본 연구에서는 염 제지율이 상이한 상용 나노여과(NF) 및 역삼투(RO)막에서 장쇄 과불화화화합물(PFOA)와 단쇄과불화화합물(PFPeA)의 제거 특성을 비교하고, 막 특성과 원수 수질 조건에 따른 제거 및 플럭스 거동의 차이를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 4종의 상용막을 대상으로 염 제지율, 막저항 및 정규화된 플럭스를 평가하고 PFOA와 PFPeA의 제거율과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 염 제지율이 증가함에 따라 두 물질의 제거율이 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 모든 조건에서 PFAS의 제거율은 염 제지율보다 높은 수준으로 관찰되었다. 또한 염 제지율과 제거율간의 상관성 분석에서 PFPeA의 결정계수(R2)가 PFOA보다 높아 단쇄솨불화화합물의 제거가 막의 구조 지표 변화에 상대적으로 더 민감한 경향을 보였다. 중간 수준의 구조적 특성을 갖는 막에서 PFOA와 PFeA간 제거율 차이가 가장 크게 관찰되었다. 네가지 원수 수질에서 PFOA와 PFPeA의 제거율 및 정규화된 플럭스를 평가한 결과, 증류수에서 두 물질의 제거율이 가장 높았으며 강물에서는 PFPeA제거율이 가장 낮고 PFOA의 제거율은 증류수 다음으로 높았다. 동시에 강물 조건에서 가장 큰 플럭스 감소가 관찰되어 원수 수질에 따른 막 표면 상태 변화가 과불화화합물 제거와 플럭스 거동과 연관될 수 있음을 시사한다. 이를 통해 장⋅단쇄 과불화화합물의 제거 경향이 막 특성 지표와 원수 수질 조건에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 보여주며, 고압막여과 공정 설계 시 과불화화합물의 물리화학적 특징과 원수 수질을 고려한 막 선정 및 운전 전략 수립이 필요함을 보여준다.

Probiotics provide benefits for gut health, immune modulation, and skin and mental health. However, their use is limited by concerns regarding antibiotic resistance, poor intestinal colonization, strain-specific effects, and inter-individual variability. In contrast, postbiotics, including culture broth, are inactivated by heat or pressure yet retain immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, intestinal barrier–protective, and antioxidant activities through cell wall components, proteins, and metabolites. They contribute to the alleviation of intestinal inflammation and restoration of gut microbial balance. Postbiotics can serve as alternatives to live probiotics in animal feed by improving productivity, suppressing pathogens, and also reducing stress. Their applications are currently expanding to areas such as anticancer activity, metabolic disease management, gut–brain axis modulation, and oral health. Although postbiotics offer superior safety and stability, challenges still remain, including an insufficient mechanistic understanding, lack of standardized production, and limited large-scale clinical evidence. With further strain-specific mechanistic studies and regulatory establishment, postbiotics have a strong potential as functional ingredients in regard to food and feed applications.

본 논문은 펫 휴머니제이션 현상으로 펫푸드 시장이 질적으로 고도화되었음에도, 불구하고, 여전히 「사료관 리법」상 축산 생산 수단적 관점에 머물러 있는 현행 관 리 체계의 한계를 조명하고 실증적인 물성 표준화 방안 을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 우선 KS H 4897 및 법정 관 리 체계와의 비교·분석을 통해 펫푸드 물성 규격화의 제 도적 미비점을 규명하였다. 또한, 반려견 보호자 71명을 대상으로 시행한 설문조사 결과, 응답자의 97.0%가 제품 구매 시 물성을 주요하게 고려하나 54.0%는 제조사별 다 른 마케팅 용어로 인해 선택의 어려움을 겪고 있음을 확 인하였다. 특히 단단한 제형으로 인한 치아 및 잇몸 손상 경험(15.0%)과 습식 급여 중 사레 경험(46.0%) 등 실질적 인 급여 안전사고 실태를 통해 정량적 지표 도입의 당위 성을 확보하였다. 이를 바탕으로 반려견의 해부학적 구조 와 체급별 치악력 등 수의학적 근거를 반영하여 유동식 부터 고강직식까지 아우르는 5단계의 ‘반려견 Texture-Code’를 도출하였다. 본 논문은 영양 성분에 치 중되었던 기존 품질 관리 패러다임을 물리적 섭식 안전 분야로 확장하고, 향후 반려동물의 지위 변화를 반영한 선진적 사료 관리 체계 수립을 위한 기초 자료를 제공한 다는 점에서 학술적·제도적 의의를 지닌다.

