PURPOSES : This study aimed to develop a transportation-energy linkage model and performance evaluation indicators to improve the sustainability operation and technology of smart city transportation-energy services. METHODS : This study derived a new transportation-energy linkage system model for 15 services designated by the national pilot city. Evaluation indicators for energy-oriented transportation services in smart cities were selected, and a methodological framework was proposed for selecting quantitative evaluation indicators based on text mining and importance-performance analysis (IPA). RESULTS : Twenty indicators, confirmed as crucial for successful transportation-energy linkage in smart cities, were selected. These covered data linkage between services, IoT-based information linkage driving rate, and network and energy efficiency indicators. The proposed quantitative methodological framework can complement expert subjective evaluation by identifying meaningful implications in research literature that experts may have missed. The methodology can consistently derive indicators even when new services are added, aiding policymakers’ decisions. CONCLUSIONS : The methodological framework can contribute to minimizing operational risks in smart city transportation-energy expansion. It can also be used to prioritize service investment in smart cities by estimating benefit effects through quantitative indicators.

본 연구는 국립공원계획 타당성검토의 구역조정 기준과 방법을 한려해상국립공원에 적용하여 평가 하는 것을 목적으 로 하였다. 구역조정 대상지 도출에 이용되는 생태기반평가 결과 편입 검토가 가능한 생태기반평가 Ⅰ등급은 10.0%, Ⅱ등급 40.4%로 분석되었다. 해제 검토가 가능한 Ⅴ등급은 9.9%이었다. 편입 및 해제 적합성 평가 결과 편입대상 면적은 35.150㎢(육상 3.669㎢, 해상 31.481㎢)이었고 해제 대상 면적은 육상 0.071㎢이었다. 지자체와 지역주민이 공익상 또는 주민편의를 위해 공원구역 해제를 요구하는 곳에서는 총 면적이 변화되지 않는 범위 내에서 해제 검토가 가능하며, 이것을 상호교환이라 한다. 상호교환에 의해 결정된 해제 면적은 10.386㎢이었다. 이것은 해제 적합성 평가에 의해 도출된 면적의 146배에 달했다. 상호교환으로 해제되는 지역을 생태기반평가와 매칭한 결과 해제를 절대 할 수 없는 Ⅰ,Ⅱ등급에 해당하는 곳이 70.6%(7.321㎢) 이었다. 결과적으로 한려해상국립공원 타당성검토의 구역조정은 생태기반평가나 해제 적합성 평가 결과가 매우 제한적으로 적용되었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 상호교환이 국립공원 계획 타당성검토 중 구역조정의 핵심이었다.

곧 다가올 미래에는 자율운항선박, 육상 원격제어센터에서 제어되는 선박, 그리고 항해사가 탑승하여 운항하는 선박이 함 께 공존하며 해상을 운항할 것이며, 이러한 상황이 도래했을 때 해상 교통 환경의 안전을 평가할 수 있는 방법이 필요할 것으로 사료 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 자율운항기술을 사용하여 항해사가 직접 조종하는 선박과 자율운항선박이 공존하는 해상환경 하에서 선박 조종시뮬레이션을 통해 통항 안전성을 평가하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. 자선은 6-자유도 운동 기반의 MMG 모델을 심층 강화학습 기법 중 하나인 PPO 알고리즘으로 학습하여 자율운항 기능을 갖출 수 있도록 설계하였다. 타선은 평가 대상 해역의 해상 교통 모델 링 자료로부터 선박이 생성되도록 하였고, 기 학습된 선박모델을 기반으로 자율운항 기능을 구현되도록 하였다. 그리고 해양기상 자 료 데이터베이스로부터 조위, 파랑, 조류, 바람에 대한 자료를 수집하여 수치 모델을 수립하고 이를 기반으로 해양기상 모델을 생성하 여 시뮬레이터 상에서 해양 기상이 재현되도록 설계하였다. 마지막으로 안전성 평가는 기존의 평가 방법을 그대로 유지하되, 선박조 종시뮬레이션에서 해상교통류 시뮬레이션을 통한 충돌 위험성 평가가 가능하도록 하는 시스템을 제안하였다.

