This study analyzed the chemical characteristics and physiological activity of five kinds of fresh vegetables produced in trees in early spring and tried to use them as basic data for wild vegetable producers and processed food manufacturers using wild vegetables. The crude protein, minerals, ascorbic acid, folate, total phenol, total flavonoid, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitory activity were determined. Five spring wild vegetables contain high protein and phosphorus, indicating that they are useful food ingredients as sources of protein and phosphorus. Vitamin C content was high in R. venicifera and C. sinensis shoots, and in particular, R. venicifera and A. cortex shoots have high folic acid (folate) contents of 1,903.91 ug% and 1,525.35 ug%, respectively, which is considered a good food for folic acid intake in spring. The total phenol content was between 0.52% and 1.27%, and it was the highest in C. sinensis of 1.27%, followed by the order of R. venicifera, A.cortex, K.pictus, and A. elata, which tended to be consistent with the total flavonoid content. As for DPPH radical scavenging ability, C. sinensis (55.93%) showed the highest activity, and ACE inhibitory activity showed the highest activity in A. cortex (88.04%).

The aim of this study was to select compounds for the standardization of fermented Kalopanax pictus Nakai (KP-F), to develop the analysis method using HPLC-PDA and to perform method validation. KP-F is a fermented powder developed to improve the original physiological activities and create a new functionality. Eleutheroside E, Acanthoside B, and Syringaresinol were selected as the standard compounds and developed our own method for simultaneous analysis. The analyte was isolated using C18 column with a gradient elution of 0.05 M phosphoric acid in water and methanol as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detected at 210 nm. As a result, all standard compounds showed good linearity with an R2 (coefficient of correlation) of 1.000 and for the limit of detection range of 0.710~0.831 μg/mL, and the limit of quantification as 2.150~2.520 μg/mL. The precision was RSD (%) of less than 4.80%, while the accuracy was 4.70%>RSD (%) for the range 102.44~110.48%. In conclusion, the developed analysis method is suitable for the detection of Eleutheroside E, Acanthoside B, and Syringaresinol in KP-F.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fermented Kalopanax pictus (KP-F) on macrophage activation and its effect as a competitive inhibitor of LPS and inhibitory effect on endotoxemia. The results showed that KP-F could activate macrophage in a dose-dependent manner, and KP-F was confirmed to act as a ligand for TLR4. Also, it was found that KP-F did not exhibit the same biotoxicity as LPS in intraperitoneal injection, and that it could suppress the neutrophil migration induced by LPS administration. In normal mice, the body weight, tissue weight, and amount of nitrite and pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum showed no significant changes with KP-F diet for 2 weeks, confirming that administration of KP-F in normal mice did not lead to over activation of immune response and biotoxicity. In the mouse model of endotoxemia induced by LPS and D-galactosamine(D-GalN) in sub-lethal dose, the diet of KP-F effectively inhibited the amount of nitrite and cytokines in the blood, and thus was found to be able to relieve the hepatic and kidney injury. In addition, in the endotoxemia mouse model induced by LPS and D-GalN of lethal dose, the survival rate was increased by KP-F diet in a dose-dependent manner.

