본 연구는 경기도에 유통되는 기능성 쌀을 대상으로 농약 및 이산화황의 잔류실태를 조사하고 위해성평가를 실시하였다. 2016년 2월부터 10월까지 대형마트 및 재래시 장에서 유통되는 기능성 쌀 91건을 수거하여 수행하였다. GC/ECD, GC/NPD, GC/TOF/MS, LC/PDA, LC/FLD를 이 용한 다종농약다성분 분석법으로 220종의 잔류농약검사를 실시한 결과 3건(3.3%)에서 2종의 농약성분이 검출되었다. 검출된 농약은 살균제 농약인 propiconazole과 살균제 및 식물생장조절제 농약인 isoprothiolane이며, 검출수준은 0.0340~0.0566 mg/kg으로 MRL (Maximum Residues Limits) 대비 각각 34%, 2.8% 이하로 검출되었다. Monier-Williams 변법을 이용하여 이산화황(sulfur dioxide)을 분석한 결과 91건의 시료 모두 불검출이었다. 농약 검출량을 바탕으로 일일섭취추정량(EDI)과 일일섭취허용량(ADI)을 이용하여 위해성평가를 한 결과 %ADI (Hazard Index)는 0.24~ 1.25%로 안전한 수준이었다.

건강기능식품에서 이산화규소 분석 방법을 확립하기 위하여 산(불산과 붕산)분해를 이용한 ICP-OES 방법을 수행하였다. 이 방법의 검출한계와 정량한계는 각각 0.07 mg/ L, 0.20 mg/L 이었다. 검량선은 0.2~20.0 mg/L의 농도범위 에서 우수한 직선성(r2 0.99)을 보였다. 글루코사민 제품에 이산화규소 0.4, 1.0, 2.0% (w/w)를 첨가하여 시험한 결과 90.22~94.14%의 회수율과 0.72~1.67%의 정밀성을 나타내었다. 확립된 방법으로 시중에 유통되는 건강기능식품 11 품목의 이산화규소 함량을 분석한 결과 0.02~1.80% (w/w) 로 나타났다. 이 결과는 건강기능식품에 이산화규소의 사 용기준 2% (w/w) 이하를 만족하는 결과로 시험한 제품들 은 규격에 적합하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 확립된 이 방법은 건강기능식품 중 이산화규소를 쉽고, 빠르게 분석할 수 있으며, 건강기능식품 중 이산화규소 함량 분석에 효율 적으로 사용될 수 있다

Mushrooms have antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities, so they and their extracts including purified ingredients are being used as a great source of functional food, drugs and especially nutraceuticals. They have many bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides (mainly β-glucans), glycoproteins, nucleotide analogs, terpenoids and polyphenols. These compounds have biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-obesity, immunomodulating activity and etc. In this review, we discussed the current bioactivity information related to 10 famous mushrooms in Korea. Mushrooms and active compounds derived from mushrooms were summarized as well as mushroom products such as foods, functional foods, and medicines. It can provide good information for scientists and customers who want to develop a new product and to promote health and life quality.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of health functional foods and preference for desired onion peel products. Questionnaires were distributed to 582 adults (34.2% male, 65.8% female) living in Gyeongnam province. The major information sources on biological effects of onions cited by respondents were TV/radio (37.1%), followed by nearby people (32.8%) and Internet (11.0%), in that order. Reducing cholesterol effect was the most important factor in terms of perception and concerns relating to biological function of onions. Over 73% of subjects had experience of eating processed onion products, and among all types of onion products, onion juice (53.5%) was the most frequently eaten. The most considered factors for processing onion peel-derived functional foods were taste & odor (29.6%), convenience of eating (28.9%), and nutrition value (27.1%), in that order.

