Scymnus folchinii Canepari, 1979 is reported here for the first time in Korea, based on specimens collected from Dokdo and Ulleungdo Islands, the easternmost islands in the East Sea. Specimens were collected in 2022 and 2024 using malaise traps and sweep-netting in the coastal cliff grasslands of both islands and in grassland adjacent to the Namyang Stream on Ulleungdo Island. In this study, we provide detailed information on the general habitus, diagnostic morphological traits, and COI gene barcodes of the species. Based on COI gene sequences, S. folchinii showed distinct p-distances from S. babai Sasaji (>15.20%) and from S. ferrugatus (Moll) (>14.74%), both species previously recorded on Dokdo Island. This new record from these isolated volcanic islands underscores the need for further research on the genus Scymnus to enhance our understanding of its taxonomy and distribution in Korea.

This study quantitatively analyzed the ecological niche breadth (ENB) of 27 freshwater mollusk species (11,406 occurrence records) in Korea based on macroenvironmental gradients, including climate, topography, and land cover. We combined Levins’ index values (B: niche breadth, BA: equitability) with optimum-tolerance analysis (optimum value and tolerance range, t95-t05) to determine species-specific habitat strategies and environmental responses. The analysis revealed a distinct dichotomy in the habitat strategies of Korean freshwater mollusks, separating cold-water, lowdisturbance types in upstream areas from warm-water, disturbance-tolerant types in downstream areas, mainly structured by thermal and land-cover gradients. Species, such as Semisulcospira libertina, Radix auricularia, and the alien species Physa acuta, were identified as generalists, showing high B values but low BA values, suggesting that they are capable of inhabiting diverse environments but concentrate their presence in certain environmental conditions. Conversely, Koreoleptoxis nodifila and Clithon retropictum were classified as specialists with low B values and intermediate to high BA values, indicating stable and equitable distribution within restricted environmental limits. Urbanization appeared to be an influential limiting factor, showing low BA values for most species, whereas agricultural areas showed higher BA values, suggesting a comparatively broader habitat possibility. Notably, K. nodifila, a critically endangered and endemic species, showed optimal habitat conditions of low temperature (10.65°C), low urbanization (4.82%), and high forest cover (57.34%), confirming its status as a cold-water indicator species adapted to forested upstream systems. The study findings provide a quantitative framework to assess the environmental tolerance, vulnerability, and conservation priorities of Korean freshwater mollusks.

한국 특산식물 조도만두나무에서 처음으로 Epicephala 나방의 수분 매개 활동이 확인되었다. 형태학적 및 DNA 바코드 분석 결과, 이 수분매 개자는 일본과 대만에서만 알려져 있던 Epicephala obovatella Kawakita and Kato, 2016 (조도만두가는나방, 신칭)으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 이 종의 분포를 한국으로 확장시키며, 조도만두나무가 Glochidion–Epicephala 의무적 수분 상호작용에 참여함을 처음으로 입증한다. 이러한 결과는 분포가 제한된 특산식물의 보전 전략에서 기주식물과 수분매개자를 함께 고려해야 함을 시사한다.

목적: 한국 성인을 대상으로 세 가지 측정방법에 따른 평균 동공간거리를 제시하고 측정방식에 따른 차이를 평가하고 자 하였다 방법 : 숙련된 한명의 검사자가 세 가지 방법(PD 미터, PD 자, 자동안굴절력계)을 이용하여 단안 및 양안에서 원거리 동공간거리를 측정하였다. 정치는 평균±표준편차로 나타내었으며, Paired t-test를 이용하여 기기에 따른 측정값 평균의 차이를 비교하였다. Pearson correlation을 이용하여 측정방식 간 상관계수를 구하였으며, 두 기기 로 측정한 값의 일치도는 Bland-Altman plots 분석을 시행하여 95% 일치도 한계(일치도 하한, 일치도 상한)로 나타내었다. 결과 : 평균연령은 21±2.3세 이었으며, 성별은 남자가 47명(49.5%), 여자가 48명(50.5%)이었다. 세 가지 측 정 장비 모두 남자가 여자에 비하여 유의하게 컸다. 연구 대상자의 양안 평균 동공간거리는 PD 미터 62.53±3.22 mm, PD 자 63.16±3.29 mm, 자동안굴절력계 63.37±3.46 mm로 측정되었다. 대응표본 t검정을 이용하여 측정 방법에 따른 차이를 평가한 결과 PD 미터는 PD 자와 평균적으로 –0.64±2.84 mm의 차이를 보였고(p=0.031), 자 동안굴절력계와 평균적으로 -0.84±2.20 mm의 차이를 보였다(p<0.001). PD 자와 자동안굴절력계는 유의한 차이 를 보이지 않았다. 양안에서 95% 일치도 한계는 PD 미터와 PD 자가 –6.21∼4.93 mm, PD 미터와 자동안굴절력 계 –5.16∼3.47 mm, PD 자와 자동굴절력계 –6.49∼6.08 mm였다. 동공간 거리가 3.5 mm 이상 차이가 나는 경 우는 PD 미터와 PD 자가 18명(18.9%), PD 미터와 자동안굴절력계가 14명(14.7%), PD 자와 자동안굴절력계가 20명(21.1%)이었다. 결론 : 세 기기 간의 평균 차이는 모두 1 mm 이내로 임상적으로 유의한 수준의 불편을 유발하지 않는 범위로 판단되었으나 측정 방식에 따라 3.5 mm 이상 차이가 났던 14.7∼21.1%는 안경을 조제·가공하여 만들었을 때 측 정방식에 따른 오차로 인하여 시각적 불편 및 증상을 호소할 가능성이 있다.

