이탈리안벌인 A, C, F계통과 코카시안벌인 D, V계통을 2005년부터 2007년까지 국내에서 수집하였다. 수집한 계통은 육종을 위해 격리 된 섬에서 근친교배를 통해 순계로 분리하였다. 이 연구는 꿀, 로열젤리 다수확계통 선발에 있어 개체군 선발과 육종 효율을 높이기 위해 수행되 었다. 23 개의 형태학적 특성을 평가하고 두 아종의 기존 데이터와 비교한 결과, 이탈리안벌 순계계통은 코카시안벌 순계 계통과 달리8개의 특성이 기존의 이탈리안벌과 유사해 더 많은 특성이 보존되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 국내에서 유지되고 있는 순계들은 타 지역의 동일 계통과 차 이를 보여 분리된 순계의 형태적인 특징이 확인되었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of the shoot and roots and to analyse the morphological characteristics of roots of waterlogging resistant and susceptible maize inbred lines. Six maize inbred lines were treated with waterlogging for 10 days at V3, and the degree of leaf senescence was evaluated for waterlogging resistance. As a result of waterlogging resistance evaluation, KS85 was the most damaged inbred line with 3.33 senescence leaves and 5.54 degree, and KS141 was the least damaged inbred line with 1.33 senescence leaves and 3 degree. At 20 days after treatment, the effect of waterlogging stress on the shoot dry matter accumulation of KS85 and KS141 were decreased by 86.1% and 77.0%, respectively, compared to the control. Similarly, root dry matter accumulation of KS85 and KS141 were decreased by 77.6% and 65.0%. As a result of SEM photographs of the nodal roots of the two maize inbred lines, the thickness of cortex of KS141 was thicker than that of KS85, and the distortion of the cortex was observed in KS85 at 20 days after waterlogging. It was concluded that the thickness of cortex was related to maize waterlogging resistance.

In order to evaluate CMV resistance of the radish inbred lines, leaves of twenties radish (Raphanus sativus L.) inbred lines were mechanically inoculated with a strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) systematically infecting radish plants, respectively. The inoculated radish plants were incubated at 22°C±3°C and resistance assessment was examined using symptom development for 4 weeks. Based on the reactions of differential radish inbred lines, 11 radish lines were produced mosaic, mottling, yellowing and severe mosaic symptoms by CMV infection. These results were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis of CMV coat protein gene, suggesting that CMV is responsible for the disease symptoms. In contrast, 9 resistant radish lines did not induce systemic mosaic symptoms on upper leaves and chlorosis in stem tissues for 4 weeks, showing that the radish plants did not express any symptoms by 8 weeks. Further examination of CMV infection in the 9 resistance-candidate radish lines showed no CMV infection in systemic leaves of the 9 radish lines. Taken together, these results suggest that the 9 radish lines are highly resistant to CMV.

본 연구에서는 FT-IR 스펙트럼데이터의 다변량 통계분석 기법을 활용하여 인도수집 옥수수 계통 및 품종으로부터 단백질 함량이 높은 옥수수를 신속하게 선발할 수 있는 선발체계를 확립함과 동시에 lysine과 tryptophan의 함량분석을 목적으로 연구를 수행하였다. 총 48시료의 인도수집 옥수수 계통 및 품종과 국내산 품종을 이용하여 종자로부터 FT-IR 스펙트럼을 조사하였으며, 무작위로 선발된 24시 료를 대상으로 총 단백질 함량을 조사하였다. 대조구로 사용한 광평옥 모계(GPO1)의 경우 단백질 함량 이 9.34 ± 0.3mg/g dw인데 비하여 H4 계통의 경우 단백질 함량이 10.26 ± 0.5mg/g dw로 48개 옥 수수 시료 중에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 특히 옥수수 H4, H6, H11, 그리고 H12 계통의 경우 총 단백질 함량이 각각 10mg/g dw 이상으로 측정되어 광평옥 모계(9.34mg/g dw)와 부계(9.36mg/g dw) 및 이 들의 F1(9.14mg/g dw)보다 총 단백질 함량이 높은 계통으로 판명되었다. Cross-validation test에서 옥수수 종자 내 총 단백질 함량예측 PLS regression model의 regression coefficient(R2) 는 0.77로 비교적 정확하게 총 단백질 함량예측이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 PLS regression model을 이용하여 단백질 함량이 높은 사일리지 옥수수 계통의 선발이 가능할 것으로 기대되며, 더 나아가 다양 한 옥수수 계통의 신속한 대사체 수준 평가가 가능할 것으로 예상된다.