In the last years a lot of research focused on functional food (FF) whose first definition was set in Japan, in the 1980s, for “food products fortified with special constituents that possess advantageous physiological effects” (Siro et al., 2008). The main research interest was on the reasons and motives of FF consumption (Annunziata, 2013; Bhaskaran & Hardley, 2002; Bonanno, 2012; Siro et al., 2008; Verbeke, 2005; Verbeke et al., 2009), and the price and affordability resulted among the main criteria at the basis of the consumers’ decisions. Notwithstanding the increasing importance of the FF market and of the price within the basket of FF products attributes, surprisingly, no studies has so far analyzed the capacity of consumers to correctly recall FF prices. The objective of this research is to examine the determinants of shoppers’ in-store price recall for functional yoghurt and fermented milk products (FY). The determinants are grouped as follows: - Products’ characteristics: Price promotion, Brand, Claim type - Shoppers’ socio-economic characteristics: Gender, Age, Level of education, Perceived Family income - Shoppers’ purchasing behavior: Functional yoghurt purchase frequency, Yoghurt category purchase frequency, Share-of-requirement, Reason of consumption Research interviews were carried out inside three large supermarket buildings in an average size Italian city. Shoppers were selected among the ones who chose a FY. Face-to-face questioning at the point of sale after the selection or purchase if something from the corresponding product category was bought is a widely adopted and tested method (Dickson & Sawyer, 1990; Evanschitzky et al., 2004; Le Boutillier et al., 1994; Monroe & Lee, 1999; Olavarrieta et al., 2012; Vanhuele & Dreze, 2002) and ensures shoppers’ interest, knowledge, familiarity with the products under investigation. The research applies the Dickson ad Sawyer’s (1990) methodology which was integrated with a filter question so to select only the already functional yoghurt customers, that is excluding first-purchase functional yoghurt shopper, which could create a bias due to the more intense purchasing and selection process that a first-purchase determines. The survey covered 207 shoppers, with a high representation of females (80.2%), with all ages equally represented, with good level of education (61% with Senior High School Diploma and above), and half employed and half unemployed. Price recall accuracy dependent variable was calculated adopting two indicators, commonly adopted in research on price accuracy and knowledge: the percentage absolute deviation or price recall accuracy indicator (PAD) and the price knowledge score (PKS). 24.6% of shoppers responded correctly, 38.2% responded within a 5% error from the correct price, and 20.3% declare not to know the correct price and did not attempt any answer. The research tests 11 hypotheses through a logistic regressions on a binary dependent variable measuring price recall by correct responses regarding a price (including incorrect responses ± 1% - 25.6%), or not correct responses (74.4%). Antecedent variables were included in the equation as independent variables. The model demonstrates a high prediction accuracy (74.4%), and the overall fit statistic (p-value for the Chi-square test=0.000) indicates a good level of fit between the hypothesized model and the data. Results show that shoppers’ price recall is more likely to be good when FY is on promotion, if there is high purchase frequency, if the FY is bought mainly for ‘hedonistic’ motivation, if the FY claim is the reduction of risks of disease. As far as socio-demographic information are concerned, results show that men (vs. women), younger shoppers (vs. older), high educated people (vs. low educated), and shoppers with perceived adequate family income (vs. inadequate income) have a higher propensity to a correct price recall. The present research expands knowledge on price recall determinants and on functional food purchasing experience. As other studies on price knowledge, this research suggests that shoppers do not follow rational criteria in assigning their resources and that the information available are variably processed and intertwined with personal motives of consumption. Functional food purchasing experience does not differ from the conventional food, as far as yoghurt is concerned. Similarly to conventional food, promotion and higher purchase frequency increases price recall accuracy. Limitations of the present research are that only one functional food, even though the category with the highest turnover worldwide, was investigated. Moreover, even though the sample includes a number of shoppers similar to past studies, the sample is only partially representative of the Italian consumers. Finally, a better balance in the sample between male and female shoppers would bolster the basis for the results. To conclude, these findings provide important insights for managers who make pricing strategies for a product with worldwide growing sales, but whose main selling obstacle is the high market price.

