This study aimed to investigate the acrylamide content in frozen food products after cooking. Twenty samples of bread (Group 1) and 30 samples of processed tuberous and corn vegetable products (Group 2) were selected. Acrylamide levels were quantified using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The frozen food samples were heated using the air fryer cooking method according to the product packaging and were compared to ready-to-eat French fries (Group 3). The results showed that the acrylamide content was the highest in group 3, followed by that in group 2 and group 1. The acrylamide content of all the samples was found to be within the domestic recommended standard of 1 mg/kg. However, when the samples that exceeded EU benchmark level (0.5 mg/kg) were selected and cooked using the deep-fat frying method according to the product packaging, one of them showed the acrylamide content of 1.83 mg/kg, which exceeded the domestic recommended standard. The present study highlights the need for continued evaluation and management to reduce acrylamide contents in frozen foods, as increasing domestic exposure to acrylamide is concerning.

본 연구에서는 비가열 떡 제조업체 3곳을 대상으로 원 재료, 제조설비 및 계절별 제조공정에 대한 미생물 오염 도를 분석하였고, 여름철 불림 시간에 따른 미생물 오염 도 및 불림 수 온도 조절을 통한 미생물 저감 효과를 확 인하고자 하였다. 3업체의 원재료 일반세균수는 2.69-5.08 log CFU/g 범위로 검출되었으나 제조공정 중 불림공정에 서 미생물 오염도가 급격히 증가함을 확인하였다. 계절에 따른 제조공정별 미생물 오염도 분석결과, 여름철 불림공 정에서 일반세균 및 대장균군이 7.01 및 3.96 log CFU/g 로 다른 계절에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났고, 이후 공 정에서도 높은 오염도를 유지하여 냉동공정에서 일반세균 이 6.24 log CFU/g로 법적인 기준을 초과하여 검출되었다. 여름철 불림 초기 수온은 19.1oC에서 불림 12시간 후 26.8oC까지 상승하였고, 불림시간에(3, 6, 9, 12 h) 따른 제조공정별 미생물 오염도 분석결과, 불림시간이 길어질수 록 미생물 오염도가 유의적으로 높게 나타났고, 불림 9시 간 이후부터 냉동공정의 일반세균 수치가 냉동식품의 법 적인 기준을 초과하여 검출되었다. 여름철 불림 수의 온 도 상승을 억제하기 위하여 얼음팩을 이용하여 불림 수온 을 조절한 결과, 불림 12시간까지 20.1oC로 유지되어 조 절 전보다 약 7oC가량 낮게 나타났다. 이에 따른 제조공 정별 미생물 오염도 분석결과, 3업체의 불림 12시간 이후 냉동공정 일반세균 평균값이 4.42 log CFU/g로 조절 전보 다 1.77 log CFU/g 감소한 것으로 확인되었다. 이상의 결 과로 볼 때, 안전한 비가열 냉동떡 생산을 위해서는 업체 에 맞는 불림시간 및 불림 수 온도조절 등의 선행요건 관 리기준 설정이 필요하며, 이러한 선행요건 관리기준의 적 용으로 비가열 냉동떡 제조 HACCP system의 안전성이 확립될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

The purpose of this study is to monitor the pesticide residues in frozen fruits and vegetables distributed and sold in online and offline markets in Korea. For the study, 107 samples of 34 types of frozen fruits and vegetables were examined, and a total of 341 pesticide residues were analyzed by using multiclass pesticide multiresidue methods of the Korean Food Code. As a result, pesticide residues were detected from 16 of 64 frozen fruits samples and 15 of 43 frozen vegetables samples. Conclusively, residues were detected from 31 samples in total, showing a detection rate of 29.0%. Specifically, pyridaben exceeded the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) based on the Positive list system (PLS) in one of the frozen radish leaves, and the violation rate was 0.9%. Detection on frozen fruits and vegetables was made 23 times for 11 types and 36 times for 21 types. In total, 28 types of pesticide residues were detected 59 times. Fungicides were detected the most in frozen fruits, while insecticides were detected the most in frozen vegetables. The most detected pesticides were the insecticide, acaricide chlorfenapyr (5) and the fungicide boscalid (5). Chlorfenapyr was detected only in frozen vegetables, and boscalid was detected in frozen fruits except one.

