우리나라에서는 연간 250건 이상의 해양 기름유출사고가 발생하고 있으며, 이는 지역 사회 및 환경에 큰 영향을 미친다. 국제 협약 및 국내법에서는 오염자부담의 원칙을 바탕으로 기름유출에 대한 피해 배상을 유출 당사자에게 책임지도록 하고 있으며, 민·형사적 책임 규명을 위해 유출 행위자에 대한 적극적인 조사가 이루어지고 있다. 기름 유출사고의 행위자 조사의 중요성 확대에 따라서 CEN 15522-2, ASTM D 3248 등의 표준을 이용해 기름 시료 간의 유사성 판정을 하고 있다. 이 중 가장 활발히 활용되고 있는 유럽표준인 CEN 15522-2가 2023년 EN 15522-2로 3차 개정되었다. 본 연구는 EN 15522-2를 이용하여 국내 발생한 해양 기름유출사고 시료를 분석하고, 적용 성에 대하여 확인하였다. 그 결과 경질유 유출사고가 40% 이상을 차지하는 국내 유출사고의 특징을 비춰볼 때 Adamamtanes와 같은 저비 점의 물질이 추가된 EN 15522-2의 적용은 효용성이 높은 것으로 확인되었다.

We report the effect of plastic deformation on the thermoelectric properties of n-type Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 compounds. N-type Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 powders are synthesized by an oxide-reduction process and consolidated via sparkplasma sintering. To explore the effect of plastic deformation on the thermoelectric properties, the sintered bodies are subjected to uniaxial pressure to induce a controlled amount of compressive strains (-0.2, -0.3, and -0.4). The shaping temperature is set using a thermochemical analyzer, and the plastic deformation effect is assessed without altering the material composition through differential scanning calorimetry. This strategy is crucial because the conventional hotforging process can often lead to alterations in material composition due to the high volatility of chalcogen elements. With increasing compressive strain, the (00l) planes become aligned in the direction perpendicular to the pressure axis. Furthermore, an increase in the carrier concentration is observed upon compressive plastic deformation, i.e., the donorlike effect of the plastic deformation in n-type Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 compounds. Owing to the increased electrical conductivity through the preferred orientation and the donor-like effect, an improved ZT is achieved in n-type Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 through the compressive-forming process.

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a unique mitochondrial membranous protein expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mammals. While its expression in response to cold temperatures and adipogenic inducers is well-characterized in mammals and human infants, the molecular characterization and expression of UCP1 in fish remain unexplored. To address this gap, we analyzed UCP1 expression in response to adipogenic inducers in a fish cell line, rainbow trout gonadal cells (RTG-2), and compared it with UCP1 expression in three mammalian preadipocytes, 3T3-L1, T37i, and WT1 exposed to the Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists, rosiglitazone (Rosi). In mammalian preadipocytes, UCP1 protein was highly expressed by Rosi, with an induction of adipogenesis observed in a time-dependent manner. This suggests that UCP1 plays a significant role in adipogenesis in mammals. However, RTG-2 cells showed no response to adipogenic inducers and exhibited only marginal expressions of UCP1. These results imply that RTG-2 cells may lack crucial responsive mechanisms to adipogenic signals or that the adipogenic response is regulated by other mechanisms. Further studies are needed to confirm these phenomena in fish preadipocytes when an appropriate cell line is established in future research.

This paper investigates L2 motivation and demotivation of college English majors in a Korean junior college. The participants’ L2 (de)motivation was explored by the oughtto L2 self, an element of the L2 motivational self system. Data were collected from two rounds of interviews with 59 and 31 students in all four years and analyzed qualitatively. The sources of the ought-to L2 self varied; however, it was a matter of how the participants recognized others’ expectations and pressure (i.e., manageable or beyond control). It was also relevant to how they comprehended and internalized these external influences for their L2 learning and (de)motivation. The findings indicate that the oughtto L2 self could be a contributing factor in sustaining L2 motivation and exerting effort. Finally, this paper calls for more needs to ensure and promote personalized and meaningful L2 learning for college English major students.