노린재과(Pentatomidae)에 속하는 꼬마갈색노린재속(Plautia Stål)은 중간 정도의 크기, 녹색 몸체, 그리고 갈색을 띠는 반시초(hemelytra) 가 특징인 속이다. 특히 갈색날개노린재와 같은 일부 종은 중요한 농업 해충으로 간주되어 이들의 방제에 대한 연구의 필요성이 높다. 본 연구는 한 국산 Plautia 속의 분류 현황을 검토하고 관련된 기생자(parasitoids) 정보를 제공하는 것을 목표로 했다. 재검토 결과, 한국에서 P. splendens Distant, 1900으로 알려졌던 꼬마갈색노린재는 P. himechabane Ishikawa and Moriya, 2019로 재동정되었다. 각 종들은 종별 사진과 암수 생식 기 구조를 기반으로 분류되었으며, 색상 변이와 암컷 저정낭(spermatheca)의 관찰 가능한 차이를 보여주는 그림이 포함되었다. 추가적으로, 알려 진 꼬마갈색노린재속에 대한 기생자의 목록을 검토했으며, 새로 발견된 두 종의 꼬마갈색노린재속 관련 응애에 대한 정보를 제공한다. 이 응애 중에 는 한국에서 처음으로 기록되는 Lobogynium 속이 포함된다.

국가표준식물목록(KPNI)의 국명 추천명은 일반명이나 학명 의 번역으로 작성되기도 하지만, 적절한 대체어가 없을 경우 라틴어 학명을 그대로 음역하여 제시된다. 그러나 기존 규칙은 비라틴어 기원의 라틴화 소명까지 포괄하지 못하여 동일한 철자에서 서로 다른 한글 표기가 나타나는 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서 는 목록의 일관성을 평가하고 불일치가 발생하는 문자열을 도출 하고자 2025년 7월 기준 재배식물 11,905분류군에서 추출된 라틴어 소명 3,230건을 현행 음역 기준과 대조하였다. 그 결과 489건(15.1%)이 기준과 일치하지 않았으며, 이 중 단순 오류는 57건(11.7%), 규칙 불일치는 432건(88.3%)으로 나타났다. 규 칙 불일치는 일반 규칙 위반(316건), 명시 규칙 위반(62건), 영 어식 표기(33건), 일반명식 표기(21건)으로 세분되었다. 불일치 사례는 주로 h의 생략, 이중 자음의 단순화 등 현행 규정에서 다루지 않은 음소 조합에서 집중적으로 발생하였다. 본 연구에 서 도출된 60가지 주요 불일치 발생 철자와 조합은 향후 라틴어 학명 한글 음역 규칙의 정확성과 일관성을 제고하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 것이다.

본 연구는 국가표준식물목록(KPNI)에 수록된 재배식물 6,346 종을 대상으로 주요 국제 데이터베이스(POWO, WFO, GBIF, Tropicos, EPPO, GRIN)와의 학명 비교 및 자생지 분석을 수 행하였다. 자료는 마지막으로 업데이트 된 최신 버전을 활용하 였으며, R 프로그램을 통해 학명, 명명자, 분류군, 학명 상태를 정리·표준화한 후 KPNI와 대조하였다. 분석 결과, 전반적으로 모든 데이터베이스에서 정명의 비율이 가장 높았고, 그 중 POWO와 WFO가 정명 비율이 특히 높았으며, GRIN과 GBIF 또한 정명이 다수를 차지하였다. 그러나 이명 및 기타 범주 처리 방식은 데이터베이스별로 상이하였다. POWO, WFO, GBIF는 이명을 2-3개 항목으로 구분한 반면, EPPO와 GRIN은 단순히 accepted와 not accepted로 제시하였다. Tropicos는 Bulk Name Matching 기능을 통해 합법명과 비합법명(illegitimate) 만을 구분하였다. 또한 학명 불일치 처리 비율은 POWO와 WFO 에서 적었으나, EPPO와 GRIN에서는 상대적으로 높게 나타났 다. 이러한 차이는 데이터베이스별 분류학적 관리 수준과 해석 범위의 차이를 반영하며, 향후 국내 재배식물 목록과 국제 데이 터베이스 간 동기화의 필요성을 시사한다.