본 연구는 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체로 발효시킨 엄나무 추출물의 항산화 및 항아밀로이드 활성을 알아보고자 하였다. 항산화 활성은 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) radical 소거 측정법을 사용하여 관찰하였다. 엄나무 추출물(KP), 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 추출물(HE), 엄나무 발효물(KP-HE)에서 모두 라디칼 소거활성이 관찰되었다. 그러나 KP-HE가 KP와 HE에 비해서 더 높은 소거 활성을 갖는 것으로 관찰되었다. KP-HE는 peroxyl radical에 의한 DNA의 산화적 손상을 억제하였다. 알츠하이머병 (Alzheimer's disease: AD)과 관련 있는 Aβ1-42의 응집에 KP, HE, KP-HE가 어떤 영향을 미치는 지를 알아보았다. KP와 HE는 Aβ1-42의 응집에 거의 영향을 미치지 않았고 KP-HE는 Aβ1-42의 응집을 효과적으로 억제하였다. 또한 Aβ1-42에 의한 신경세포 사멸에 엄나무 발효물을 300 μg/mL 농도로 전 처리한 세포생존율은 20.3% 높게 증가되었다. 또한 엄나무 발효물을 50 μg/mL 농도로 처리했을 경우 세포 내 ROS의 축적이 유의적으로 감소되었다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 관찰된 결과들을 통해 엄나무 발효물은 항산화 및 항아밀로이드 활성을 가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 엄나무 발효물은 알츠하이머병과 같은 퇴행성 뇌질환을 예방할 수 있는 식품소재로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 신경퇴행성질환과 밀접한 관련이 있는 neurofilament-L(NF-L)의 산화적 손상에 엄나무 발효물이 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 용액 상에서 peroxyl radical을 생성하는 AAPH를 처리하여 NFL의 산화적 변형을 유도하고 엄나무 추출물(KP), 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 추출물(HE), 엄나무 발효물(KP-HE)을 각각 처리하여 어떤 영향을 미치는 지를 알아보고자 하였다. KP와 HE는 peroxyl radical에 의한 NF-L의 산화적 손상을 막지 못했으나 KP-HE는 NF-L의 변형을 효과적으로 억제하였다. KP-HE는 peroxyl radical에 의한 NF-L 변형에서 나타나는 dityrosine 형성을 효과적으로 억제하였고 peroxyl radical 소거활성도 증가시켰다. 파킨슨병 환자에서 발견되는 신경독성물질인 tetrahydropapaveroline(THP)에 의한 NFL의 변형에 KP, HE, KP-HE가 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 그 결과 KP-HE는 KP와 HE에 비해서 THP에 의한 NF-L의 변형을 효과적으로 억제하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 KP-HE는 THP에 의한 NF-L 변형에서 나타나는 dityrosine 형성도 효과적으로 억제하였고 THP에 의해 유도되는 활성산소 생성도 현저히 감소시켰다. 이와 같은 결과들은 KP-HE가 활성산소와 신경독성물질에 의한 산화적 스트레스로부터 세포를 보호해 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다. 그러므로 엄나무 발효물은 신경퇴행성질환을 예방할 수 있는 식품소재로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Abstract In this study, the antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts from Hibiscus esculentus, Cirsium japonicum, Zizania latifolia and Kalopanax pictus for functional food source were examined. The optimal conditions for phenolic compounds extraction from medicinal plants were at 50% ethanol with Hibiscus esculentus and Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense, at 40% ethanol with Kalopanax pictus and at 60% ethanol with Zizania latifolia. The total phenolic contents from the extracts of medical plants were determined to be 2.72~34.15 mg/g in the water extracts and 2.83~34.23 mg/g in the ethanol extracts. The electron-donating abilities (EDA) of the water and ethanol extracts were both above 74% at the low concentration of 50 μg/mL. The ABTS radical-cation decolorization was above 88% at 100 μg/mL concentration in all the extracts of various medicinal plants. The antioxidant protection factor (PF) in the water and ethanol extracts of the Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense extracts was 1.73 ± 0.02 PF and 1.76 ± 0.01 PF at 50 μg/mL concentration respectively, and was higher than those of the other medicinal-plant extracts. The TBARs inhibition rates of all the medicinal-plant extracts, were above 80% at the 50 μg/mL concentration except Hibiscus esculentus. These results confirmed that the various oriental medicinal plants (Hibiscus esculentus, Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense, Kalopanax pictus and Zizania latifolia) that were included in this study are useful anti-oxidant and functional-food resources.

해동피는 약리학적으로 진통, 소염작용이 있어, 허리와 무릎의 통증 등을 치료하는데 효과가 있다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 해동피(Kalopanax pictus)의 국산 및 중국산과 그 유사생약으로 사용되는 절동피(znthoxylum ailanthoides)의 국산과 중국산, 목면피(bombax malabaricum) 의 H2O 및 70% EtOH 추출물의 항위염 효과와 항산화효과에 대해 알아보았다. 먼저 HCl·EtOH로 유발한 흰쥐 위염 모델을 통해 효과를 확인하였고, 위염 및 위궤양, 위암의 원인으로 잘 알려진 H. pylori에 대한 colony 억제작 용과 대표적 공격인자인 과다한 산에 대한 억제작용을 확인 하고자 제산력 시험법을 실시하였다. 항위염 효과에 대한 항산화 기전으로는 DPPH 시험법, 환원력 시험법, β- carotene/linoleic acid syetem을 이용한 지질과산화 억제활성 시험을 실시하였고, 실험에 사용한 추출물 중 가장 효과가 우수한 해동피 국산 추출물을 이용하여 superoxide radical 및 hydrogen peroxide 소거 작용을 확인하였다. Indomethacin으로 유발한 흰쥐 위궤양 모델에서는 해동피 국 산 H2O 및 70% EtOH 추출물에서 각각 73.1%, 53.5%로 손상을 억제시킴을 확인하였다. 흰쥐를 이용한 gastric secretion 실험으로는 해동피 국산 H2O 및 70% EtOH 추출물이 위액의 분비를 줄이고, pH를 상승 시켰으며 총 산도를 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 해동피국산 및 중 국산, 절동피국산 및 중국산, 목면피중국산 해동피의 항산화 효과가 가장 우수하였으며 해동피 국산은 위염 및 위궤양에서 우수한 효과를 확인하였고, 건강 기능성 식품 및 천연물 의약품으로서의 개발 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 이 결과를 토대로 오랜 세월 한약재로 사용되어 온 해동피의 기원이 다른 유사품 및 불량약재의 무분별한 유통, 정확한 기원의 약재에 대한 기준 설정, 높아지는 한약재 수입 의존도에 따른 위품, 저질품의 혼입 방지와 객관적, 신뢰성 있는 표준규격 설정에 기여할 것으로 예상된다.