Historically recognized as a valuable nutritional source, milk contains essential carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that play diverse functional roles in the human body. While the functional roles of milk nutrients and their derivatives are acknowledged, the corresponding functional foods for each milk component remain inadequately documented in Korea. This review aims to describe the functional roles of milk components and their derivatives, as well as assess the landscape of functional food products available in the Korean market. Milk components demonstrate noteworthy functions such as preventing muscle wasting, fortifying bones, aiding in weight control, stabilizing nerves, and serving as prebiotics. Despite these known functions, there exists a plenty of functional substances within milk that have not been comprehensively investigated. Presently, only a limited number of milk-derived functional ingredients are registered in Korea, with a few making their way into commercialization. To advance this field, scientists and industries need research effort to uncover novel functions of milk ingredients and subsequently introduce innovative products to the market. This proactive approach not only promises to broaden the spectrum of functional ingredients but also stands to positively impact the domestic health functional food market and the dairy industry. The development and introduction of new products derived from milk may hold the potential to significantly contribute to the diversification of functional ingredients, fostering a healthier and more robust health food market.

본 연구는 사회적 현안이 되는 미세먼지 저감 및 대기정화를 위해 석탄화력 발전산업에서 발생되는 부산물을 활용하여 미세먼지를 포집·분해하는 건설재료에 대한 기술 개발로서 자원재활용과 대기오염 저감 기술에 해당된다. 미세먼지를 석탄화력 발전소 애시 기반 다공성 활성탄의 표면에 흡착하고, 고기능성 광분해 나노섬유를 통해 분해하여 미세먼지 제거효율을 극대화 하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 개발되는 미세먼지 흡착·분해 다공체 기술은 방음벽, 보도블록 등 대기오염 농도가 높은 도로시설분야에 활용할 수 있을것으로 판단된다.

This paper examines key determinants and the effect of country-of-origin on customer’s purchase intention of functional food and dietary supplement product in Vietnam. Exploratory study was identified to evaluate personal and social factors on customer’s buying behavior. Twenty-eight reflective constructs were adapted from literature and designed by using a seven-point Likert scale to facilitate measurement. By using non-probability convenience sampling, data was collected from a survey of 242 Vietnamese who have experienced in buying functional and supplement food. This paper employed partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) as a technique employed to analyze the measurement and structural models. The findings provide evidence that social prestige customer perceives and their positive attitude toward functional food which are main factors influencing on consumers’ purchase intention. Customer’s perceived prestige plays an important role in decision-making process to purchase. The higher social prestige taken up in consumers’ mind, the higher consumers’ purchase intention is. Moreover, the more positive attitude customer holds toward functional food, the higher consumers’ purchase intention. The research results provide useful information in current understanding of what antecedents determine factors influencing customer’s intention to purchase functional food and lead to managerial implications for business strategies.

For the purpose of reuse the wasted by-products from the skate process to the health functional food or medicinal material, chondroitin sulfate was extracted from the skate cartilage with the method of hydrolysis with protease enzyme, and the contents of chondroitin sulfate and hydrolyzed protein were measured qualitatively and quantitatively. The effects of chondroitin sulfate on body weight or liver weight changes, hepatotoxicity elimination and anti-inflammatory actions were measured from in vivo test with feed-treated mice. From the hydrolytic extraction of skate cartilage with the mixture of 1% alcalase and 1% protease for 4 hours, the extraction yield of chondroitin sulfate was about 32.55%. The content and molecular weight of chondroitin sulfate was 26.63% and 2.85×105 Da., respectively and the content ratio of chondroitin sulfate to protein was measured to 1 to 2.76 with gel permeation chromatography. For the odor component, trimethylamine decreased about 30% but almost not ammonia from chondroitin sulfate with the treatment of activated carbon. From the feeding chondroitin sulfate to mice, the control effect of body and liver weights decrease was measured, anti-inflammatory action and hepatotoxicity elimination action were also measured. From these results, process operation conditions for manufacturing of chondroitin sulfate were suggested.

Background : Chinese matrimony vine (Lycium chinense Mill.) is a deciduous shrub belonging to the Solanaceae. The leaves are used as an alternative raw material replacing dried fruits associated with high production costs in many industires. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of drying temperature on the leaves used in the manufacture of functional products. Methods and Results : The leaves of Chinese matrimony vine were harvested when the plant height reached 60 - 70 ㎝ in the spring and treated at four different temperatures (40℃, 50℃, 60℃ and 70℃). The time to reach the desiccation state of 20% was 63 h at 40℃, 37 h at 50℃, 17 h at 60℃ and 11 h at 70℃. The drying rate per hour was 1.28% at 40℃, 2.25% at 50℃, 4.94% at 60℃ and 7.60% at 70℃. No significant difference were observed in ash, crude fat, polyphenol or rutin content of treated samples. Crude protein and betaine content decreased with higher dry temperatures. Nitrogen free extract of the treated samples increased with higher drying temperatures. Conclusions : Taking into consideration drying time, drying rate, color value, energy consumption and functional ingredients is advantageous to dry the leaves of the Chinese matrimony vine at 60℃ using a hot air agricultural dryer.