PURPOSES : Sprinkler facilities play a crucial role in extinguishing fires in the early stages of a building blaze. Data indicate that more than 96% of fires are suppressed by sprinklers before growing out of control. However, corrosion and pitting of the sprinkler piping can reduce system performance as facilities age. The purpose of this study is to develop an eco-friendly water-soluble corrosion inhibitor to improve the reliability and longevity of sprinkler piping. METHODS : This study compared and analyzed silicate-based sprinkler piping shrinkage agents as corrosion inhibitor against existing commercial options. Tests were conducted to evaluate reactivity with fire extinguishing water, including electrolyzed reduced water and normal water. The anticorrosive performance of the silicate-based corrosion inhibitor was evaluated under various conditions to establish suitability before potential development or commercialization. RESULTS : The new corrosion inhibitor demonstrated eco-friendly performance. In testing, none of the primary four hazardous substances that pose the most risk of harm to the human body (specifically, arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)) were detected. The inhibitor effectively reduced corrosion of carbon steel (SPP), with weight loss rates averaging 0.12% and not exceeding 0.27%. For copper (CDA 110) weight loss rates were up to 0.03%. Testing under constant temperature and humidity conditions show that the inhibitor kept weight loss was below 0.002 g, with no significant numerical value for the weight loss rate. Overall, the results indicate the potential for an environmentally-safe corrosion inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS : The optimal silicate-based sprinkler system can provide real-time sensor information such as oxygen saturation, pH concentration, and total dissolved solids (TDS). These metrics are closely related to the aging process. By linking this system with an aging monitoring solution, maintenance costs and safety could be improved over the lifespan of the sprinkler system. The sensors and monitoring capabilities are expected to enhance maintenance efficiency and equipment reliability.

A checklist of dietary behavior items for the elderly was developed based on Korean dietary guidelines. First, a literature review was conducted, and 63 preliminary items, including 30 items on food intake, 12 on eating habits, and 21 on dietary culture, were obtained to evaluate the dietary guidelines. The preliminary items were evaluated by experts using Lawshe’s method to verify the content validity. They were then revised, resulting in 52 items: 25, 11, and 16 in the food intake, eating habits, and dietary culture domains, respectively. A face-to-face survey was conducted on 331 people over 65 years of age in the metropolitan area, and their one-day food intake was surveyed using a 24-hour recall method in August 2022. The 48 items, including 24, 11, and 13 items on food intake, eating habits, and dietary culture, respectively, correlated significantly with the evaluation indicators of nutrient intake, such as mean adequacy ratio, dietary diversity score, and nutrient intake density. These items were considered suitable for evaluating the elderly's compliance with dietary guidelines.

Occurrence of process environment changes, such as influent load variances and process condition changes, can reduce treatment efficiency, increasing effluent water quality. In order to prevent exceeding effluent standards, it is necessary to manage effluent water quality based on process operation data including influent and process condition before exceeding occur. Accordingly, the development of the effluent water quality prediction system and the application of technology to wastewater treatment processes are getting attention. Therefore, in this study, through the multi-channel measuring instruments in the bio-reactor and smart multi-item water quality sensors (location in bio-reactor influent/effluent) were installed in The Seonam water recycling center #2 treatment plant series 3, it was collected water quality data centering around COD, T-N. Using the collected data, the artificial intelligence-based effluent quality prediction model was developed, and relative errors were compared with effluent TMS measurement data. Through relative error comparison, the applicability of the artificial intelligence-based effluent water quality prediction model in wastewater treatment process was reviewed.

본 연구에서는 수소 자원의 활용도가 높아짐에 따라 수소 저장 용기의 내진 성능을 평가하기 위해 수소 저장 시설을 방문하여 현장 조사를 수행하였다. 외관 조사 중, 수조 저장 용기의 지지부에서 부식이 진행됨을 확인하였고, 이에 대한 대책안 으로 내부식성 재료인 CFRP로 대체하여 성능을 평가, 검증하였다. 이를 위해 현장 조사 결과를 바탕으로 상용 유한요소해석 프 로그램인 ABAQUS를 사용하였으며, 해석 결과 CFRP로 제작된 수소 저장 용기의 지지부는 강재 대비 약 12배 이상 뛰어난 성 능을 보였다. Hashin Damage Criteria를 기반으로 CFRP 지지부의 안전성 검토를 수행한 결과 최대 손상 지수가 0.065로 확인되 었다. 기초부 콘크리트의 경우, 쪼갬 및 휨 인장 응력에 대한 안전성을 검토하였으며, 허용 강도 대비 7~36%의 안전도를 보였 다. 이를 근거로 CFRP를 수소 저장 용기의 지지부에 적용하는 것은 합리적이며, 뛰어난 경제성을 보인다. 다만, 이러한 결과는 수치 해석에 의하므로 실규모 지진동 모사 시험을 통해 해석 모델의 신뢰성을 보충할 필요가 있다.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to develop high-performance concrete repair materials for the cross-sectional repair of deteriorated bridge concrete. METHODS : To derive the optimal mix using the dry shotcrete method, experiments were conducted to develop an appropriate performance in terms of durability and watertightness based on basic experiments on materials. By mixing silica fume, GGBFS, and natural fibers, this study compared the differences in each variable. Each variable was compared using compressive strength, flexural strength, plastic shrinkage, chlorine ion penetration resistance, and freeze-thaw tests. RESULTS : By mixing silica fume and natural fibers, watertightness and durability were secured, and by adding an expansion material and polymer powder, a material that exhibited suitable performance as a repair material was developed. The material demonstrated suitable performance in terms of compressive strength, freeze–thaw resistance, plastic shrinkage crack resistance, and chlorine ion penetration resistance. CONCLUSIONS : The repair material developed in this study has a higher performance than repair mortar, and because it uses a dry shotcrete method, the process and post-processing are simpler than the wet shotcrete method; therefore, it is believed to be more efficient for repair work.