This study aimed to apply rice flour Baromi 2 (B2) varieties developed by the Rural Development Administration in low-sugar baguette products. To achieve this, baguettes were produced using B2 at 10%, 20%, and 30% levels. As the content of B2 increased, the mixing time decreased, and the dough became sticky. Additionally, the dough fermentation ability was reduced. The finished products showed no significant difference in the external structure with varying B2 contents. However, the crust color containing B2 was darker than that of the control. In color value, the L* value decreased as the amount of added B2 increased, while the a* value and b* value increased. Furthermore, the sensory evaluation revealed that baguettes with a higher amount of B2 had a softer crumb and a crunchy crust, and with 20% substituted for B2, the sample obtained the highest score. From these results, it has been determined that B2 can substitute for up to 20% of wheat flour in bakery products.

The demand for novel strains has been rising in the domestic market to increase the production of sclerotia from Wolfiporia hoelen. To improve strain breeding efficiency, we investigated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) gene, which may be linked to the mating type locus, are useful for distinguishing monokaryons from dikaryons in Korean W. hoelen strains. We designed a specific primer set to efficiently amplify a region of RPB2 using PCR with the genomic DNA of 12 cultivated strains and 31 wild strains of W. hoelen collected from Korea. Nucleotide sequences of the PCR-amplified RPB2 genes were determined and analyzed for the presence of SNPs among the 43 W. hoelen strains. Previously reported SNP loci were detected in the RPB2 gene of all W. hoelen strains tested. However, these previously reported SNP loci could not be applied to differentiate monokaryons from dikaryons in approximately one-third of Korean wild strains with homozygous genotypes. Three additional SNPs in the RPB2 gene, which may improve the ability to distinguish monokaryons from dikaryons, were identified by searching through the multiple sequence alignments of the 43 W. hoelen strains. The applicability of these three novel SNPs, together with the previously known SNPs, in the RPB2 gene to W. hoelen strain breeding was verified by examining the hybrid strains and their parental strains.

Interest in the use of semiconductor-based photocatalyst materials for the degradation of organic pollutants in a liquid phase has grown, due to their excellent performance and response to the light source. Herein, we fabricated a NiO-SiCTiO2 ternary structured photocatalyst which had reduced bandgap energy, with strong activation under UV-light irradiation. The synthesized samples were examined using XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, DRS, EIS techniques and photocurrent measurement. The results confirmed that the two types of metal oxides were well bonded to the SiC fiber surface. The junction of the new photocatalyst exhibited a large number of photoexcited electrons and holes. The holes tended to oxidize the water and form a hydroxyl radical, which promoted the decomposition of methylene blue. The close contact between the 2D SiC fiber and metal oxide semiconductors expanded the scope of absorption wavelength, and enhanced the usability of the ternary photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue. Among three synthesized samples, the NiO-SiC-TiO2 showed the best photocatalytic effect, and was considered to have excellent photoelectron transfer due to the synergy effect between the metal oxide and SiC.

The biocarbon (SKPH) was obtained from Sargassum spp., and it was evaluated electrochemically as support for the CO2 reduction. The biocarbon was synthesized and activated with KOH, obtaining a high surface area (1600 m2 g− 1) due to the activation process. Graphitic carbon formation after pyrolysis was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The XRD results show that SKPH has an amorphous structure with peaks corresponding to typical amorphous carbonaceous materials. FTIR was used to determine the chemical structure of SKPH. The bands at 3426, 2981, 2851, and 1604 cm− 1 correspond to O–H, C-H, and C-O stretching vibrations, respectively. Then, it compares SKPH films with different carbon films using two electrolytic systems with and without charge transfer. The SKPH film showed a capacitive behavior in the KOH, H2SO4, and, KCl systems; in the acid medium, the presence of a redox couple associated with carbon functional groups was shown. Likewise, in the [Fe(CN)6]−3 and Cu(II) systems, the charge transfer process coupled with a capacitive behavior was described, and this effect is more noticeable in the [Fe(CN)6]−3 system. Electrodeposition of copper on SKPH film showed two stages Cu(NH 3)2+ 4 /Cu(NH 3)+ 2 and Cu(NH 3)+ 2 ∕Cu in ammonia media. Hydrogen formation and the activity of CO2 are observed on SKPH film and are favored by the carbon’s surface chemistry. Cu/SKPH electrocatalyst has a catalytic effect on electrochemical reduction of CO2 and inhibition of hydrogen formation. This study showed that the SKPH film electrode responds as a capacitive material that can be used as an electrode for energy storage or as metal support.