본 연구는 해안림 복원에 활용되는 자생식물인 돈나무 (Pittosporum tobira), 통보리사초(Carex kobomugi), 순비기 나무(Vitex rotundifolia)의 테트라졸륨(tetrazolium, TZ) 검정 조건을 규명하고자 하였다. 세 종의 종자 모두 절개하지 않은 상태에서는 활력이 관찰되지 않았으나, 절개 후에는 각각 96.7%, 57.5%, 60.7%의 활력이 관찰되어 절개가 필수적이었 다. 이는 과피 또는 종피가 TZ 용액의 침투를 물리･화학적으로 제한하기 때문이다. 돈나무는 25-35oC에서 24시간 처리만으 로도 높은 활력을 보였다. 통보리사초는 30-35oC, 24-48시간 처리에서 비교적 높은 활력을 보였으나, 처리 온도와 시간에 따른 활력 차이는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 이는 종자의 작은 배 크기와 단단한 과포로 인해 TZ 용액의 침투가 제한되었 기 때문으로 판단된다. 또한, 7월 성숙기에 채종한 종자와 10월 탈리가 시작된 시기에 채종한 종자 간에 활력 차이가 관찰되어 활력 검정 시 종자의 성숙 단계를 고려할 필요가 있다. 순비기나 무는 25-30oC에서 48시간 처리 시 90%의 활력을 보였다. 결론 적으로, 종자의 구조와 성숙도를 반영한 종별 TZ 검정 조건을 설정하면 국내 자생식물 종자의 활력 평가 정확도를 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

최근 국내 자생식물의 이용에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있으며, 이들의 상업적·경제적 가치로 인해 수요 또한 확대되고 있다. 섬괴불나무는 새로운 관상식물로서의 잠재력이 높고 우수한 유전 자원으로 평가되지만, 해당 식물에 대한 증식 관련 기초 자료는 아직 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국 특산종인 섬괴불 나무의 효율적인 대량 증식 체계를 확립하기 위해 실험을 수행하 였다. 식물생장조절제 처리는 발근율 향상에 효과적인 것으로 확인되었으며, 통계적으로 유의한 결과를 나타냈다. 특히 IBA와 NAA 처리구, Rootone을 포함한 처리에서 농도가 증가함에 따라 뿌리 생장이 촉진되는 긍정적인 효과가 확인되었다. 이러한 결과를 통해 줄기 삽목을 이용한 섬괴불나무의 대량 증식이 가능 할 것으로 판단되며, 실용적인 증식 시스템 구축을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on the effects of ChatGPT-assisted instruction on English writing in Korean EFL contexts. A systematic search in RISS yielded 401 records; after screening under PRISMA procedures, 12 studies reporting writing outcomes were included and analyzed. Effect sizes were computed as Hedges’ g and pooled using random-effects models. The random-effects mean indicated a medium-tolarge improvement in writing (g = 0.6867). Mixed-effects subgroup analyses detected no statistically significant differences by experimental design (pre-experimental vs. quasiexperimental), educational level (tertiary vs. secondary), or region (metropolitan vs. others). Meta-regression trends for duration (weeks, positive) and weekly intensity (sessions/week, negative) were suggestive but not statistically significant. Overall, ChatGPT-supported writing instruction yields meaningful gains and shows consistent effects at both secondary and tertiary levels; in practice, it is well suited to complement teacher feedback. Future studies should expand samples in secondary and nonmetropolitan settings and employ stronger designs to clarify how duration and intensity shape outcomes.