This paper describes the seismic performance evaluation of reinforced concrete bridge columns under constant and varying axial forces. For this purpose, nine identical circular reinforced concrete columns were designed seismically by KIBSE (2021) and KCI (2021). A comparison of lateral forces with theoretical strength shows that the safety factor for columns under varying axial forces is less marginal than those under constant axial forces. In addition, columns under varying axial forces exhibit significant fluctuations in the hysteretic response due to continuously varying axial forces. This is particularly prominent when many varying axial force cycles within a specific lateral loading cycle increase. Moreover, the displacement ductility of columns under varying axial forces does not meet the code-specified required ductility in the range of varying axial forces. All varying axial forces affect columns' strength, stiffness, and displacement ductility. Therefore, axial force variation needs to be considered in the lateral strength evaluation of reinforced concrete bridge columns.

In this study, we investigate the impact of Isophorone diisocyanate functionalized graphene oxide (IPDI-GO) on the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). IPDI-GO was synthesized and introduced into the RPUF matrix. The flame retardancy of RPUF was significantly enhanced by the incorporation of IPDI-GO, as evidenced by a reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) by 25% and total smoke production (TSP) by 15% in comparison to pure RPUF when IPDI-GO was incorporated at 3 wt%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that IPDI-GO contributed to the formation of a compact, continuous char layer on the RPUF surface. This study underscores the potential of IPDI-GO as a promising flame retardant additive for RPUF.

This study is concerned with the optimization of the manufacturing process of a hot water extract containing antioxidant activity from Lycium barbarum, traditionally known to have various physiological activities. For the establishment of the optimization process, the central composite design of response surface methodology(RSM) was used. Thirteen extraction processes were performed by encoding the independent variables, extraction temperature (65.9oC–94.1oC) and extraction time (2.59 hr–5.41 hr). As a result of the experiment, the optimal manufacturing conditions for the extract were 340.0 mg/100 g of GAE at an extraction temperature of 94.1oC and an extraction time of 5 hr. The maximum yield of flavonoids was 22.44 mg/100 g of HES at an extraction temperature of 94.1oC and an extraction time of 4 hr. The conditions for producing the extract with the maximum antioxidant capacity (DPPH 92.12%) were 90oC and 4.5 hr extraction time. Therefore, the optimal manufacturing process conditions for extracts containing total phenol content, flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity, which are dependent variables, were extraction temperature of 90-95oC and extraction time of 4 hr, which were not significantly different from the actual values. Therefore, Lycium barbarum extract rich in total phenol and flavonoid content related to antioxidant function is expected to be used as a functional food and cosmetic material.

The aim of this study is to ensure the structural integrity of a canister to be used in a dry storage system currently being developed in Korea. Based on burnup and cooling periods, the canister is designed with 24 bundles of spent nuclear fuel stored inside it. It is a cylindrical structure with a height of 4,890 mm, an internal diameter of 1,708 mm, and an inner length of 4,590 mm. The canister lid is fixed with multiple seals and welds to maintain its confinement boundary to prevent the leakage of radioactive waste. The canister is evaluated under different loads that may be generated under normal, off-normal, and accident conditions, and combinations of these loads are compared against the allowable stress thresholds to assess its structural integrity in accordance with NUREG-2215. The evaluation result shows that the stress intensities applied on the canister under normal, off-normal, and accident conditions are below the allowable stress thresholds, thus confirming its structural integrity.

