Odor Activity Value, OAV), while providing a statistical basis and operational strategies for efficient odor mitigation in public facilities. Although there was a very poor correlation between designated odorous concentrations and complex odor level (dilution ratio), the application of the OAV yielded much more accurate results with a strong correlation (R2 = 0.7) specifically at high-temperature condition. Odor potential in the wastewater treatment processes fluctuates substantially depending on the specific unit. Statistical analysis using Kruskal–Wallis tests demonstrated that influent and sludge treatment process (return flow and centrate) produce much higher odor intensities compared to the biological reactor and secondary clarifier. Based on PERMANOVA analysis, differences in the profiles of complex odor and the OAVs of designated odorants across 6 treatment stages explained 64.1% of the total variance. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) showed that sludge treatment processes form a distinct, unique cluster, whereas sewage treatment streams present a more gradual transition of odor profiles. Statistical assessment using the Mann-Whitney U test demonstrated that mean odorants levels did not have considerable shift under high-temperature and low-temperature conditions. However, the sensory perception in higher temperatures enhanced relative to the OAVs. In conclusion, the OAV is an effective dimensionless tool, as it establishes priorities in odor management and control, offering a practical supplementary indicator for addressing civil complaints. These findings provide a robust foundation for optimizing deodorization systems designs and operational efficiency of odor mitigation systems within WWTPs.

This study was conducted to compare and analyze the crop-livestock circulation indicators, manure compost circulation, nutrient circulation, and carbon footprint of organic and conventional dairy farms. The survey farms were 13 organically certified dairy farms and 12 conventional dairy farms. A field survey was conducted in 2024. The forage crop cultivation area per head (LSU) of organic dairy farms was 1,539.8 ㎡, which was 2.3 times more than the 682.9 ㎡ of conventional dairy farms. The livestock density index, which indicates the number of cattle per acre of farmland, was lower in organic dairy farms (6.4 LSU/ha) than in conventional dairy farms (9.3 LSU/ha). The self-produced feed feeding rate of organic dairy farms was 31.9%, which was 12.6% higher than 19.3% in conventional dairy farms. The domestically purchased feed feeding rate was 11.6% in organic certified farms (11.6% lower than 22.5%). The imported concentrate feed feeding rate was 33.2% in organic certified farms and 37.5% in conventional dairy farms, which showed no significant difference. The area of forage crops in organic dairy farms was 0.15 ha/head, which was higher than 0.11 ha/head in conventional farms. The annual milk production of organic dairy farms was 10,101 kg, which did not show a significant difference from conventional farms. The local circulation and Off-farm transfer rates of compost in organic certified farms were 5.1% and 0.4%, respectively, which were lower than those in conventional farms. The annual surplus nitrogen per cow (LSU) was 92.1 kg in organic dairy cow certified farms, which was 20% lower than 115.4 kg in conventional farms. The carbon footprint per kg of milk was 1.16 kgCO2eq in organic certified farms, which was 28% lower than 1.61 kg CO2eq in conventional farms.

This study investigated the structural performance of Cast-in-Place (CIP) pile-integrated composite basement walls (CIP-CBW) featuring socket-type shear connectors (SSCs) in both steel and RC applications through finite element analysis. The results demonstrated that while the height and spacing of SSCs significantly influenced the ultimate load and corresponding displacement of the CIP-CBW, their impact on initial stiffness was negligible. Due to the leverage effect, shear forces along the interface between the CIP pile and the basement wall were resisted by both the front and rear bolts of the SSC. The failure mechanism of the SSC joint was characterized by concrete crushing and cracking around the connector, followed by the formation of plastic hinges in both bolts. Bending moment analysis revealed that the rear bolt is particularly susceptible to flexural yielding. Furthermore, the slip tendency at the interface was more pronounced in the steel scheme than in the RC scheme. Notably, the effect of SSC spacing on slip was significant, whereas SSC height exhibited minimal influence.

The Gopura in Preah Pithu T temple, which is partially damaged and collapsed, is densely wooded and has a high percentage of humidity due to moats and ponds, the stone materials are not in good condition and significantly damaged due to intrinsic structural defects and other damage factors. The examination of major endangered and vulnerable parts through status analysis is also necessary in order to restore the Gopura in T temple in a more structurally stable state. This study proposes the effective structural safety inspection measures by applying rational structural modeling and structural analysis method reflecting the damage type by construction type and carrying out structural safety evaluation by damage type and member based on the results of analysis.

최근 폭염·폭우 등 극한기후의 증가와 공항 포장의 고하중·고타이어압 하중 조건으로 인해 조기 열화 및 파손 위험이 커지는 상황에 서 본 연구는 국내 포장 입도의 공항 에어사이드 표층 적용 가능성을 평가하고 국내 실정에 맞는 품질관리 및 적용 기준 마련을 목적 으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 국내 바인더 3종(PG 64-22, 76-22, 82-22)에 대해 DSR, BBR, MSCR 시험을 실시하여 고온 소성변형 저 항성과 개질 바인더 적용 적합성을 검토하고, FAA Gradation 1, 2와 국내 입도(WC-2, WC-4, WC-5, SMA-13 mm)를 사용한 혼합 물을 제작하여 동탄성계수(E*), 함부르크 휠트래킹(HWTT), 수분저항성(TSR), 피로균열 저항성 등 주요 역학적 성능을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 국내 WC 및 SMA 혼합물은 FAA 입도 혼합물과 비교해 동등하거나 일부 항목에서 상회하는 성능을 나타내어 공항 포장용 재료로서의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. 향후 철저한 플랜트 관리, 적정 배합설계, 공인시험 기반 품질관리 체계가 확보된다면, 국내 재 료 수급 및 생산 여건을 반영한 합리적인 공항 아스팔트 포장 품질관리 기준 수립의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

컴퓨터 단층촬영(Computed Tomography, CT)을 이용한 아스팔트 콘크리트의 성능평가는 포장 재료의 내부 구조를 정밀하게 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 최근 그 중요성이 점차 부각되고 있다. 기존의 평가방법은 주로 파괴 시험에 의존하고 있어 기반 시설의 손상을 수반 하며, 재료 내부 특성에 대한 정보 제공에도 한계가 있다. 반면, CT 스캔 기법은 공극, 골재 분포, 매스틱 피복률(mastic cover factor) 등 아스팔트 혼합물의 내구성과 성능에 핵심적인 내부 구조 특성을 비파괴적이고 고해상도로 분석할 수 있게 한다.