The domestic catch of squid is decreasing every year. Import volume is increasing to replace these domestic products. Import volume is expected to increase in the future, so it is necessary to study import substitution. Therefore, in this study, after selecting frozen squid, which accounts for the majority of imported squid, as the target fish species, China, Chile and Peru, which account for the majority of frozen squid imports, will be selected as the target countries for analysis. Then, the demand function of squid is estimated using the Rotterdam model, the inverse Rotterdam model, AIDS and inverse AIDS, which are the simultaneous equation demand types, and then elasticity is derived. After that, these models are compared in terms of significance, theoretical fit and practical fit.

The purpose of this study is to compare short-term price predictive power among ARMA ARMAX and VAR forecasting models based on the MDM test using monthly consumer price data of frozen mackerel. This study also aims to help policymakers and economic actors make reasonable choices in the market on monthly consumer price of frozen mackerel. To analyze this study, the frozen wholesale prices and new consumer prices were used as variables while the price time series data were used from December 2013 to July 2021. Through the unit root test, it was confirmed that the time series variables employed in the models were stable while the level variables were used for analysis. As a result of conducting information standards and Granger causality tests, it was found that the wholesale prices and fresh consumer prices from the previous month have affected the frozen consumer prices. Then, the model with the highest predictive power was selected by RMSE, RMSPE, MAE, MAPE, and Theil’s inequality coefficient criteria where the predictive power was compared by the MDM test in order to examine which model is superior. As a result of the analysis, ARMAX(1,1) with the frozen wholesale, ARMAX(1,1) with the fresh consumer model and VAR model were selected. Through the five criteria and MDM tests, the VAR model was selected as the superior model in predicting the monthly consumer price of frozen mackerel.

본 논문은 디즈니의 브로드웨이 뮤지컬 『겨울왕국』의 조기 폐막 요인에 대하여 연구하였다. 연구의 목적은 코로나19 확산으로 인한 브로드웨이 셧다운 기간에 가장 먼저 조기 폐막을 결정한 디즈니 뮤지컬 『겨울왕국』의 폐막 요인을 분석하여, 애니메이션 영화를 뮤지컬로 제작 시 시행 착오를 줄일 수 있도록 제작자들에게 정보를 제공하는 데 있었다. 이를 위해 작품적인 측면은 원작 영화가 어떻게 뮤지컬로 무대화되었는지 기본 정보를 수집한 뒤 본 연구자가 관람한 회차의 공연을 기준으로 서술하였고, 경영적인 측면은 브로드웨이 리그가 Playbill에 제공한 자료를 토 대로 브로드웨이에서 상연 중이었던 세 편의 디즈니 뮤지컬에 대한 흥행 성적을 비교 분석하였다. 연구 결과 코로나19로 인해 큰 경제적 손실을 본 디즈니는 세 편의 뮤지컬 중 적어도 한 편을 철수 하여 자금을 조달해야 했는데, 이러한 상황 속에서 『겨울왕국』은 『라이온킹』과 『알라딘』에 비해 저조한 흥행성적을 기록하고 있었다. 이에 대해 본 연구자는 영화를 무대화시키는 과정에서 선택과 집중을 하지 못했고, 무대 위에서만 보여 줄 수 있는 혁신적인 표현 방법이 없었기 때문에 원작만큼 높은 인기를 얻지 못했다고 보았다. 본 연구는 선행 연구 논문이 전무하여 국외 뉴스 기사에 의존했다는 한계점을 가지고 있지만, 관객 설문조사 등 객관적인 자료를 제공할 수 있는 후속 연구를 진행한다면, 애니메이션 영화를 뮤지컬로 제작하는 과정에서 유용한 참고 자료로 활용 될 수 있다는 제언을 하였다.