블록체인 기술을 기반으로, 환금성이 있는 NFT(Non-fungible token) 또는 가상화폐가 게 임이용의 결과물로서 이용자에게 귀속되는 P2E (Play to Earn) 게임 모델이 새로이 등장하였다. 그러나 게임물관리위원회는 P2E 게임의 사행성 을 이유로 등급분류를 거부하거나 취소하여 국내 시장 유통을 금지하고 있다. 반면 우리나라를 제 외한 많은 국가들에서는 P2E 게임이 활발하게 이용되고 있어 게임위 판단의 근거를 검토할 필 요가 있다. 게임위는 법률상 사행성게임물에 대한 등급분 류를 거부하거나 취소할 수 있는데, 이때 사행성 게임물 판단을 위한 근거규정이 미비하다는 문제 가 있다. 사행성게임물은 법률상 사행행위(베팅, 배당, 경마 등)를 내용으로 하거나 게임의 결과가 우연적으로 결정되는 게임물로서 이용자의 자산 에 손익을 미치는 것으로 정의되는데, NFT 혹은 가상자산이 이용자의 자산에 이익이 된다는 이유 만으로 그 게임물의 내용과 상관없이 사행성게임 물로 규정하는 것은 잘못이다. 또한 이용자의 재 산상 손익을 끼칠 수 있는지에 대한 구체적인 판 단 기준을하위법령에위임하고있으나, 위임받은 법령과 게임위 내규에서는 별도로 다루지 않고 있어 판단기준에 공백이 있다. 한편 게임물의 사행성은 게임물의 등급분류에 영향을 미치는데, 사행성게임물이 아니라면 사행 성이 인정되더라도 등급분류에 따라 게임출시가 가능하다. 게임산업법은 사행적인 게임물의 환전 행위를금지하고있는데, P2E 게임의환전가능성 을 이유로 사행성게임물로 판단하는 것은 잘못된 적용이다. 더불어 경품 등의 제공을 통한 사행성 조장을 금지하고 있는데, P2E 게임 이용자에게 제공되는 결과물은 그 형태와 관계없이 경품 등 에 해당하므로 사행성을 조장한다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 게임물의 사행성 판단에 대해서는 사회⋅ 경제적 상황과 업계종사자의 의견을 반영하여 탄 력적으로 규율하는 것이 바람직하다.

Nitrophenol sensors have garnered interest in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, environment safety and explosives. Various methods have been proposed to detect 4-nitrophenol, but nitrophenol isomers such as 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol have been comparatively less studied. For the first time, the present work explores graphitic nanocarbon, i.e., carbon black (CB) interface for sensing of DNP. Two reduction potentials were noted at − 0.48 and − 0.64 V for o-NO2 and p-NO2 moieties, respectively, at CB/GCE. At the same time, bare GCE (glassy carbon electrode) shows a single reduction potential at − 0.7 V. The electrocatalytic effect and adsorption ability of the interface was studied from the DNP concentration effect. Scan rate and pH studies suggest that the CB acquires four electrons for NO2 reduction by the diffusion phenomenon. A broad detection range of 10–250 μM DNP with a very low detection limit of 0.13 (o-form) and 0.15 μM (p-form) was achieved using the CB interface. The real-time applicability of the fabricated sensor was evaluated using commercially available beverages with excellent recovery values. The stability, repeatability and reproducibility of the CB interface were successfully confirmed. Comparison of the sensing parameters of the developed sensor with those reported in literature reveals excellent detection limit and response time for the CB-interfaced DNP sensor, indicating its potential for environmental and commercial applications.

Laser cladding a surface treatment process that grants superior characteristics such as toughness, hardness, and corrosion resistance to the surface, and rebuilds cracked molds; as such, it can be a strong tool to prolong service life of mold steel. Furthermore, compared with the other similar coating processes – thermal spray, etc., laser cladding provides superior bonding strength and precision coating on a local area. In this study, surface characteristics are studied after laser cladding of low carbon steel using 18%Cr-2.5%Ni-Fe powder (Rockit404), known for its high hardness and excellent corrosion resistance. A diode laser with wavelength of 900-1070 nm is adopted as laser source under argon atmosphere; electrical power for the laser cladding process is 5, 6, and 10 kW. Fundamental surface characteristics such as crossectional microstructure and hardness profile are observed and measured, and special evaluation, such as a soldering test with molten ALDC12 alloy, is conducted to investigate the corrosion resistance characteristics. As a result of the die-soldering test by immersion of low carbon alloy steel in ALDC12 molten metal, the clad layer's soldering thickness decreases.