Background : Kalopanax pictus is one of the most popular wild vegetables in Korea. In recent years Kalopanax pictus has been developed which has no thorns that can be efficiently harvested. Kalopanax pictus, now without thorns, breeds only by root cutting. This makes the price of ineffective and invisible Kalopanax pictus high. Therefore, tissue culture is necessary for efficient mass proliferation of visibly absent Kalopanax pictus. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of anti-browning treatment on tissue culture of thornless Kalopanax pictus. Methods and Results : Thornless Kalopanax pictus young leaves were cut into 5 ㎜ in diameter and cultured for 1 month at 2,4-D 1 ppm + TDZ 0.1 ppm + 3% sucrose. Add 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2 ㎎/ℓ of browning inhibitor such as ascorbic acid, citric acid and activated charcoal to the MS + 2,4-D 0.2 ppm + 5% sucrose medium. And cultured at 25℃ for 24 hours Light condition for 1 month. In order to determine the optimum concentration of browning agent, characteristics such as callus size, adventitious shoot formation rate and browning degree were investigated. As a result, the callus size of ascorbic acid 0.05 ㎎/ℓ was the largest at 2.26 ± 0.4 ㎝ and the adventitious shoot formation rate was the highest at 16.4%. The degree of browning was 40.30 ± 4.92 in L value and 5.00 ± 2.23 in b value. Conclusion : When ascorbic acid 0.05 ㎎/ℓ is added to the secondary culture medium, the size of the callus increases and the degree of browning decreases. Using the above-mentioned results, we can establish a mass proliferation system through tissue culture of Thornless Kalopanax pictus.

The nutritional composition, bioactive components and antioxidant activities of the first and second sprouts of Kalopanax pictus, Cedrela sinensis and Acanthopanax cortex were investigated to increase the utilization of these sprouts. The moisture and crude lipid contents of the first sprout were higher than those of the second sprout, and the crude fiber and carbohydrate contents were higher in the second sprout. The organic acid content of the first sprout was higher than that of the second sprout. The second sprout had higher free amino acid contents in K. pictus and C. sinensis, and the first sprout had a higher content in A. cortex. Especially, the second sprout of K. pictus and C. sinensis had a higher level of glutamic acid, which is a major taste component of foods, than the first sprout. The second sprouts of all the samples had higher mineral levels than the first sprouts. In contrast, the first sprouts had higher total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and showed a higher antioxidant activity level, except for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the A. cortex. The results of this study show that the nutritive value of the second sprout was higher than that of the first sprout, but the bioactive components value of the second sprout was lower than that of the first sprout. Therefore, additional research is needed on the cultivation condition required to maintain the nutritive values and the antioxidant activities of these sprouts.

This study was carried out to investigate the food value of K. pictus sprouts. The total ginsenoside content was 67.4 mg/kg. Including Ginsenoside Rg1, a total of five different types were detected by the experiment. The total phenol content was 33.77 mg/100 g. Including seven different type of essential amino acids, the total amino acid content of K. pictus sprouts was 33,744 mg/100 g. The results of the analysis of the free amino acid content showed that the total bitterness was much higher than the total sweetness. From the above results, the food characteristics of K. pictus sprouts could be determined. To improve their consumption, their bitterness must be reduced.