국내에서 유통되고 있는 혼합채소샐러드류, 신선과일 및 냉동과일에 대해 미생물 오염도를 식품군별, 지역별, 분기별로 비교 분석하였다. 식품군 별로 일반세균수는 혼합 채소샐러드에서 가장 높은 6.48 log CFU/g, 신선과일은 5.07 log CFU/g, 냉동과일은3.78 log CFU/g 수준으로 나타났다. 분기별 일반세균수를 비교 분석한 결과에서는 1분기 오염도는 5.12 log CFU/g, 2분기는 6.26 log CFU/g, 3분기는 5.73 log CFU/g, 4분기는 4.42 log CFU/g으로 확인되어 외부온도가 높은 2,3분기에서 조금 더 높은 일반 세균수가 관찰되었다. 지역별 일반세균수의 오염은 5.26- 5.47 log CFU/g으로 수준으로 지역별 차이는 확인되지 않았다. 대장균군의 경우 1.98-3.93 log CFU/g으로 나타났고, E. coli의 경우 혼합채소샐러드 27점 중 3점에서 평균 1.38 log CFU/g으로 검출되었다. 이러한 결과를 종합할 때 혼합채소샐러드와 신선과일은 Solberg 등21)이 제시한 비가열 식품의 일반세균 기준치(3 log CFU/g)를 초과한 것으로 확인되었고, 3점의 신선과일 시료에서 대장균이 검출 되어 샐러드류 및 신선과일의 원료의 안전성과 제조 및 유통 단계에서의 위생관리가 보다 철저히 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

In the present study, we examined if deep uterine artificial insemination (DUAI) can improve the pregnancy rate of artificial insemination (AI) using epididymal spermatozoa (ES) in Hanwoo cattle. The estrus cycles of 88 Hanwoo cows were synchronized, and 17 cows were artificially inseminated using the DUAI method with ES, 20 cows were artificially inseminated via the uterine body (BUAI) method with ES, and as a control, 51 cows were inseminated by using the BUAI method with ejaculated spermatozoa from 1 proven bull after frozen thawing. The pregnancy rate of the DUAI method (58.8%) was higher than that of the BUAI method (25.0%, p = 0.0498). The motility of ES was examined immediately after thawing and after 3 and 6 h of incubation. The rapid progressive sperm motility of the control group was significantly higher than that of the ES group immediately after thawing and after 3 and 6 h of incubation (p < 0.05). The straight line velocity and average path velocity of the ES group after 6 h of incubation were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The linearity and amplitude of lateral head of ES were lower than those at 6 h (p < 0.05). The flagellar beat cross frequency and hyperactivation of ES were lower than the control spermatozoa immediately after thawing and at 3 h (p < 0.05). These motility parameters suggested that ES had a low motility and fertilization ability compared to the control spermatozoa. After frozen-thawing and 3 h of incubation, the percentage of live spermatozoa with intact acrosomes in the ES was significantly lower than that in ejaculated spermatozoa (p < 0.05). Our findings suggested that the DUAI method can overcome the low pregnancy rate of ES, despite the low motility, viability, and fertilization ability of ES.

Attempts to increase the usability of lilies led us to prepare pulverized lily bulbs, which we then added to bread flour to bake white pan bread. The properties of the frozen dough and the quality characteristics of the bread were analyzed. Our experiments showed that the addition of lily powder decreases the viscoelasticity and stability of frozen dough. The absorption rate of the frozen dough was 63.1±0.2% for the control sample, and 66.1±0.1% and 70.9±0.2% for the normally pulverized samples containing 3% and 5% of lily powder, respectively, whereas the absorption rate of the finely pulverized samples tended to increase slightly. The gelatinization results of the frozen dough decreased with the addition of lily powder in terms of the final viscosity, break down, and setback values. Compared to the control sample, the specific volume of the bread products that underwent normal pulverization (5% additive) increased slightly and decreased for the lily bulbs that were finely pulverized (3% additive). The addition of lily powder did not significantly affect the water activity during the storage period of up to 5 days. The hardness of white pan bread increased from 1,948±114.3 to 2,518±154.7 g/㎠ on the first day of storage to 2,571±160.9 to 3,265±147.4 g/㎠ on the 5th day of storage. The hardness was the highest for the 5% sample that underwent normal pulverization, and the samples differed significantly. The longer the storage period, the lower the springness value of the white pan bread became, and this result was most notable for the finely pulverized powder sample. The springness of white pan bread decreased as the amount of lily powder additive and the storage period increased. The sensory test results were excellent in that the appearance, texture, flavor, taste, and overall preference for white pan bread to which 3% of normally crushed lily powder had been added had improved relative to the control sample.

