PURPOSES : This study aimed to derive the factors that contribute to crash severity in mixed traffic situations and suggest policy implications for enhancing traffic safety related to these contributing factors. METHODS : California autonomous vehicle (AV) accident reports and Google Maps based on accident location were used to identify potential accident severity-contributing factors. A decision tree analysis was adopted to derive the crash severity analyses. The 24 candidate variables that affected crash severity were used as the decision tree input variables, with the output being the crash severity categorized as high, medium, and low. RESULTS : The crash severity contributing factor results showed that the number of lanes, speed limit, bus stop, AV traveling straight, AV turning left, rightmost dedicated lane, and nighttime conditions are variables that affect crash severity. In particular, the speed limit was found to be a factor that caused serious crashes, suggesting that the AV driving speed is closely related to crash severity. Therefore, a speed management strategy for mixed traffic situations is proposed to decrease crash severity and enhance traffic safety. CONCLUSIONS : This paper presents policy implications for reducing accidents caused by autonomous and manual vehicle interactions in terms of engineering, education, enforcement, and governance. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a basis for preparing preventive measures against AV-related accidents.

PURPOSES : For autonomous vehicles, abnormal situations, such as sudden changes in driving speed and sudden stops, may occur when they leave the operational design domain. This may adversely affect the overall traffic flow by affecting not only autonomous vehicles but also the driving environment of manual vehicles. Therefore, to minimize the traffic problems and adverse effects that may occur in mixed traffic situations involving manual and autonomous vehicles, an autonomous vehicle driving support system based on traffic operation optimization is required. The main purpose of this study was to build a big-data-classification system by specifying data classification to support the self-driving of Lv.4 autonomous vehicles and matching it with spatio-temporal data. METHODS : The research methodology is explained through a review of related literature, and a traffic management index and big-dataclassification system were built. After collecting and mapping the ITS history traffic information data of an actual Living Lab city, the data were classified using the traffic management indexing method. An AI-based model was used to automatically classify traffic management indices for real-time driving support of Lv.4 autonomous vehicles. RESULTS : By evaluating the AI-based model performance using the test data from the Living Lab city, it was confirmed that the data indexing accuracy was more than 98% for the KNN, Random Forest, LightGBM, and CatBoost algorithms, but not for Logistics Regression. The data were severely unbalanced, and it was necessary to classify very low probability nonconformities; therefore, precision is also important. All four algorithms showed similarly good performances in terms of accuracy. CONCLUSIONS : This paper presents a method for efficient data classification by developing a traffic management index to easily fuse and analyze traffic data collected from various institutions and big data collected from autonomous vehicles. Additionally, EdgeRSU is presented to support the driving of Lv.4 autonomous vehicles in mixed autonomous and manual vehicles traffic situations. Finally, a database was established by classifying data automatically indexed through AI-based models to quickly collect and use data in real-time in large quantities.

In South Korea, over 400,000 Non-building Structures are inadequately managed and exposed to potential risks due to insufficient inspection systems, leading to an increase in accidents and significant losses of life and property. Therefore, it is crucial for users to conduct proactive self-inspections to identify and mitigate potential hazards. This study reclassified Non-building Structures into four main categories by analyzing their structural characteristics and associated risks through statistical analysis. Among these, retaining walls, which account for the largest proportion, were systematically analyzed to identify common damage patterns. Based on this analysis, self-inspection checklists were developed for both non-experts and experts. The proposed process involves an initial visual inspection using a simple non-expert checklist, followed by a more detailed expert-level inspection if any anomalies are detected. The reliability of this process was validated through approximately 120 validation processes.