This study demonstrated that inlet moisture content is a critical factor influencing drying efficiency, production rate prediction accuracy, and feed value changes of Italian ryegrass (IRG) in a multi-stage conveyor-type hot-air forage dryer. The experiment was conducted by uniformly loading IRG at a fixed drying height of approximately 25 cm with four different inlet moisture contents (30, 40, 50, and 60%). Drying time increased exponentially with increasing inlet moisture content, and a strong linear relationship was observed between inlet moisture content and the time required to reach 15% moisture, enabling the development of a reliable drying time prediction model. The proposed model showed high applicability and prediction accuracy at inlet moisture contents of 30–40%, where predicted and measured production rates were in close agreement. However, at inlet moisture contents of 60% or higher, the model substantially overestimated production rates, indicating limitations under high-moisture conditions. This behavior was attributed to reduced airflow penetration and diminished heat and mass transfer efficiency caused by increased material thickness and particle mass at high moisture levels. Feed value analysis revealed that crude protein content decreased by 12–20% following hot-air drying compared with fresh material, while ether extract, crude ash, and fiber components were not significantly affected. No significant differences in crude protein loss were observed among treatments with inlet moisture contents of 60% or lower. In conclusion, the multi-stage conveyor-type hot-air dryer and the proposed prediction model are suitable for drying Italian ryegrass at inlet moisture contents of 40% or lower and can be effectively applied under practical operating conditions. However, at inlet moisture contents of 60% or higher, improvements in airflow distribution within the dryer or the incorporation of moisture-dependent correction factors are required to enhance drying performance and prediction accuracy.

This study presents the development and field evaluation of an integrated chopping round baler for summer forage crops such as corn and sudangrass, whose stems are relatively thick and hard. In typical field practice, harvesting, chopping, and baling are carried out by separate machines, increasing operational steps and reducing overall efficiency. To address this limitation, a prototype baler was designed to chop harvested crops and simultaneously suction-feed the material into a round-baling chamber for continuous bale formation. Field test were performed to evaluate practical performance using key indices including bale size consistency, working speed during harvesting, bale production time per unit, and chopped particle length. The developed system produced chopped material with a c relatively uniform particle length below 100 mm. Moreover, the prototype achieved a bale production time of less than 1 min per bale while maintaining a working speed of approximately 5 km/h. The results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating chopping and baling functions into a single system to improve field productivity for summer forage crop handling.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of intercropping hairy vetch (HV) with Italian ryegrass (IRG), oat, and rye on forage productivity and nutritive value under a rice-forage double-cropping system. A field experiment was carried out in a paddy field using six treatments (IRG, IRG+HV, oat, oat+HV, rye, and rye+HV) arranged in a randomized complete block design with three biological replications. The results showed that dry matter (DM) yield and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield were significantly higher in rye monoculture than in the rye+HV mixture, whereas no significant differences were observed between monoculture and intercropping in IRG or oat. In contrast, crude protein (CP) yield increased significantly under intercropping in IRG and oat, confirming the nitrogen contribution and protein-enhancing effects of the legume component. For forage quality, intercropping consistently reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations and improved DM intake (DMI), digestible DM (DDM), TDN, and relative feed value (RFV) in all three species. These findings indicate that the productivity-enhancing effect of intercropping is limited under paddy field conditions, while the improvement of forage quality is substantial and consistent. Therefore, intercropping with hairy vetch can serve as an effective strategy in systems where the primary objective is to enhance CP content and overall forage quality.

Lactobacillus johnsonii JERA01-supplemented feed additive (Lj-A) was produced by fermenting dried porcine blood with Lactobacillus johnsonii (Lj). Lj-A has highly digestible nutrients, bioactive peptides, and probiotic effects. To assess the immunomodulatory potential of Lj-A, it was tested on splenocytes of C57BL/6 mouse. Lj-A was treated on splenocytes in a range of concentration, 0-100 μg/ml. The metabolic activity of splenocytes was enhanced by Lj-A, as shown in MTT assay. Also, some splenocyte clusters were observed under a bright-field microscope on the wells treated with Lj-A. The splenocyte clusters indicated that the cells were activated and proliferating in response to Lj-A. These findings suggest that Lj-A stimulates splenocytes to promote immune cell activation, as evidenced by increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-12 production, thereby enhancing immunological defense functions. In vitro treatment of splenocytes with Lj-A increased the proportions of T cells, B cells, and CD25+ cells. In vivo, immune cell activity was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice orally administered with Lj-A at a dose of 100 mg/day. The proportion of dendritic cells in peritoneal cells was increased along with elevated CD54+ expression. Additionally, the proportions of B cells, CD25+ cells in Peyer’s patch cells increased as well. These results suggest that Lj-A may contribute to the enhancement of immune function and the maintenance of long-term health in animals.

This study evaluated the growth characteristics, forage productivity, and feed value of three Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivars ‘Earlybird’, ‘Green call’, and ‘Greenfarm2ho’ over two consecutive growing seasons. Growth traits such as cold tolerance, lodging resistance, disease resistance, and insect resistance were assessed, along with plant height. Forage yield was measured as both fresh and dry matter yields, and feed value was analyzed in terms of CP, NDF, ADF, DMI, DDM, RFV and CA content. Among the tested cultivars, ‘Earlybird’ demonstrated superior performance in several key traits. It showed the greatest lodging resistance and plant height, along with the highest fresh and dry matter yields, although differences in yield were not statistically significant. In terms of feed quality, ‘Earlybird’ had the highest CP (10.8%), lowest NDF (54.7%), and highest RFV (109), indicating excellent palatability and digestibility. ‘Greenfarm2ho’ showed intermediate values across all parameters, suggesting balanced productivity and quality. In contrast, ‘Green call’ showed relatively lower lodging resistance and feed value. Overall, ‘Earlybird’ was identified as a promising cultivar for forage production in temperate climates, combining stable yield performance with high nutritional value. These findings offer valuable guidance for cultivar selection in livestock forage systems aiming to improve both productivity and feed efficiency.