DLC has been attractive as semiconductor materials for solar cell due to its biological friendliness, flexible microstructures, and especially its tunable band gap. In order to fabricate high-efficiency multiband gap solar cell, it is important to control the sp3/ sp2 bonds ratio of DLC film corresponding to optical band gap (Eg). There are many references reporting the relations among the fabrication conditions, Eg, sp3/ sp2, and ID/ IG. However, a more comprehensive database is needed for controllable fabrication. Especially, the quantitative relationship of sp3/ sp2 ratio to Eg of DLC film by PECVD is unclear. In this paper, 36 sets of DLC films were fabricated by RF-PECVD. Characterization methods of XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and IR absorption have been used to determine the sp3/ sp2 ratio of DLC films. UV/visible light absorption method has applied to evaluate Eg. The Eg obtained is in the range 1.45–3.0 eV. Our results agree well with the references. The XPS spectra gives a linear relationship as Eg = − 0.161 (± 0.136) + 26.095 (± 1.704) · {sp3 (XPS)/sp2}, the Raman spectra shows a linear function that Eg = 1.327 (± 0.046) + 0.428 (± 0.036) · (ID/IG), as well as the FTIR analysis demonstrates that Eg = − 0.492 (± 0.093) + 0.464 (± 0.044) · {sp3 (FTIR)/sp2}.

Bi2MoO6 (BMO) via the structure-directing role of CO(NH2)2 is successfully prepared via a facile solvothermal route. The structure, morphology, and photocatalytic performance of the nanoflake BMO are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence spectrum analysis (PL), UV-vis spectroscopy (UVvis) and electrochemical test. SEM images show that the size of nanoflake BMO is about 50 ~ 200 nm. PL and electrochemical analysis show that the nanoflake BMO has a lower recombination rate of photogenerated carriers than particle BMO. The photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) by nanoflake BMO under visible light is investigated. The results show that the nanoflake BMO-3 has the highest degradation efficiency under visible light, and the degradation efficiency reached 75 % within 120 min, attributed to the unique hierarchical structure, efficient carrier separation and sufficient free radicals to generate active center synergies. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism of TC degradation on the nanoflake BMO is proposed.

W2C is synthesized through a reaction-sintering process from an ultrafine-W and WC powder mixture using spark plasma sintering (SPS). The effect of various parameters, such as W:WC molar ratio, sintering temperature, and sintering time, on the synthesis behavior of W2C is investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the microstructure, and final sintered density. Further, the etching properties of a W2C specimen are analyzed. A W2C sintered specimen with a particle size of 2.0 μm and a relative density over 98% could be obtained from a W-WC powder mixture with 55 mol%, after SPS at 1700℃ for 20 min under a pressure of 50 MPa. The sample etching rate is similar to that of SiC. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it is confirmed that fluorocarbon-based layers such as C-F and C-F2 with lower etch rates are also formed.

Over the last few decades, the atmospheric carbon dioxide emission has been amplified to a great extent in Turkey. This amplification may cause global warming, climate change and environmental degradation in Turkey. Consequently, ecological condition and human life may suffer in the near future from these indicated threats. Therefore, an attempt was made to test the relationship among a number of expected factors and carbon dioxide emissions in the case of Turkey. The study covers the time series data over the period of 1970–2017. We employed the modern econometric techniques such as Johansen co-integration, ARDL bound testing approach and the block exogeneity. The results of the Johansen co-integration test show that there is a significant long-run relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and expected factors. The long-run elasticities of the ARDL model show that a 1% increase in the GDP per capita, electric consumption, fiscal development and trade openness will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.14, 0.52, 0.09 and 0.20% respectively. Further, our findings reveal that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis and inverted U-shaped relationship between carbon dioxide emission and economic growth prevails. Therefore, the EKC hypothesis is valid and prevailing in the Turkish economy. The diagnostic test results show that the parameters of the ARDL model are credible, sTable and reliable in the current form. Finally, Block exogeneity analysis displays that all the expected factors are contributing significantly to carbon dioxide emissions in the Turkish economy.