This study examined Korean university students’ ability to distinguish between authentic and modified spoken English texts and their perceptions of each in relation to language learning and content appeal. A total of 125 students completed a questionnaire after listening tasks, assessing their perceptions in three domains: authenticity versus modification, language learning, and content appeal. Questionnaire responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests. The results indicated that participants could distinguish between the two types of texts. Modified texts were rated significantly higher for clarity and fluency, whereas authentic texts were viewed as more reflective of natural speech, including features such as unclear pronunciation and hesitation. Pronunciation clarity, however, was not perceived to significantly influence listening comprehension or difficulty. Participants evaluated modified texts more favorably for supporting language learning, particularly in pronunciation, listening skill development, and content understanding. Both text types were considered similarly effective for comprehending real-life conversations. Regarding content appeal, modified texts were rated as more engaging, though no significant differences emerged in their usefulness for real-life application or new information. These findings highlight the pedagogical importance of using both authentic and modified texts to address diverse learner needs.

National parks serve as protected areas that ensure the sustainable use of representative natural ecosystems. In South Korea, approximately 46% of the nation’s total species and 65% of its endangered species inhabit national parks. Comprehensive resource surveys have been conducted every 5 years in accordance with the Natural Parks Act to safeguard these invaluable biological resources. However, species identification in these surveys still largely relies on traditional methods, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and often subject to investigator bias. This study investigated freshwater fish communities in stream ecosystems at four national parks-Seoraksan, Woraksan, Deogyusan, and Hallyeohaesang-using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to evaluate the consistency of its results with those of conventional surveys. A total of 33 fish species (five orders, 11 families) were recorded in both methods. eDNA detected 31 species (detection rate: 93.9%), whereas conventional methods identified 22 species (66.7%). However, species richness values were significantly correlated between the two methods. eDNA exhibited higher detection efficiency (88.7-100.0%) across all parks than conventional methods (64.3-72.2%). Six endangered species were identified in total, four of which (66.7%) were detected by eDNA. The results indicate that eDNA metabarcoding provides a more sensitive, efficient, and reliable tool for assessing freshwater fish diversity in national parks than conventional methods. Overall, eDNA offers a valuable complement or potential alternative to conventional survey methods for the long-term monitoring of freshwater fish biodiversity.

가시귀진드기(Otobius megnini (Dugès)) (거미강: 참진드기목: 참진드기과)는 전 세계적으로 분포하며, 말에게 감염 시 신경근육장애와 연관 이 있다는 보고가 있으며, 국내에서는 1989년 서울의 경주마에서 최초로 보고된 이후 추가적인 보고는 없었다. 본 연구를 통하여 2023년 부산과 2024년 용인의 말에서 총 47개체가 채집되었으며, 형태학적 및 분자학적 동정을 실시한 결과 해당 개체들은 모두 O. megnini로 동정되었다. 채집된 O. megnini의 COX1 및 16S rRNA 유전자 분석 결과, 해외 분리주와 99.5–100%의 높은 상동성을 보였다. 모든 시료는 Coxiella burnetii, Babesia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia spp., 중증 열성 혈소판 감소 증후군 바이러스(SFTSV) 검사에서 음성이었다. 본 연구는 1989년 이 후 처음으로 국내에서 O. megnini를 재발견하였으며 이 종에 대한 국내 최초의 분자적 특성을 제시하였다.

Tricholoma matsutake, one of the most favorable ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, forms a symbiotic relationship with its host, Pinus densiflora. In this study, co-cultivation of T. matsutake mycelium with bacteria from fairy rings was conducted to explore artificial cultivation. Among the isolates tested, strain B22_9_B28 promoted mycelial growth across five T. matsutake isolates: KMCC05631 from Yangyang-gun (124.23%), KMCC05632 and KMCC05633 from Yeongdeok-gun (127.68% and 156.61%, respectively), and KMCC05634 from Yeongdong-gun (153.31%), and KMCC05644 from Bonghwa-gun (171.59%). 16S rRNA sequence analysis suggested that B22_9_B28 may represent a novel species of Paenibacillus. These results highlight the potential of a new Paenibacillus species with pan-regional growth-promoting effects on T. matsutake mycelium, offering a promising avenue for the artificial cultivation of this valuable mushroom.

This study examines the development of Korean language education in Sri Lanka from secondary to tertiary levels and identifies key institutional challenges. Korean has recently been introduced as a high school subject and added to the university entrance examination, yet systematic academic research remains limited in the local educational context. Using document analysis and field-based inquiry, the study investigates the expansion and implementation of Korean language programs. Data come from statistics by the National Institute of Education, a survey of 123 secondary school teachers, and interviews with university instructors. The analysis covers curricula at the secondary and upper-secondary levels as well as programs in five universities that offer Korean courses. Findings show persistent structural issues, including insufficiently qualified and understaffed teachers, curriculum inconsistencies, limited instructional materials, and a lack of specialized institutions and research infrastructure. The study proposes a teacher-qualification framework, mentoring-based training, localized textbooks, and the expansion of university-level Korean majors.