본 연구는 충북 청주시 소재 C대학교 인근 커피숍의 외부 및 내부사용 접근성 실태를 시설의 접근과 이 동에 있어서 약자로 간주되는 수동 휠체어 사용자 관점에서 평가하여 개선 방안을 제안하고 접근성 실 태를 시각적으로 확인할 수 있도록 돕는 접근성맵 제작하는 것을 목적으로 진행되었다. C대학교 인근 4개 동의 115개 커피숍을 대상으로 2024년 3월부터 5월까지 자체 제작한 체크리스트를 이용하여 현장 조사를 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 바탕으로 각 동별 커피숍 접근성맵을 제작하였다. 주요 결과와 적용점 은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 113개 진입형 및 혼합형 매장 중 수동휠체어 사용자의 자력진입과 내부 자력주행 및 사용이 모두 가능한 매장은 15.0%에 불과한 반면 수동휠체어 사용자의 자력진입이 불가능하거나 자력 내부 주행 및 사용이 불가능한 매장은 75.2%로 나타났다. 둘째, 비진입형 및 혼합형 커피숍 11개소 의 경우 수동휠체어 사용자의 자력 주문 및 대기가 가능한 매장은 단 한 개소도 나타나지 않았으며, 수동 휠체어 사용자의 주문과 대기가 불가능한 경우가 54.5%였다. 셋째, 충족률이 저조한 항목 중 가장 빈번 한 항목은 계산대나 키오스크 등의 무릎공간 확보였다.

Background: Various intervention methods are being used to treat subacromial impingement syndrome. However, there is a lack of research on intervention using manual therapy and kinesiotaping together. Objectives: To investigated the effect of subacromial impingement syndrome on the mobilization with kinesiotaping. Design: A quasi-experimental clinical trial. Methods: An experiment was conducted by allocated twenty-nine patients with shoulder impingement syndrome to the mobilization with kinesiotaping group (MKG, n=15) and the kinesiotaping group (KG, n=14). The intervention of MKG and KG was conducted 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The outcome was The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) and range of motion (ROM). The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS ver. 21.0 program by paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: After the intervention, MKG had significant improvements in SPADI pain, SPADI disability, external rotation and internal rotation in MKG. However In KG, there was no significant decrease in SPADI pain, SPADI disability, external rotation and internal rotation. And in MKG, there was a statistically significant decrease in SPADI pain, SPADI disability and increase in external rotation and internal rotation. Conclusion: The mobilization with kinesiotaping was effective in improving pain, disability, and ROM in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.

This study evaluated the importance of assessing personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by monitoring indoor, outdoor, and personal VOC levels in 15 Seoul residents over a 3-month period using passive samplers. Results indicated that limonene had the highest concentrations across indoor, outdoor, and personal samples, with this compound primarily originating from household cleaners and air fresheners. Other VOCs, such as 2-butanone and toluene, also varied by location. Health risk assessments showed that most VOCs had a Hazard Index (HI) below 1, while the HI of individual exposures were relatively higher. Notably, cancer risk assessments for chloroform and ethylbenzene exceeded permissible levels in some scenarios, suggesting potential cancer risks. This underscores the importance of diverse microenvironment monitoring for accurate health risk evaluations, as relying solely on indoor and outdoor levels can underestimate actual exposure risks. This study highlights the need for future research to monitor VOC levels in various microenvironments, in addition to the necessity of investigating personal activity patterns in depth to accurately assess personal exposure levels. Such an approach is crucial for precise health risk assessments, and it provides valuable foundational data for evaluating personal VOC exposures.

『개자원화전』은 일반 독자층을 대상으로 미술서적으로 중 국고대 화가와 화공(畫工)의 화법(畫法), 화론(畫論), 도보(圖譜) 를 편집하고 있다. 역대 화가들의 진문적인 내용을 비전공인(非 傳功人)이나 일반 독자들도 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 풀어쓴 교 양 도서의 하나이다. 이는 전통 중국 그림의 언어 부호의 탄생과 성숙을 기록하고 있다. 이는 중국회화의 발전 과정으로 광범위한 확산을 가져왔 다. 또한 전통화화의 부호 시스템의 발전을 촉진하였고, 아울러 문학과 미학의 범주에서 포괄적인 구현이었다. 본 연구는 『개자원화전·매보』에서 출발하여 화법과 부호학 의 측면에서 그들의 부호 표현을 분석하였다. 또한 그 배후의 예술적 특징을 함축하여 서술하였으며 현대의 전통 회하 창작 과 전통 문화 정신에 대해 기술하였다.

