『개자원화전』은 일반 독자층을 대상으로 미술서적으로 중 국고대 화가와 화공(畫工)의 화법(畫法), 화론(畫論), 도보(圖譜) 를 편집하고 있다. 역대 화가들의 진문적인 내용을 비전공인(非 傳功人)이나 일반 독자들도 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 풀어쓴 교 양 도서의 하나이다. 이는 전통 중국 그림의 언어 부호의 탄생과 성숙을 기록하고 있다. 이는 중국회화의 발전 과정으로 광범위한 확산을 가져왔 다. 또한 전통화화의 부호 시스템의 발전을 촉진하였고, 아울러 문학과 미학의 범주에서 포괄적인 구현이었다. 본 연구는 『개자원화전·매보』에서 출발하여 화법과 부호학 의 측면에서 그들의 부호 표현을 분석하였다. 또한 그 배후의 예술적 특징을 함축하여 서술하였으며 현대의 전통 회하 창작 과 전통 문화 정신에 대해 기술하였다.

Background: Studies investigating the immediate effects of a single intervention to correct forward head posture are rare. Objects: This study aimed to compare the changes in treatment effects in patients with forward head posture and neck pain after manual and self-exercise therapy over a 1-hour period. Methods: Twenty-eight participants were randomly divided into manual and self-exercise therapy groups. Following the initial evaluation, manual or self-exercise therapy was applied to each group for 30 minutes each in the prone, supine, and sitting positions. The variables measured were the craniovertebral angle (CVA), stress level, pain level, and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) stiffness. After the intervention, re-evaluation was conducted immediately, 30 minutes later, and 1 hour later. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the maintenance of treatment effects between the two groups. Results: Based on the two-way mixed ANOVA variance, there was no interaction between the groups and time for all variables, and no main effects were found between the groups. However, a significant effect of time was observed (p < 0.05). Post hoc tests using Bonferroni's correction revealed that in both groups, the CVA, pain, and stress showed significant improvements immediately after the intervention compared with before the intervention, and these treatment effects were maintained for up to 1 hour after the treatment (p < 0.0083) in the manual therapy group. However, the stress level was maintained until 30 minutes later (p < 0.0083) in the self-exercise group. There was no significant decrease in right SCM stiffness before and after the intervention; however, left SCM stiffness significantly decreased after the self-exercise intervention (p < 0.0083). Conclusion: Both manual and self-exercise therapy for 30 minutes were effective in reducing forward head posture related to the CVA, pain, and stress levels. These effects persisted for at least 30 minutes.

Background: Low back pain is a very common musculoskeletal disorder. Since low back pain can indicate physical and psychological problems, reducing the pain level of low back pain can be the primary goal of rehabilitation. Objectives: This study was performed to explain the personalized treatment protocol of Maitland orthopedic physiotherapy based on the brick wall concept for low back pain patients with hypomobility. Design: Randomized controlled study. Methods: A total of 14 chronic low back pain patients were divided into two groups. The experimental group received orthopedic manual physical therapy intervention. The control group received traditional physical therapy intervention. After the 3 days intervention, the joint range of motion and pain of the low back were measured. Results: The low back flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation joint range of motion was significantly increased in the experimental group than in the control group (P<.05). Low back pain was significantly reduced in the experimental group than in the control group (P<.05). Conclusion: It was confirmed that Maitland orthopedic physical therapy was an effective method as an intervention method to improve the joint range of motion and pain of chronic low back pain patients.

Ecological occupation in irrigation ponds is a well-acknowledged fact that is essential for biodiversity conservation in agricultural ecosystems. However, there are few studies on the ecological functions and relationship between a paddy field and irrigation using macroinvertebrates in an environmentally friendly paddy field. The objective of this study is to identify the community and distribution characteristics of macroinvertebrates in an agricultural paddy field and irrigation pond ecosystems, and to provide basic data on the ecological function of an environmentally friendly paddy field. Macroinvertebrate sampling was conducted from May to September in an agricultural paddy field and irrigation pond in an environment-friendly paddy field in Boryeong city. We conducted a study to identify the distribution characteristics using macroinvertebrate species analysis, such as Functional Feeding Groups (FFGs), Habitat Oriented Groups (HOGs), rarefaction curve, and a two-way dendrogram. A total of 37 species of macroinvertebrates in 28 families, 13 orders were collected study during the period of the investigation. Dominant taxa of macroinvertebrates included Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Odonata. In terms of FFGs, predators and gathering collectors accounted for approximately 70%, in relation to HOGs, and climbers and swimmers occupied more than 50% from both the paddy field and irrigation pond. With respect to the rarefaction curve, the irrigation pond (July) was high as E (S, 141)=18 species, while the paddy field (May) was comparatively low as E (S, 141)=9 species. In conclusion, our results revealed that macroinvertebrates, such as Notonecta triguttata, Peltodytes intermedius, Appasus major, Laccotrephes japonensis, Appasus japonicus, Sigara substriata, Enochrus simulans, and Sternolophus rufipes, were used as a habitat and spawning ground in both paddy field and irrigation pond. The irrigation pond appears to be a very important spawning ground for macroinvertebrates.