A transfer cask serves as the container for transporting and handling canisters loaded with spent nuclear fuels from light water reactors. This study focuses on a cylindrical transfer cask, standing at 5,300 mm with an external diameter of 2,170 mm, featuring impact limiters on the top and bottom sides. The base of the cask body has an openable/closable lid for loading canisters with storage modules. The transfer cask houses a canister containing spent nuclear fuels from lightweight reactors, serving as the confinement boundary while the cask itself lacks the confinement structure. The objective of this study was to conduct a structural analysis evaluation of the transfer cask, currently under development in Korea, ensuring its safety. This evaluation encompasses analyses of loads under normal, off-normal, and accident conditions, adhering to NUREG-2215. Structural integrity was assessed by comparing combined results for each load against stress limits. The results confirm that the transfer cask meets stress limits across normal, off-normal, and accident conditions, establishing its structural safety.

Abstract Purpose : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences and reliability of various methods for measuring Interpupillary Distance. Methods : The participants were 50 Cambodian adults (28.08±3.85 years old) without ocular disease and abnormal binocular vision. Far/near IPD was measured using Corneal reflection pupillometer, PD ruller and spotting, and calculated formula for fixation distance. Using each method, the pupil distance of both eyes was measured three times, respectively, and the average value was recorded. Results : The average value of the corneal reflection pupilometer in the distance was 63.08±3.42 mm, the average value of PD calculated formula was 62.97±3.41 mm, the average value of the PD ruler was 63.72±3.17 mm, and the average value of the spotting method was 63.89±3.15 mm. The average value of the corneal reflection pupilometer in the near was 59.85±3.23 mm, the average value of the calculated formula for fixation distance was 59.95±3.23 mm, the average value of PD ruler was 59.72±3.29 mm, and the average value spotting method was 59.47±3.23 mm. Comparison between various methods in the distance and near showed statistically significant differences (p<0.001). Conclusion : In the comparative analysis between each method, the corneal reflection pupillometer is considered to be the most accurate method, but since there is no significant difference from the average value of the Spotting method, the PD Ruler Viktorin method, and the calculated formula for fixation distance, whichever method is used, it is clinically acceptable. Therefore it is believed that each method is compatible with each other. Key words : Corneal reflection pupillometer, PD meter, PD ruler, Spotting

Background: Recently, the single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) method, which incorporates not only genomic information but also phenotypic information of pedigree, is under study. In this study, we performed a ssGBLUP analysis on a commercial Hanwoo population using phenotypic, genotypic, and pedigree data. Methods: The test population comprised Hanwoo 1,740 heads raised in four regions of Korea, while the reference population used Hanwoo 18,499 heads raised across the country and two-generation pedigree data. Analysis was performed using genotype data generated by the Hanwoo 50 K SNP beadchip. Results: The mean Genome estimated breeding values (GEBVs) estimated using the ssGBLUP methods for carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), back fat thickness (BFT), and marbling score (MS) were 7.348, 1.515, -0.355, and 0.040, respectively, while the accuracy of each trait was 0.749, 0.733, 0.769, and 0.768, respectively. When the correlation analysis between the GEBVs as a result of this study and the actual slaughter performance was confirmed, CWT, EMA, BFT, and MS were reported to be 0.519, 0.435, 0.444, and 0.543, respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the ssGBLUP method enables a more accurate evaluation because it conducts a genetic evaluation of an individual using not only genotype information but also phenotypic information of the pedigree. Individual evaluation using the ssGBLUP method is considered effective for enhancing the genetic ability of farms and enabling accurate and rapid improvements. It is considered that if more pedigree information of reference population is collected for analysis, genetic ability can be evaluated more accurately.

In this research, a new Test and Evaluation (T&E) procedure for defense AI systems is proposed to fill the existing gap in established methodologies. This proposed concept incorporates a data-based performance evaluation, allowing for independent assessment of AI model efficacy. It then follows with an on-site T&E using the actual AI system. The performance evaluation approach adopts the project promotion framework from the defense acquisition system, outlining 10 steps for R&D projects and 9 steps for procurement projects. This procedure was crafted after examining AI system testing standards and guidelines from both domestic and international civilian sectors. The validity of each step in the procedure was confirmed using real-world data. This study's findings aim to offer insightful guidance in defense T&E, particularly in developing robust T&E procedures for defense AI systems.