The objective of this study was to find out candidate genes associated with litter size trait in pigs of inbred Large Yorkshire and Landrace populations. 86 sows were screened for candidate genotypes along with litter size data recordings. Association of litter size with genotypes of candidate genes were investigated to verify the usefulness of each gene's genotypes as markers for the trait. For the lines of Large Yorkshire, PRLR3 and RBP4 genes were genotyped. Frequency distribution of PRLR3 with genotypes AA, AB and BB were each 0.14, 0.44 and 0.42. And the average litter size by PRLR3 genotypes were 8.83, 10.81 and 10.70 piglets per litter, the average estimated breeding values of which were 0.243, 0.332, 0.365, respectively for AA, AB and BB genotypes. Genotypic frequencies of RBP4 by AA, AB and BB genotypes were 0.10, 0.44 and 0.46. The average litter size by genotypes of RBP4 were 10.40, 10.57 and 10.35 piglets per litter and their corresponding average estimated breeding values were 0.451, 0.353 and 0.261, respectively for genotypes AA, AB and BB. Significance in differences among genotypes were not observed, but B allele of RBP4 seems to be associated with litter size. In Landrace lines, frequencies of RBP4 genotypes, AA, AB and BB were 0.29, 0.55 and 0.16. And the average litter size of these genotypes were 10.50, 11.08 and 11.00 piglets per litter. The corresponding averages of estimated breeding values of each genotypes were 0.172, 0.135 and 0.104. In Landrace lines, allele A was more likely to be associated with litter size, even if differences among average litter size were not significant. We conclude that genotyping of two candidate genes is a helpful tool to identify genetic potentials of litter size in pigs.

Brassica rapa is one of the most valuable vegetable crops worldwide. Cultivated varieties of B. rapa exhibit diverse developmental and morphological appearances, which includes important vegetables, oilseeds, and fodder crops. In this study, various phenotypes of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of B. rapa were investigated, including their responses to five different pathogenic Botrytis cinerea isolates, responses to aphid and thrips during flowering stages, days to flowering, and plant heights. Responses of 113 RILs to five different B. cinerea isolates showed variations, suggesting that genetic factors controlling resistance or tolerance against each isolate were dependent on isolate/genotype pairs. Correlation analysis was performed to understand the nature of genetic factors and the relationship among these phenotypes. Although high levels of correlation were not detected between phenotypes assessed in this study, statistically significant correlation was detected for several combinations. Significant positive correlations were found for different B. cinerea isolates, supporting that certain levels of commonality could exist in genetic components controlling resistance against different B. cinerea isolates. Based on correlation analysis using numbers of insects counted on plants, it was speculated that genetic factors responsible for aphid tolerance or repellence might be also involved in the response against thrips. Relationship between vegetative growth and tolerance against B. cinereal or insects is rather more complicated. However, it was observed that shorter plants appeared to have a certain level of tolerance or repellence against both aphids and thrips. Data presented in this study could be used to assist further genetic studies and breeding efforts to obtain Botritis and insect resistance for B. rapa.

We collected 32 maize inbred lines from eastern cereal and oilseed research center in Canada to develop new maize varieties. We also evaluated genetic diversity, genetic relationships, and population structure using 35 SSR markers. A total of 269 alleles were revealed in 35 loci with an average of 7.69 and a range between 3 and 15 alleles per locus. The genetic diversity values varied from 0.176 to 0.889 with an average of 0.691. The polymorphic information content varied from 0.171 to 0.879 with an average of 0.659. Population structure analysis indicated that 32 Canadian maize inbred lines comprised four major groups and one admixed group based on a membership probability threshold of 0.80. The four major groups contained 13, 2, 5 and 2 maize inbred lines, respectively. From genetic relationships analysis, the all inbred lines were divided into three main groups at 26% genetic similarity. Group I included 22 inbred lines, and Group II included 9 inbred lines. Group III consist of only one inbred line. The results in this study would be useful for the improvement and development of new cultivars, planning crosses for hybrids or development of inbred line in maize breeding program

The rice recombinant inbred lines derived from Milyang23 and Gihobyeo cross were used in genetic mapping and QTL analysis studies. In this study, we developed a new 101 CAPS markers based on the SNPs in the whole genome region between these varieties. As a result, the total genetic distance and average distances were 1,696.97 cM and 3.64 cM, respectively. In comparison to the distance of the previous genetic map constructed based on 365 DNA markers, the new genetic map was found to have a decreased distance. The map was applied for the detection of QTLs on all seven traits relevant to diameter of stem internode, length of culms, length of panicles and the number of panicles including the correlation analysis between each trait. The QTLs results were similar to the report in previous studies, whereas the distance between the markers was narrowed and accuracy increased with the addition of 101 CAPS markers. A total of 9 new QTLs were detected for stem internode traits. Among them, qI1D-6 had higher LOD of 5.1 and phenotype variation of 50.92%. In this experiment, a molecular map was constructed with CAPS markers using next generation sequencing showing high accuracy for markers and QTLs. In the future, developing more accurate QTL information on stem internode diameters with various agriculturally important traits will be possible for further rice breeding.