When picking up cargo, workers manually load and unload the cargo. Workers have different intensity of work depending on the amount and weight of cargo. In particular, as the intensity of manual work increases, workers are exposed to cumulative traumatic diseases. A manual for picking safety work for workers cargo handling in the distribution center is required. In this study, the worker’s picking safety work based on the cargo volume and weight was presented as an experimental design model. Like the research results, the disease begins when the worker feels the number of pains presented by the model.

목적 : 본 연구는 여가 및 사회참여를 위해 수 ․ 전동휠체어를 사용해본 휠체어 사용 장애인들을 대상으로 포커스그룹인터뷰를 수행하여 사용자 경험을 파악하고, 수 ․ 전동휠체어 개발 시 고려해야 할 요소와 임상가의 수 ․ 전동휠체어 처방을 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 수ㆍ전동휠체어를 사용해본 휠체어 사용 장애인 5명을 대상으로 정성적 연구방법인 포커스그룹인터뷰를 실시하였다. 질문은 Krueger와 Casey가 제시한 질문방식을 기반으로 하였으며, 현장메모, 녹음된 자료를 3명의 저자가 독립적으로 전사하여 Braun과 Clarke’s가 제시한 절차에 따라 분석하였다. 결과 : 참여자들은 수ㆍ전동휠체어를 사용하여 지역사회 내에서 직업, 여가 그리고 해외 활동 등 다양한 활동을 수행하고 있으며, 수ㆍ전동휠체어는 전동휠체어와 비교하여 무게가 가볍고, 크기가 작아 차량 탑재 시 용이하기 때문에 선택되었다. 하지만 휠체어 사용자들은 휠체어의 추진 구조물, 지지 구조물 그리고 소재 등에 문제점을 보고하였다. 참여자들은 경험한 수ㆍ전동휠체어의 문제점 개선과 함께 외형 디자인의 개선을 기대했고, 추가적으로 안전한 주행을 위해 가슴벨트나 넘어짐 방지 바퀴와 같은 부속품을 포함해야 한다는 의견도 있었다. 이처럼 적극적인 여가참여를 수행하기 위해 수ㆍ전동휠체어의 안전성에 대한 의견이 특히 강조되었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 여가 및 사회참여 활동 시 수ㆍ전동휠체어 사용자의 경험을 임상가 관점에서 파악하였 다. 향후 노인 및 휠체어 장애인을 위한 수ㆍ전동휠체어 개발 시 고려사항과 휠체어 사용자 평가 및 휠 체어 처방 시 임상가가 고려해야할 점을 제시하였으며, 실효성 높은 보조기기 개발을 위한 기초자료로 활용되길 기대한다.

Background: Because of the lack of accurate values for applied forces in manual therapy, manual therapists relies on the magnitude of the individual’s perception during applying the force. However, excessive loading maneuvers carry risks for patients. Objective: To establish the relationship between the maximal force applied to swine skin with the specific region, sex, and baseline parameters of the subject. Design: Ex-vivo Study and laboratory Experimental research Methods: 3.5 kg of Korean pork sirloin that is a piece of swine was handled and it was set 3 dimensions; #A; #B; #C. Forty-seven participants who has no experience in physical therapy randomly carried out the experiment, indicated to push each place of the pressure spots with same posture and process under supervision from the instructor who has over 15 years of manual therapy, and we measured the pressure force in each time. Results: The biggest pressure force was recorded in spot #A, and #B was represented after #C. Pressure on #A showed certain statistic relation with height (r=.317, p<.05) and weight (r=.434, p<.01); pressure on #B showed certain relation which has statistical meaning with only height (r=.401, p<.01); pressure on #C emerged to have statistic relationship with height (r=.308, p< .05)and weight (r=.428, p<.01). The age aspect revealed relation with pressure on #A, #B and #C, but that was not statistically significant. Conclusions: It can be inferred that there is the most loss of pressure in the area where cartilage is like an island in the middle.