Background: Studies investigating the immediate effects of a single intervention to correct forward head posture are rare. Objects: This study aimed to compare the changes in treatment effects in patients with forward head posture and neck pain after manual and self-exercise therapy over a 1-hour period. Methods: Twenty-eight participants were randomly divided into manual and self-exercise therapy groups. Following the initial evaluation, manual or self-exercise therapy was applied to each group for 30 minutes each in the prone, supine, and sitting positions. The variables measured were the craniovertebral angle (CVA), stress level, pain level, and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) stiffness. After the intervention, re-evaluation was conducted immediately, 30 minutes later, and 1 hour later. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the maintenance of treatment effects between the two groups. Results: Based on the two-way mixed ANOVA variance, there was no interaction between the groups and time for all variables, and no main effects were found between the groups. However, a significant effect of time was observed (p < 0.05). Post hoc tests using Bonferroni's correction revealed that in both groups, the CVA, pain, and stress showed significant improvements immediately after the intervention compared with before the intervention, and these treatment effects were maintained for up to 1 hour after the treatment (p < 0.0083) in the manual therapy group. However, the stress level was maintained until 30 minutes later (p < 0.0083) in the self-exercise group. There was no significant decrease in right SCM stiffness before and after the intervention; however, left SCM stiffness significantly decreased after the self-exercise intervention (p < 0.0083). Conclusion: Both manual and self-exercise therapy for 30 minutes were effective in reducing forward head posture related to the CVA, pain, and stress levels. These effects persisted for at least 30 minutes.

Background: Low back pain is a very common musculoskeletal disorder. Since low back pain can indicate physical and psychological problems, reducing the pain level of low back pain can be the primary goal of rehabilitation. Objectives: This study was performed to explain the personalized treatment protocol of Maitland orthopedic physiotherapy based on the brick wall concept for low back pain patients with hypomobility. Design: Randomized controlled study. Methods: A total of 14 chronic low back pain patients were divided into two groups. The experimental group received orthopedic manual physical therapy intervention. The control group received traditional physical therapy intervention. After the 3 days intervention, the joint range of motion and pain of the low back were measured. Results: The low back flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation joint range of motion was significantly increased in the experimental group than in the control group (P<.05). Low back pain was significantly reduced in the experimental group than in the control group (P<.05). Conclusion: It was confirmed that Maitland orthopedic physical therapy was an effective method as an intervention method to improve the joint range of motion and pain of chronic low back pain patients.

Ecological occupation in irrigation ponds is a well-acknowledged fact that is essential for biodiversity conservation in agricultural ecosystems. However, there are few studies on the ecological functions and relationship between a paddy field and irrigation using macroinvertebrates in an environmentally friendly paddy field. The objective of this study is to identify the community and distribution characteristics of macroinvertebrates in an agricultural paddy field and irrigation pond ecosystems, and to provide basic data on the ecological function of an environmentally friendly paddy field. Macroinvertebrate sampling was conducted from May to September in an agricultural paddy field and irrigation pond in an environment-friendly paddy field in Boryeong city. We conducted a study to identify the distribution characteristics using macroinvertebrate species analysis, such as Functional Feeding Groups (FFGs), Habitat Oriented Groups (HOGs), rarefaction curve, and a two-way dendrogram. A total of 37 species of macroinvertebrates in 28 families, 13 orders were collected study during the period of the investigation. Dominant taxa of macroinvertebrates included Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Odonata. In terms of FFGs, predators and gathering collectors accounted for approximately 70%, in relation to HOGs, and climbers and swimmers occupied more than 50% from both the paddy field and irrigation pond. With respect to the rarefaction curve, the irrigation pond (July) was high as E (S, 141)=18 species, while the paddy field (May) was comparatively low as E (S, 141)=9 species. In conclusion, our results revealed that macroinvertebrates, such as Notonecta triguttata, Peltodytes intermedius, Appasus major, Laccotrephes japonensis, Appasus japonicus, Sigara substriata, Enochrus simulans, and Sternolophus rufipes, were used as a habitat and spawning ground in both paddy field and irrigation pond. The irrigation pond appears to be a very important spawning ground for macroinvertebrates.

When picking up cargo, workers manually load and unload the cargo. Workers have different intensity of work depending on the amount and weight of cargo. In particular, as the intensity of manual work increases, workers are exposed to cumulative traumatic diseases. A manual for picking safety work for workers cargo handling in the distribution center is required. In this study, the worker’s picking safety work based on the cargo volume and weight was presented as an experimental design model. Like the research results, the disease begins when the worker feels the number of pains presented by the model.