This study was carried out to find a new corn cultivar with multiple tillers that is suitable for forage. Materials were developed at the Corn Breeding Laboratory of Chungnam National University. A total of 3,650 accessions were collected domestically and from other countries, including China. Among them, 16 CNU inbreds, tillering and non-tillering, were compared to each other in terms of stem heigh, number of tillers, fresh weight, and dry weight per plant. Of these surveyed traits, the stem heigh at tasseling stage was 140~190 cm and number of tillers per plant ranged from two to four. Fresh weight and dry weight of these lines were higher in the tillered than in the non-tillered sample.

Kimchi cabbage (known as Chinese cabbage) is one of the major vegetable in Korea. An inbred line ‘Wonkyo20042ho’, was developed by the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA in South Korea. The first cross carried out using ‘Norang gwandong’ which had been introduced to Korea in 2007. During segrerating generations, bud pollination carried out using selected plants to fix genetic materials. ‘Wonkyo20042ho’ inbred line was finally selected by breeders from commercial companies at the field exhibition at 2011. The horticultural traits of ‘Wonkyo20042ho’ inbred line were as follows; half-open head, yellow inner leaf colour, and dark green outer leaf colour. The average head weight was 1899.2g, head width and height were 17.5cm and 27.9cm, respectively. Numbers of outer and internal leaves were 14.3 and 66.5, respectively. Harvest maturity was mid-late maturing type and average of seed yield for three years was 723 seeds. In addition, ‘Wonkyo20042ho’ inbred line showed resistance to clubroot disease (race 4 single spore isolation) and possessed thin leaves and small sized head.

반이면 교잡을 통해 얻어진 36개의 F1 교잡종들에 대하여 수량 및 농업관련 형질에 대하여 조사하였다. 36개 교배조합 의 F1과 교배친의 잡종강세를 조사한 결과, F1의 잡종강세 정 도는 종실수량에서 156%로 가장 컸고, 100립중이 가장 작은 7%로 나타났다. 농업형질에 의한 교배친들 사이의 표현형적 거리는 육성된 계보와 차이가 있었으며, 농업형질만으로 유전 적 거리를 측정하는 것은 한계가 있었다. SSR 분석에 의한 유전적 거리와 농업형질과의 상관을 확인하기 위하여 9개의 자식계통에 대한 92개의 SSR primer를 확인한 결과, 육성 계 보에 의한 유연관계를 명확하게 나타내지 못하여 표현형적 거리와 SSR 마커에 의한 유전적 거리에서도 유의성을 찾을 수 없었다. 본 연구에서는 옥수수 종실수량과 SSR 분석을 통 한 유전적 거리 사이의 유의성이 없었다. 따라서 종실수량과 정의 상관을 보이는 9개의 primer 조합을 선발하였다. 9개의 SSR primer들을 이용한 계통유연관계를 분석에서 옥수수 계 통들의 계보와 선발된 SSR을 이용한 유전적 거리는 연관성 을 찾을 수 없었지만, 종실수량과 선발된 9개의 SSR primer 를 이용한 유전적 거리와는 고도의 정의 상관을 보였다 (R2=0.703**). 선발된 SSR primer를 이용한 유전적 거리와 교잡종의 주요 농업형질의 상관 분석 결과, 교잡종 자체의 수 량구성의 모든 요소뿐만 아니라 간장, 착수고도 유의성을 보 였고, 평균에 대한 잡종강세와는 종실수량이 정의 상관을 보 였다. 본 연구에서 선발한 9개의 SSR primer들은 옥수수 육 종연구에서 교배조합 구성을 위한 잡종강세 예측에 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

Understanding how crops interact with their environments is increasingly important in breeding program, especially in light of highly anticipated climate changes. A total of 150 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of F12 generation derived from Dasanbyeo (Indica) x TR22183 (Japonica) were evaluated at Suwon 2010, Shanghai 2010, IRRI 2010 wet season, Suwon 2011, Shanghai 2011, IRRI 2011 dry season, and IRRI 2011 wet season as a total of seven diverse environments. Traits evaluation included eight important agronomical traits such as days to heading (DTH), culm length (CL), panicle length (PL), panicle number per plant (PN), spikelet number per panicle (SN), spikelet fertility (SF), 100-grain weight (GW), and grain yield (GY). As a result of genotyping using 384-plex GoldenGate oligo pool assay (OPA) set (RiceOPA3.1), the linkage map for 235 SNP markers covering a total of 926.53 cM with an average interval of 4.01 cM was constructed and a total of 44 main-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL)s and 35 QTLs by environment interaction (QEI) were detected for all eight traits using single environment and multi-environments analysis, respectively. Of these, fourteen putative QTLs for DTH, CL, PN, SN, GW and GY found in single environment analysis had the similar position to QEI for those traits, suggesting that these same QTLs from both single-and multi-environments are major and stable for certain traits. To the best of our knowledge, 12 QTLs consisted of four QTLs for CL (qCL2, qCL8.1, qCL8.2, and qCL8.3), six QTLs for GW (qGW3.1, qGW3.2, qGW7, qGW8, qGW10.1, and qGW10.2), one QTL for GY (qGY3) and one for SF (qSF4) out of 44 QTLs obtained from single environment analysis were considered to be novel since no overlapping QTL was reported from previous studies. In addition, 12 out of 35 QTLs obtained from multi-environments analysis were also novel.