This study examines linguistic variation in Korean spoken by the first generation of Korean immigrants to the United States (1903–1924), a group that marked the beginning of Korean-American history. While some studies have explored the language of contemporary Korean Americans, limited prior research has addressed the Korean language of these early immigrants. Around 1975, second-generation Korean American Sonia Shinn Sunoo conducted a large-scale oral history project, interviewing early Korean immigrants. Among the collected recordings, more than 40 participants used Korean for their interviews. Despite their historical and linguistic value, these recordings do not appear to have been used for linguistic research. Analysis reveals that early immigrants’ Korean reflects the regional dialects of early twentieth-century Korea and extensive English lexical borrowing. Rather than showing large-scale lexical changes influenced by Japanese in Korea during the same period, their speech demonstrates a strong English influence. This study highlights the sociolinguistic and historical significance of the early Korean immigrants' language use and calls for further scholarly attention to this valuable linguistic heritage.

This study investigates the Korean language learning needs of international students enrolled in English-track programs at universities in Korea, with the goal of suggesting improvements in both instruction and the broader educational environment. A survey of 329 English-track international students at a university in Busan was conducted, examining their needs in four areas: learning environment, Korean language courses, instructors, and learners. To complement the quantitative analysis, in-depth interviews were carried out with 10 selected participants. Findings reveal that students expressed the greatest needs in relation to the learning environment and learner-related factors. Specifically, they emphasized the importance of increased opportunities for interaction with Korean students, the establishment of student clubs and common spaces, courses designed for the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK), and classes emphasizing practical speaking skills. By contrast, satisfaction with instructors was generally high. Correlation analysis showed the strongest relationship between the learning environment and Korean language courses, underscoring the necessity of improving the overall educational environment to enhance course satisfaction. This study offers practical implications for tailoring Korean language instruction to the needs of English-track international students and recommends further research across diverse regions and language backgrounds.

This paper examines the pedagogical application of Linguistic Landscape in Korean as a Heritage Language (KHL) education. Although previous research affirms that the linguistic landscape enhances learners’ awareness of real-world language use, promotes cultural understanding, and motivates learners through authentic engagement with the target language in their local community, it remains underutilized in the Korean language classrooms. Adopting a project-based learning (PBL) approach, this paper presents a linguistic landscape project conducted by Korean heritage learners in a KHL class at a state university in the United States and discusses how the project fostered their language awareness and understanding of the Korean diaspora. The paper outlines how the project was implemented, examines learners’ observations of the linguistic landscape in the local Koreatown, and analyzes their self-reflections. The results suggest that learners recognize translanguaging between Korean and English, understand the distinct functions of each language, and identify the marketing strategies informing language choices. The project also encouraged learners to reflect on their own identities as Korean Americans, their local Korean American communities, and, more broadly, the Korean diaspora in the United States.

This study aims to identify instructional design elements for flipped learning in Korean language education targeting foreign learners. A total of 61 studies published between 2014 and 2024 on flipped learning classes for foreigners were analyzed. The extracted instructional design elements were reviewed and validated by experts. The structure of flipped learning classes was categorized into three main stages—pre-class, in-class, and post-class—and further subdivided into six phases: presentation, practice, introduction, activity, evaluation, and reinforcement. For each phase, specific instructional materials, teaching strategies, and the roles of instructors and learners were defined. Based on expert feedback, the final elements were refined to reflect adjustments such as proficiency-based difficulty levels, the use of authentic language resources, clearer d escriptions o f activity t ypes, a nd appropriate limitations on group size. Through this process, this study derived and validated instructional design elements for flipped learning-based Korean language instruction, highlighting their relevance and practical significance for instructional design research.

This study examines the perception and utilization of grammatical terminology among international students in non-language majors and empirically investigates its impact on grammar learning. To this end, a mixed-method approach was employed, combining a questionnaire, a modified Forced-Choice Grammaticality Judgment Test (FC-GJT), and semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that learners perceive grammatical terminology as “difficult yet necessary linguistic tools”. Furthermore, they actively use these terms during self-directed learning by organizing notes, conducting online searches, translating them into their first language, and using AI-based tools. However, the FC-GJT results showed no statistically significant differences in scores or confidence levels between the tests with and without grammatical explanations—positive perceptions of terminology do not necessarily translate into improved grammatical performance. These findings imply that while grammatical terminology can facilitate learners’ rule awareness and explicit knowledge formation, its effect on actual performance is limited. This study recommends reconsidering the role, presentation, and pedagogical use of grammatical terminology as a learning tool in Korean grammar instruction.