The sensory properties of Kalopanax pictus and Cedrela sinensis shoots were analyzed according to their blanching conditions and the thawing methods used. For the Hunter colors, the K. pictus that was blanched without adding salt for 6 min had the highest L value, and the C. sinensis that was blanched with 1% salt for 6 min had the highest L value. The chlorophyll content of K. pictus was 141.1 mg% when it was blanched for 3 min with 2% salt, and the chlorophyll content of C. sinensis that was blanched without adding salt for 6 min was highest (124.8 mg%). When K. pictus and C. sinensis were blanched without salt addition for 3 min, their texture showed a higher value than that of the other samples. The sensory test result showed the highest overall preference for the sample that was blanched without adding salt for 3 min, among all the samples. The L value of the K. pictus that was thawed in a microwave oven was significantly higher than that of the other samples, but the L value of the C. sinensis that was thawed at 4℃ was higher than that of the other samples. As for the overall preference for the samples according to the thawing method used, K. pictus and C. sinensis scored highest in the case of thawing in a microwave oven.

The quality characteristics of kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots during their preservation were investigated according to the salt conditions and storage temperatures to improve the use of the shoots. The results were as follows: the pH of kalopanax pictus shoots duing their storage did not changes with 10% and 12% brine at 4℃ and with 12% brine at 10℃. The pH of Aralica elata shoots is at 4℃ tended to be similar to the kalopanax pictus shoot and decreased at the storage temperature of 10℃. The salinity of the kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots tended to increase during their storage and did not change significantly as their storage temperature changed. The L values of kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots tended to decrease gradually during their storage, and the salt concentrations appeared high. The b value of the kalopanax pictus shoot tended to increase and that of the Aralica elata shoots, to decrease gradually. The a value tended to increase gradually but did not differ with variations in the storage temperatures and salt concentrations. The strength and the hardness of the kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots tended to decreased gradually during their storage and highest in 10% brine at 4℃, and those of Aralica elata shoots were highest in 8-10% brine at 4℃. The Chlorophyll contents of the kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots tended to decrease during their salt storage and did not change significantly as the temperatures and salt concentrations changed. Therefore, it can be concluded that the quality of kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots can be maintained when the are stored in 10% brine at 4℃.

배발생 캘러스 유도 실험을 통해 음나무의 대량 증식의 가능성을 제시하였다. 절편체의 부위 및 호르몬 농도에 따라 약간의 차이는 보였으나 대부분의 조건에서 배발생 캘러스가 유기되었다. 특히 엽병 절편체에 비하여 잎 절편체에서 배발생 캘러스 유기가 더 활발히 이루어졌으며, 2.0mg/l의 2,4-D와 0.1mg/l의 BA를 혼합 처리한 조건에서 가장 많이 유기됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 배발생 캘러스의 대량 증식을 위하여 현탁배양을 실시한 결과 1.0mg/l의 2,4-D를 첨가한 배양액이 증식에 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 무기염류를 1/2로 반감한 B5 배지와 White 배지가 적당한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 탄소원은 3%의 농도를 사용하였을 때 캘러스 증식 뿐만 아니라 체세포 배의 발아에도 적당한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 실험 결과는 생물반응기를 이용한 음나무의 대량 생산을 가능하게 하는 기초 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

다양한 광환경에 대한 음나무 유묘의 생장특성과 엽록소 함량, 파장별 흡광도, 광합성 속도 등 광합성 특성을 조사하였다. 엽면적, 엽병길이 , RGR은 낮은 광조건에서 생장시킨 개체에서 크게 나타났고, SLW는 강한 광조건에서 각각 생장한 개체에서 높았다. 엽록소 함량은 염록소 a, 엽록소 b, 엽록소 a+b 함량 등은 낮은 광조건에서 생장시킨 개체에서 높았고, 엽록소 a/b 율은 강한 광조건에서 각각 생장한 개체에서 높았다. 광합성 유효파장역에서 평균 흡광값은 음엽이 0.75로 양엽의 0.70보다 높았다. 광합성 속도는 강한 광조건에서 생장한 개체가 높은 광합성 속도를 나타내었다. 광포화점은 전광조건 하에서 생육시킨 유묘에서 700 μmol·m-2·s-1, 임내광 조건에서 생육시킨 조건에서 300 μmol·m-2·s-1이었고, 생장상의 강광조건에서는 500 μmol·m-2·s-1, 약광조건에서는 300 μmol·m-2·s-1이었다.