1. 미소 해충의 자동 영상 인지 시스템 개발에 필요한 기초 자료를 확보하기 위해 화질에 따른 해충의 인지율을 조사하였다. 2. 곤충 영상은 스캐너를 이용하여 300, 600, 900, 1,200, 2,400, 4,800 dpi의 6단계 화질로 획득하였고 곤충 연구자에게 화질에 따른 인지율을 설문 조사하였다. 3. 나방류인 담배거세미나방과 배추좀나방의 경우 모든 dpi 에서 높은 인지율을 보였다. 4. 크기가 작은 포인세티아총채벌레와 담배가루이의 경우 모든 dpi에서 50% 미만의 낮은 인지율을 보였다. 5. 크기가 작은 총채벌레와 담배가루이 인지 시스템 개발에는 100 mm 매크로렌즈를 사용하거나 hand-held 형태의 디지털 현미경이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

PURPOSES : The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) and its subordinate agencies have recently established various policies for the application of BIM and are implementing these policies, and are increasing project orders with the application of BIM. Developed countries where they have earlier adopted BIM provide BIM standards and guidelines at the national level to support BIM implementation by private-sector constructors. Domestic BIM standards and guidelines, however, have been lacking details on upper-level standards that have to be presented by ordering agencies, thereby limiting the practical application thereof. This study aims to provide BIM practice manual development measures to ensure the facilitation of the writing of BIM outputs and their delivery in the road sector. METHODS: This study first analyzed domestic BIM standards and guidelines, and examined BIM processes in the existing BIM guidelines to determine the major works required in each stage of the implementation of road construction projects. Further, the study determined those matters that were required in working BIM but were not specified in existing BIM guidelines. Those derived contents have been reflected in the definition of the configuration system in the table of contents of the BIM practice manual, and in the contents on the road sector, and the details of each configuration system have been specified. RESULTS : The proposed BIM practice manual for the road sector is a technical guide on BIM guidelines published by public ordering agencies, and provides the basic requirements and methods required for the writing of BIM models. Further, the manual provides working procedures and detailed methods for writing BIM to enable working-level staffers on BIM projects to construct BIM data. The proposed BIM practice manual was configured with considerations for domestic civil-sector BIM technology levels and will be further developed and improved according to the development of domestic BIM technology. CONCLUSIONS : In an effort to respond to the changing domestic construction technology environment, and to apply and activate BIM, this study analyzed domestic BIM standards and guidelines, and defined a working BIM manual configuration system and its detailed configuration method. The findings and improvements are presented as a BIM practice manual on development measures in the road sector. This manual is expected to minimize the repetitive trials and errors and design errors in the construction of road-sector BIM models, to improve the productivity and efficiency in the creation of BIM outputs and their delivery, and to enhance the quality and utilization of the outputs. Further, the proposed manual is expected to provide and share information on the practical cases for BIM, to bolster the capabilities of design engineering, to ensure the linkage with relevant agencies, and thus to expand the diffusion of BIM in a virtuous cycle.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of joint mobilization and manual stretching exercises in patients with hallux valgus. Twenty-three participants were divided into two groups; joint mobilization (n=11) and manual stretching exercises (n=12). The subjects participated in the experiment for 15minutes, three times a week, four weeks. The joint mobilization (Grade III, Maitland) was performed to experimental group for a minute and then rested for 10 seconds for each set. The manual stretching was performed to control group with three exercise session (preparatory and finishing exercises, agonist contraction exercises, agonist contraction and hold-relax exercises). In the results of the study, intragroup comparison of the deformity angles (DA) was shown to decrease from 15.18° to 13.09° in the joint mobilization group (p<.05) and from 19.00° to 16.83° in the stretching exercises group (p<.05). However, left static foot pressure (LSFP), right static foot pressure (RSFP), left dynamic foot pressure (LDFP) and right dynamic foot pressure (RDFP) did not significantly increase or decrease after the experiment. Intergroup differences also were not statistically significant in all variables (p>.05). The current study suggests that JM and MSE are effective in decreasing the DA in patients with hallux valgus.

A Gravity-driven membrane (GDM) system is one of the promising solutions for household drinking water treatment in the developing countries. In this study, the GDM system was tested for optimizing manual cleaning protocols using three different feed water solutions. Two types of manual cleaning were performed to delay the permeability decrease, cleaning between batches and long-term cleaning. The optimized cleaning between batches protocol was 3 twisting and 10 vertical shaking. And the optimized long-term cleaning protocol was 70 vertical shaking for both the middle region of the module and near the header part. These cleaning protocols allowed the system to produce sufficient water to meet the daily minimum water requirements for a 5-person family, even for using the wastewater influent. The system produced Escherichia coli free water.