In the present study, we examined the effect of straw size on spermatozoa motility, viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and plasma membrane integrity after freezing-thawing. Hanwoo semen was collected from three bulls and diluted with an animal protein-free extender, divided into two groups, namely, 10 million spermatozoa in 0.25 mL and 20 million spermatozoa in 0.5 mL straw, and cryopreserved. In Experiment 1, the motility and motility parameters of the frozenthawed spermatozoa were evaluated. After freezing-thawing, the spermatozoa motility parameters fast progressive, straight line velocity, and average path velocity were compared between the 0.25 mL straw and 0.5 mL straw groups. They were 35.2 ± 1.0 and 32.3 ± 0.7%, 34.6 ± 0.7 and 31.8 ± 0.5 μm/s, 51.4 ± 1.3 and 47.1 ± 1.1 μm/s, 0.25 mL straw and 0.5 mL straw groups, respectively. In Experiment 2, the viability, acrosome membrane integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential of the frozen-thawed spermatozoa were assessed. After freezing-thawing, the percentages of spermatozoa with live, intact acrosomes and high mitochondrial membrane potential were compared between the in 0.25 mL straw and 0.5 mL straw groups. They were 48.0 ± 2.6% and 35.6 ± 2.8% between the 0.25 mL straw and 0.5 mL straw groups. In Experiment 3, the plasma membrane integrity of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was compared. After freezingthawing, the plasma membrane integrity was higher for the in 0.25 mL straw group than the 0.5 mL straw group. They were 62.0 ± 2.2 and 54.1 ± 1.3% between the 0.25 mL straw and 0.5 mL straw groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that freezing semen in 0.25 mL straw improves the relative motility, viability, and acrosomal, mitochondrial membrane potential, and plasma membrane integrity of Hanwoo bull spermatozoa.

The effects of the number of frozen-thawed ram sperm per single and double intra-cervical artificial insemination (AI) on fertility in ewes were studied. A total of 89 non-pregnant ewes were synchronized for oestrus with two doses of 100 μg PGF2α (Cloprostenol) 9 days apart. The ewes were randomly assigned to one of four groups; D200 (n = 23; double AI with 200 × 106 sperm), S200 (n = 24; single AI with 200 × 106 sperm), D100 (n = 24; double AI with 100 × 106 sperm) and S100 (n = 18; single AI with 100 × 106 sperm). Ewes were inseminated within 12 to 18 h for single AI and, within 10 to 12 h and 16 to 18 h for double AI after the onset of oestrus. The onset of oestrus ranged from 28 to 76 h (54.33 ± 1.28 h). The high percentage (29.2%) of ewes showed oestrus between 51 to 60 h. The non-return rates were highest in group D200 (56.5%) and differed significantly (p < 0.05) from group S100 (11.1%). No ewes were pregnant in group S100, and the pregnancy rates among the remaining groups did not differ. The mean gestation period was 152.8 ± 0.5 days and no difference was observed among the groups. The lambing and multiple birth rates were 100% in group D200. The single and twin lambing was highest in group D100 (33.3%) and group D200 (83.3%), respectively. Only one triplet lambing and the highest lambing size (2.2 ± 0.2) was recorded in group D200. In conclusion, double AI with 200 × 106 sperm showed comparatively most practical for achieving high pregnancy rates and lambing performances in Bangladeshi ewes under field conditions.