Kalopanax pictus is a long-lived woody species mostly distributed in East Asia. K. pictus has been regarded as medically and ecologically important species in Korea. Thornless castor aralia variant, local name 'Cheongsong' is an endemic to Cheongsong province in Korea. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to investigate the genetic variation and structure of Korean populations of two species. A high level of genetic variation was found in six K. pictus populations. Twelve primers revealed 49 loci, of which 29 were polymorphic (59.2%). Nei's gene diversity for K.pictus and K. pictus variant were 0.119 and 0.098, respectively. Mean of genetic diversity in K. pictus was higher than average values for species with similar life history traits. The asexual and sexual reproduction, perennial habitat, and longevity are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=0.857) indicated that gene flow was not extensive among Korean populations of K.pictus. It is suggested that the isolation of geographical distance and reproductive isolation between K.pictus and K.pictus variant populations may have played roles in shaping the population structure of this species.

음나무 껍질을 추출한 추출물에 대하여 농축 및 당첨가에대한 변화를 살펴보았다. Glucose 첨가 추출물은 첨가하지 않은 추출물보다 pH가 낮게 나타났으나 저장기간이 경과함에 따라증가하였다. 색도의 경우 당도 및 glucose 첨가량이 높아질수록 명도 및 황색도는 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었으며 전반적으로 저장기간이 길어지면서 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 총산에 있어서는 다소 낮은 유기산 함량을 나타내었으며 저장기간에 따른 큰 변화는 보이지 않았다

Several plant growth regulators were examined for on their effect on the in vitro propagation of Kalopanax pictus(THUNB.) (NAKAI.) on WPM medium. Among the cytokinins tested, BA at 13.32 μM appeared to be the most effective for multiple axillary shoot formation. Although the addition of 2.89 μM GA3 promoted stem elongation, it produced morphologically abnormal leaves and stems. For rooting of the shoots, 4.9 μM IBA seemed to be more effective than 2.69 μM NAA. When the regenerated plants were transferred on artificial mixture containing vermiculite and peat-moss (1 : 1, v/v), 81% of them survived and grew normally.

본 실험은 돌연변이원성 억제작용을 검토하기 위하여 Ames test에서 양성반응을 나타내며, 물질 그 자체로서 돌연변이를 유발하는 직접 변이원물질로 MNNG와 4NQO 그리고 대사활성을 필요로 하는 간접 변이원 물질인 B(a)P를 사용하여 각각의 농도에 따른 돌연변이원성 억제효과를 검토하였다. 그 결과 직접 변이원으로 사용된 MNNG(0.4μg/plate)의 경우 S. typhimurium TA100 균주에서 시료농도 100μg/plate에서 메탄올 추출물이 89.3%로 가장 높은 억제효과가 나타났다. 또한, 핵산, 부탄올 분획물에서도 각각 75.53, 72.68%로 높은 억제효과를 보였다. 4NQO(0.15μg/plate)에 대한 S. typhimurium TA98 균주에서 시료농도 100μg/plate에서 메탄올 추출물이 79.29%로 가장 높은 억제효과를 나타냈으며, TA100 균주의 경우에서는 핵산 분획물에서 79.49%로 가장 높은 억제효과를 나타내었다. 또한, B(a)P(10μg/plate)에서는 TA98, TA100 두 균주에서 모두, 75μg/plate의 시료농도에서 메탄올 추출물이 75.38, 68.85%로 가장 높은 억제효과를 보였다. 암세포주(A549, Hep3B, MCF-7)에 대한 음나무 내피 추출물의 세포독성을 알아보기 위하여 실험한 결과 폐암세포주인 A549에서는 핵산 분획물(1000μg/ml)이 81.54%로 가장 높은 억제효과를 나타내었으며, 간암 세포주인 Hep3B에서도 핵산 분획물(1000μg/ml)이 78.57%로 가장 높은 억제효과를 나타냈다. 유방암 세포주인 MCF-7에서도 핵산 분획물(1000μg/ml)이 81.92%로 가장 높은 억제효과를 보였으며, 에칠아세테이트 분획물에서도 우수한 성장 저해효과를 나타냈다. 정상 간세포주인 293에 대한 시료농도에 따른 세포독성 효과를 보면 1000μg/ml 시료 첨가시 암세포주에 대하여 대부분 50% 이상의 억제율을 보이는데 반해 293세포에 대해서는 25% 이하의 성장 저해효과를 보였다. 이는 암세포주에 대한 높은 억제효과에 비해 정상 세포주에 대해서는 비교적 낮은 독성효과를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다.