본 연구의 목적은 청국장, 시금장, 표고버섯 분말의 첨가비율을 달리하여 새로운 발효 식품(일명: 청금장)을 개발하고자 하였다. 시금장, 청국장, 시금장과 청국장의 첨가비율을 달리하여 청금장 A(Sigumjang:Cheonggukjang=1:2), 청금장 B(Sigumjang:Cheonggukjang=1:1), 청금장 C(Sigumjang: Cheonggukjang=2:1) 시료를 제조한 후 이화학적 특성과 기능성 평가를 실시하였다. 청금장은 시금장보다 단백질 함량은 증가하였으며, 청국장보다 지방과 칼로리는 낮았으나, 유리당 함량은 청금장 C에서 5.8681 g/100g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. DPPH 라디컬 소거능은 시금장과 청금장 C가 양성대조구인 BHT와 유사할 정도로 높은 활성이 나타났다. SOD 유사활성능은 시금장이 가장 높은 SOD 유사활성능을 나타내었고 청금장 중에서는 청금장 C가 가장 높았다. 금속이온의 지방산패 촉진에 대한 청금장의 억제능은 Cu²+ ion에 대한 억제능보다 Fe²+ ion에 대한 억제능이 다소 높은 것으로 나타났고, 활성 산소종의 지방산패촉진에 대한 청금장의 억제능은 KO₂보다 H₂O₂에 대한 억제능이 다소 높은 것으로 나타났다. Xanthine oxidase 활성저해능은 700 ppm 에서는 전반적으로 높은 xanthine oxidase 활성 저해능을 나타내었고, 특히 시금장과 청금장 C는 높은 xanthine oxidase 활성 저해능을 나타내었다. α-Glucosidase 저해 활성능은 모든 농도(300 ppm, 500 ppm, 700 ppm)에서 전반적으로 우수한 α-glucosidase 저해 활성능을 나타내었으며 시금장과 청금장 C는 높은 α-glucosidase 저해 활성능을 나타내어 혈당을 조절하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다. 관능평가 결과 청금장 C가 색, 향기, 쓴맛, 짠맛 및 종합적인 맛에서 가장 높은 평가을 받은 것으로 나타났기 때문에 시금장과 청국장을 단독으로 사용하는 것보다 시금장과 청국장을 2:1로 혼합하여 제품을 제조하는 것이 이화학적 특성과 기능성에 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

Introduction The ginseng saponin (ginsenoside) is one of the most important secondary metabolites in ginseng and hasvarious pharmacological activities. To date about 38 kinds of ginsenosides have been isolated and identified from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Among these ginsenosides, Rg3 is a precursor for ginsenoside Rh2, which has a very strong antitumor effect. and has many pharmaceutical activities. However, Rg3 is extremely low in normal ginseng. Thus production of ginsenoside Rg3 would be very important and many studies have aimed to convert major ginsenosides to the more active minor ginsenoside Rg3. The enzymatic conversion through sugar hydrolysis at a specific position is desirable for the production of active minor ginsenoside Rg3. Material and Method The isolation of β-glucosidase-producing microorganisms was performed according to a previously published method. Each microbialsuspension cultured in nutrient broth was added to the same volume of 1 mM ginsenoside Rb1 solution and then incubated on a rotary shaker at 30°C for 48 h. The reaction mixture was extracted with butanol saturated with H2O and then analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). 8 μl of the ginseng extract solution was spotted on a TLC plate and developed to 5.5 cm distance in a chamber with chloroform/methanol/water as the mobile phase. Bands on the TLC plates were detected by spraying 10% H2SO4, followed by heating. Result and Discussion Ginseng(the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliaceae) is frequently used as a crude substance taken orally in Korea, China and Japan, as well as other Asian countries, as a traditional medicine. Ginsenosides are the principal components having pharmacological and biological activities. More than 38 different ginsenosides so far have been isolated and identified from ginseng saponins. Among them, deglycosylated ginsenosides are known to be more effective in vivo physiological action and to act as active compounds. A lactic acid bacteria, which have β-glucosidase activity, were isolated from soil and kimchi using a MRS-Esculin agar. These strains were identified on the basis of phylogenetic inference based on 16S rDNA sequences. TLC and HPLC were used to analysis transformed ginsenosides. Ginsenosides are main pharmacoactive component in ginseng. When ginseng was orally administered, the absorption of ginsenosides from the gastrointestinal tract are extremely low. In order to improve oral bioavailability, transforming major ginsenosides into more active minor ginsenoside is very important. Caulobacter leidyia GP45 and Micro- bacterium esteraromaticum GS514 were isolated from ginseng field for converting major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides. In the co-culture of strain GP45 and GS514 with ginsenoside Rb1, produced compound K and ginsenoside Rg3 individually. The transformation pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 were confirmed Rb1⟶Rd⟶F2⟶compound K and Rb1⟶Rd⟶Rg3.