The pregnancy rate in indigenous ewes inseminated with frozen-thawed Suffolk semen following natural and synchronized estrus was determined. The serum Progesterone and Estrogen concentration and vaginal electrical resistance (VER) of ewes at the time of Artificial Insemination (AI) were observed as successful pregnancy determinants. 21 healthy ewes were selected for this experiment during January-April, 2017. 10 ewes were inseminated in natural estrus. Whereas, 11 ewes were inseminated after estrus synchronization using intravaginal sponges containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate. Trans-cervical Al (TCAI) was performed in all ewes within 12-16 hours of observed heat. Prostaglandin E1 analogue impregnated vaginal sponge was used for cervical relaxation 6-8 hours before insemination. Pregnancy was diagnosed through trans-abdominal ultrasonography after 40 days of AI. The pregnancy rate of ewes in synchronized estrus was higher (54.5%) than in natural estrus (30%). Higher serum Progesterone level (0.90 ± 0.02 ng/mL) and significantly (p < 0.001) lower VER (257.78 ± 10.11 ohm) were observed at the time of AI in ewes becoming pregnant. Results suggest that higher Progesterone concentration and lower VER could be considered as pregnancy indicators. Oestrous synchronization could be implemented to increase the pregnancy rate in ewes.

This study aimed to analyze the performance of Disney-collaborated fashion lines based on online consumer reviews. To do so, the researchers employed text mining and network analysis to identify key words in the reviews of these products. Blogs, internet cafes, and web documents provided by Naver, Daum, and YoutTube were selected as subjects for the analysis. The analysis period was limited to one year after for the 2019. Data collection and analysis were conducted using Python 3.7, Textom, and NodeXL. The research terms in question were as follows: ‘Disney fashion collaboration’ and ‘Frozen fashion collaboration’. Preliminary survey results indicated that ‘Elsa’s dress’ was the most frequently mentioned term and that the domestic fashion brand Eland Retail was the most active in selling Disney branded clothing through its own brand. The writers of reviews for Disney-collaborated fashion products were primarily mothers with daughters. Their decision to purchase these products was based upon the following factors; price, size, stability of decoration, shipping, laundry, and retailer. The motives for purchasing the product were the positive response of the consumer’s child and the satisfaction of the parents due to the child’s response. The problems to be solved included insufficient quantity of supply, delay in delivery, expensive price considering the number of times children’s clothes are worn, poor glitter decoration, faded color, contamination from laundry, and undesirable smells immediately after the purchase.

본 연구에서는 정부의 고추 비축물량 방출이 냉동고추 수입에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하고자 하였다. 벡터자기회귀모형 추정과 그랜저 인과성 검정의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정부 보유물량의 방출이 냉동고추 수입억제에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하고 있다는 점이다. 정부 보유물량을 특정 시점에 520여 톤 시장에 방출할 경우 냉동고추 수입량은 약 440톤 정도(건고추 환산 88톤) 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 국내 도매가격은 냉동고추 수입량에만 영향을 미치는 일방향성 인과관계를 갖는다는 것이다. 충격반응함수 추정결과에 따르면 특정 시점에 도매가격이 730원 정도 상승하면 냉동고추 수입량은 약 440여 톤(건고추 환산 88톤) 증가하지만, 냉동고추의 수입량이 5,100여 톤(건고추 환산 1,020톤) 증가하더라도 국내 도매가격은 35원 감소하는 데 그치고 있다. 셋째, 정부 방출물량은 국내 도매가격의 안정화에 일정 수준 영향을 미치고 있다는 점이다. 특정 시점에 정부 방출물량이 520여 톤 증가하면, 도매가격은 220원 정도 하락하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상과 같은 연구결과를 토대로 볼 때 정부의 국내산 건고추 비축물량과 Tariff Rate Quotas의 운영은 냉동고추 등 고추 관련 품목의 수입억제에 초점을 맞추기보다는 국내 가격안정에 초점을 두고 운영하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다.