목적 : 본 연구는 여가 및 사회참여를 위해 수 ․ 전동휠체어를 사용해본 휠체어 사용 장애인들을 대상으로 포커스그룹인터뷰를 수행하여 사용자 경험을 파악하고, 수 ․ 전동휠체어 개발 시 고려해야 할 요소와 임상가의 수 ․ 전동휠체어 처방을 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 수ㆍ전동휠체어를 사용해본 휠체어 사용 장애인 5명을 대상으로 정성적 연구방법인 포커스그룹인터뷰를 실시하였다. 질문은 Krueger와 Casey가 제시한 질문방식을 기반으로 하였으며, 현장메모, 녹음된 자료를 3명의 저자가 독립적으로 전사하여 Braun과 Clarke’s가 제시한 절차에 따라 분석하였다. 결과 : 참여자들은 수ㆍ전동휠체어를 사용하여 지역사회 내에서 직업, 여가 그리고 해외 활동 등 다양한 활동을 수행하고 있으며, 수ㆍ전동휠체어는 전동휠체어와 비교하여 무게가 가볍고, 크기가 작아 차량 탑재 시 용이하기 때문에 선택되었다. 하지만 휠체어 사용자들은 휠체어의 추진 구조물, 지지 구조물 그리고 소재 등에 문제점을 보고하였다. 참여자들은 경험한 수ㆍ전동휠체어의 문제점 개선과 함께 외형 디자인의 개선을 기대했고, 추가적으로 안전한 주행을 위해 가슴벨트나 넘어짐 방지 바퀴와 같은 부속품을 포함해야 한다는 의견도 있었다. 이처럼 적극적인 여가참여를 수행하기 위해 수ㆍ전동휠체어의 안전성에 대한 의견이 특히 강조되었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 여가 및 사회참여 활동 시 수ㆍ전동휠체어 사용자의 경험을 임상가 관점에서 파악하였 다. 향후 노인 및 휠체어 장애인을 위한 수ㆍ전동휠체어 개발 시 고려사항과 휠체어 사용자 평가 및 휠 체어 처방 시 임상가가 고려해야할 점을 제시하였으며, 실효성 높은 보조기기 개발을 위한 기초자료로 활용되길 기대한다.

Background: Because of the lack of accurate values for applied forces in manual therapy, manual therapists relies on the magnitude of the individual’s perception during applying the force. However, excessive loading maneuvers carry risks for patients. Objective: To establish the relationship between the maximal force applied to swine skin with the specific region, sex, and baseline parameters of the subject. Design: Ex-vivo Study and laboratory Experimental research Methods: 3.5 kg of Korean pork sirloin that is a piece of swine was handled and it was set 3 dimensions; #A; #B; #C. Forty-seven participants who has no experience in physical therapy randomly carried out the experiment, indicated to push each place of the pressure spots with same posture and process under supervision from the instructor who has over 15 years of manual therapy, and we measured the pressure force in each time. Results: The biggest pressure force was recorded in spot #A, and #B was represented after #C. Pressure on #A showed certain statistic relation with height (r=.317, p<.05) and weight (r=.434, p<.01); pressure on #B showed certain relation which has statistical meaning with only height (r=.401, p<.01); pressure on #C emerged to have statistic relationship with height (r=.308, p< .05)and weight (r=.428, p<.01). The age aspect revealed relation with pressure on #A, #B and #C, but that was not statistically significant. Conclusions: It can be inferred that there is the most loss of pressure in the area where cartilage is like an island in the middle.

1. 미소 해충의 자동 영상 인지 시스템 개발에 필요한 기초 자료를 확보하기 위해 화질에 따른 해충의 인지율을 조사하였다. 2. 곤충 영상은 스캐너를 이용하여 300, 600, 900, 1,200, 2,400, 4,800 dpi의 6단계 화질로 획득하였고 곤충 연구자에게 화질에 따른 인지율을 설문 조사하였다. 3. 나방류인 담배거세미나방과 배추좀나방의 경우 모든 dpi 에서 높은 인지율을 보였다. 4. 크기가 작은 포인세티아총채벌레와 담배가루이의 경우 모든 dpi에서 50% 미만의 낮은 인지율을 보였다. 5. 크기가 작은 총채벌레와 담배가루이 인지 시스템 개발에는 100 mm 매크로렌즈를 사용하거나 hand-held 형태의 디지털 현미경이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.