New food material "Rosa rugosa petal" with strong anti-oxidant activity We have recognized that administration of the flower of R. rugosa reduced the odor of mouse's feces. Thus, we supposed that it must be effective for human, and the effect was proved by the experiments of volunteer. Moreover, it was proved to be effective for aging odor of human. The effects must be due to anti-oxidative activities of R. rugosa. Ear wax was collected from volunteer, 50 year old or more, and the ether extract of the wax was analyzed by GC-MS for detection of 2-nonenal. 2-Nonenal was detected in the ear wax of few volunteers, but the administration of 2 capsules containing 100mg of R. rugosa per day reduced the 2-nonenal under detection limit. These results were patented in Japan(JP No.4008369), and a new company, Harunire bio laboratory Co., was established in Kitami Institute of Technology in 2003 for development of new products. The active constituents in R. rugosa supposed to be polyphenols, hydrolysable tannnins, such as rugosin A, tellimagrandin, and the contents of these polyphenols exceed more than 20% in dry flower of R. rugosa. The flower of R. rugosa was also shown to inhibit many enzymes, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and prevent intestinal disorder. Various physiological activities are evaluated using isolated polyphenols now. Product development of new functional foods from onion (Sun Onion) The amount of onion production in the Abashiri-Kitami area is about 30% of Japan. Thus, the research for development of functional foods using onion was started for the increment of onion consumption. The following new results were obtained (JP No.3697524). The flavonoids in the juice and the squeezing residue resulted in process of onion juice manufacture were analyzed, and large amount of quercetin and its glycosides were shown to remained in the squeezing residue. The amounts of flavonoids in the residue are 5-10 times of those in the juice. Moreover, the squeezing residue contains insoluble dietary fibers, and it must be expected to improve of intestinal disorders. The irradiation of light (2500lux) on onion in artificial weather machine increased the amount of quercetin eight times. Thus, the new food material using the squeezing residue after the irradiation of sunlight, stronger than artificial light was developed. The amount of flavonoid (total quercetin) was shown to exceed 800mg/100g, and the amount of the pectin was about 10g/100g, these contents were extremely higher than those without irradiation. Moreover, α-glucosidase inhibitor was isolated from onion irradiated by sunlight, and the activity of irradiated onion was shown to be twice of that of without irradiation. Breeding of new onion rich in functional constituents We analyzed flavonoids by HPLC in 15 kinds of onions cultivated in Hokkaido Kitami Agricultural Experiment Station, and 15 kinds onions cultivated in Sapporo Agricultural Experiment Station. Total flavonoids contents of edible part of these onions were 24～293mg/100g, and those in outer peel were 265～5,613mg/100g. The onion breed with high flavonoids contents was discovered. The cultivation characteristic and the processing characteristic are now under investigation. In a human clinical trial, the R. rugosa petal was proven to decreased neutral fat (triglycerides). The R. rugosa petal must to be commercialized as the functional food and cosmetic product. In the case of sunlight onion, applications for vegetable juice and function food are under investigation.