This present study was conducted to investigate protective effect of discontinuous Percoll gradient containing alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) before freezing process on viability, acrosome damage, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative stress of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. The separation of spermatozoa by discontinuous Percoll gradient was performed by different concentration of Percoll solution (45/90%) containing ALA combined with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and collected sperm in each Percoll layer was cryopreserved. To evaluate viability, acrosome damage, mitochondrial activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of frozen-thawed sperm, flow cytometry was used. Morphological abnormalities were observed under light microscope. In results, viability of sperm from 90% Percoll layer was higher than control and 45% Percoll group (p < 0.05). Separated sperm in 90% Percoll layer had lower acrosome damage and morphological abnormalities than control as well as viability, whereas 45% Percoll group was higher (p < 0.05). Similar with acrosome damage and abnormalities, mitochondrial activity was slightly enhanced and the population of live sperm with high ROS level was decreased by 90% Percoll separation, however, there was no significant difference. Supplementation of 3 ng/mL ALA into Percoll solution increased sperm viability and decreased population of live sperm with high ROS compared to control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, discontinuous Percoll gradient before freezing process could improve efficiency of cryopreservation of boar sperm through selection of sperm with high freezing resistance, and supplement of ALA during Percoll gradient might contribute suppression of ROS generation via stabilizing of plasma membrane during cryopreservation.

We observed MMPs expression in all sperm groups, with pro-MMP showing lower expression than active MMPs. According to the results from each freezing extender, the sperm membrane integrity (HOST: Hypoosmotic Swelling Test) analysis in TCGGD (Tris 250 mM, Citric acid 88 mM, Glucose 47 mM, Glycerol 3%, Dimethylsulpoxide 3.5 M) is 59.8 ± 0.7, TCGSD (Tris 250 mM, Citric acid 88 mM, Glucose 47 mM, Sucrose 0.1 M, Dimethylsulpoxide 3.5 M) is 59.3 ± 0.5 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) among the experimental groups. And MMPs analysis result, we observed MMPs expression in all sperm groups, with pro-MMP showing lower expression than active MMPs. The expression of active MMP-2 was the highest in sperms frozen in TCGSD and TCGD (Tris 250 mM, Citric acid 88 mM, Glucose 47 mM, Dimethylsulpoxide 3.5 M), Meanwhile, sperms from the TCGGD and TCGED (Tris 250 mM, Citric acid 88 mM, Glucose 47 mM, Ethylene glycol 3%, Dimethylsulpoxide 3.5 M) group showed lower level of active MMP-2 expression. Together, these results indicate that adding glycerol or sucrose to the sperm freezing buffer would not only suppress MMPs expression but also minimize DNA fragmentation, providing a mean to improve the success rate in the in vitro manipulation of rabbit sperms. Therefore, these results suggest that TCGGD or TCGSD extender method for freezing-thawing of rabbit sperm increased the viability after thawing.

본 연구는 국내 냉동보관창고 보관온도에 대한 조사자료를 활용하여, 온도분포를 추정하였고 이를 미생물 위해 평가(microbial risk assessment; MRA)의 입력변수로 활용 할 수 있도록 적정 확률분포 모델을 제시하였다. 조사에 참여한 8곳의 냉동보관창고에서 측정된 공간상의 온도는 최저 -25.8oC, 최고 -10.3oC, 평균 -20.48 ± 3.08oC이었으며, - 18oC이상의 냉동창고 비율은 20.4%로 조사되었다. 공간별 온도분포는 자연대류를 이용하는 냉동창고의 경우 상단 (2.4~4 m) -22.57 ± 0.84oC, 중단(1.5~2.4 m) -22.49 ± 1.05oC, 하단(0.7~1.5 m) -22.68 ± 1.03oC, 최고온도차이는 1.78oC이 었으며, 강제대류를 이용하는 냉동창고의 온도분포는 상단 (2.4~4 m) -17.81 ± 1.47oC, 중단(1.5~2.4 m) -17.94 ± 1.44oC, 하단(0.7~1.5 m) -18.08 ± 1.42oC, 최고온도차이는 0.94oC로 조사되었다. 보관온도는 냉동창고 모든 공간에서 온도가 일정하게 유지되는 것이 아니라 편차가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 수집된 온도자료는 @RISK를 이용, 적합성 검정(GOF: A-D, K-S test)을 수행하여, MRA에서 활용할 수 있는 국내 냉동보관창고 온도분포에 대한 가장 적합한 확률분포모델로 Lognormal [5.9731,3.3483, shift(-26.4281)] 이 선정하였다.