In this study we evaluate the informative and efficiency of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and Sequence Specific Amplified Polymorphism (SSAP) markers for genetic diversity, genetic relationship and population structure among 87 super sweet corn inbred lines generated by different origins. The SSR showed relatively higher level of the average gene diversity and shannon’s information index value than that of the SSAP. To assess genetic relationship and to characterize among 87 super sweet corn inbred lines using the SSR and SSAP markers. The dendrogram using SSR marker divided into nine groups of clusters were observed at the genetic similarity value 53.0%. For SSAP marker, Total three main clusters were confirmed in genetic similarity value at 50.8%. Result of combine data for SSR and SSAP markers showed six subgroup were detected in genetic similarity at 53.5%. To confirm population structure, the total 87 super sweet corn inbred lines were divided into groups I, II and admixed group based on membership probability 0.8 for SSR and SSAP markers. However population structure using combine data was K=3 and divided into group I, II, III and admixed group. This study has demonstrated the comparative analysis of SSR and SSAP for the study of genetic diversity and the genetic relationship for super sweet corn inbred lines. Thus, the results of this study will be useful to maize breeding programs in Korea.

Understanding the response of a crop to water deficiency is the first step towards breeding drought-tolerant varieties. In this study, inbred maize (Zea mays L.) lines KS140 and KS141 were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for 10 days at the V5 or V6 leaf stage. Water-deficient plants experienced a decrease in relative leaf water content, stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation rate, and water use efficiency compared to well-watered plants. This was accompanied by a decrease in the relative leaf water content that resulted in severe growth retardation in KS140 and KS141. However, leaf chlorophyll content in KS140 was unchanged. To understand the proteome dynamics during the 10-day drought stress in maize leaves, comparative proteome analysis was carried out between the well-watered and water-withheld leaves. Differential expression was observed for 29 protein spots from KS140 and 14 protein spots from KS141, and these were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Among identified proteins, metabolism and stress related proteins were highly were increased by drought stress. This study provides a protein profile of a Korean maize inbred line during drought stress, which will be valuable for future studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying drought resistance and for development of selective breeding markers for drought tolerance in maize.

본 연구는 경상북도 농업기술원에서 초당옥수수 품종개발을 위하여 육성한 100개의 자식계통들에 대하여 총 8개의 질적 및 양적 형질들을 이용하여 형태적 변이 연구를 수행하였다. 2개의 질적 형질들의 조사 결과에서, 종피색(QL1)은 황색을 나타내는 계통(91계통)들이 가장 많았고, 유묘활력(QL2)은 대부분의 계통(68계통)이 약한 특성을 나타내었다. 6개의 양적 형질들에 대한 조사에서, 각 형질 별 평균값은 출웅일수(QN1) 45.9±3.1일, 출사일수(QN2) 49.6±3.4일, 출웅기-출사기 간격(QN3) 3.7±1.1일, 분얼수(QN4) 1.2±0.9개, 간장(QN5) 141.4±15.3 cm, 착수고(QN6) 55.3±11.4 cm를 각각 나타내었다. 주성분분석에서 분석에 이용한 8개의 형질들 중 유묘활력(QL2)과 분얼수(QN4)는 제 1 주성분에서 음의 방향에 크게 기여하였고, 출웅일수(QN1)와 출사일수(QN2)는 양의 방향으로 크게 기여하였다. 반면에 제 2 주성분에서는 착수고(QN6)와 간장(QN5)은 양의 방향에 크게 기여하였다. 따라서 제 1축 및 제 2축의 주성분에서 크게 기여한 형질들은 100개의 초당옥수수 자식계통들을 식별하는데 유용한 형질들인 것으로 생각되었다. 본 연구에서 100개의 초당옥수수 자식계통들에 대한 형태적 변이 및 주성분분석의 결과는 국내 초당옥수수 품종개발을 위한 계통 육성 및 교배조합 구성 등에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.