In this study, the evaluation items related to the effectiveness evaluation of the LVC (Live, Virtual, Constructive) training system of the Air Force were derived and the weights of each item were analyzed. The LVC training system evaluation items for AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) analysis were divided into three layers, and according to the level, 3 items were derived at level 1, 11 items at level 2, and 33 items at level 3. For weight analysis of evaluation items, an AHP-based pairwise comparison questionnaire was conducted for Air Force experts related to the LVC training system. As a result of the survey, related items such as (1) Achievement of education and training goals (53.8%), (1.2) Large-scale mission and operational performance (25.5%), and (1.2.1) Teamwork among training participants (19.4%) was highly rated. Also, it was confirmed that the weights of evaluation items were not different for each expert group, that is, the priority for importance was evaluated in the same order between the policy department and the working department. Through these analysis results, it will be possible to use them as evaluation criteria for new LVC-related projects of the Air Force and selection of introduction systems.

Canine hyperadrenocorticism, a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by excessive cortisol production. Notably, hypercoagulability leading to pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) poses a substantial concern. PTE may be underestimated because of the rapid dissolution of canine thrombi postmortem. However, traditional coagulation assays face challenges in early detection of hypercoagulability. Therefore, this study explored the use of thromboelastography (TEG) as a diagnostic tool for identifying hypercoagulability in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. A total of 31 dogs visited the Gyeongsang Animal Medical Center between 2018 and 2022, comprising 21 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and 10 controls who underwent clinical and coagulation analyses. Hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed using a low-dose dexamethasone stimulation test or adrenocorticotropin hormone stimulation test, and conventional laboratory parameters and coagulation parameters, such as the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastic time, fibrinogen, and TEG results, were compared between the groups. Clinical data revealed significantly elevated monocyte, platelet, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, which were attributed to excess cortisol secretion (p<0.05). TEG analysis demonstrated significantly decreased K values and increased α and MA values in hyperadrenocorticism dogs (p<0.05), indicating a shortened clotting time and enhanced clot strength, suggestive of hypercoagulability. TEG effectively highlights hypercoagulability in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and provides valuable insights in predicting blood clot formation. Although predicting clot formation in dogs remains complex owing to multifactorial influences, this study underscores the potential utility of TEG in enhancing such predictions for dogs with hyperadrenocorticism.

PURPOSES : There has been increasing interest in South Korea on warm-mix asphalt (WMA) and cold-mix asphalt (CMA) technologies that allow production of asphalt pavement mixtures at comparatively lower temperatures than those of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) for use in pavement engineering. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of replacing HMA pavement with WMA pavement with the goal of reducing CO2 emissions associated with asphalt production for road construction. METHODS : Changes in the dynamic modulus characteristics of WMA and HMA according to short-term and long-term aging were evaluated. In addition, the effects of water damage were evaluated for short- and long-term aging stages. RESULTS : For WMA, in the process of mixing and short-term aging, early-age dynamic modulus decreased owing to low temperature and reduced short-term aging (STA) time. This could result in early damage to the asphalt pavement depending on the applied traffic load and environmental load. CONCLUSIONS : Mastercurves of the dynamic modulus were used for comparative analysis of WMA and HMA. Compared to the dynamic modulus after STA of HMA, the estimated aging time determined by experiments for WMA to achieve the required stiffness was more than 48 hours, which is equiva-lent to approximately 4 to 5 years real service life when converted. It is considered that further studies are needed for performance optimization to achieve early-age performance of the asphalt mixes.

PURPOSES : This study aims to conduct a laboratory evaluation on the use of ferronickel slag for manufacturing Hot Mix Asphalat mixtures. METHODS : This research was based on laboratory evaluation only, where conventional aggregate and FNS at a ratio of 7:3 were used in HMA and the volumetric properties, physical and mechanical properties, and long-term performance of FNS in asphalt mixture were evaluated. RESULTS : The overall results showed that FNS can be applied as aggregate in a hot mix asphalt since volumetric, physical and mechanical properties and long-term performance of HMA mixture with ferronickel slags as aggregate met the required standards according to Korean standards for Asphalt Concrete. CONCLUSIONS : The tensile strength ratio results of HMA mixtures with ferronickel aggregate did not meet the required standards, yet the addition of anti-stripping agent and waste glass fibers to the HMA mixture with ferronickel slags improved the tensile strength results to meet the standards. Additionally, compared to the HMA mixture of the same aggregate gradation but with only natural aggregate, HMA mixture with ferronickel slags had almost the same results for the majority of tests conducted.