금남호남･호남정맥 마루금 일대 식생구조를 알기 위해 입지환경과 인위적 영향을 고려해 금남호남정맥 2곳, 호남정맥 4곳을 중점조사지로 골라 식생조사를 실시했다. TWINSPAN을 써서 두 정맥은 각각 7개씩의 식물군락으로 유형화됐다. TWINSPAN기법의 식별종은 식물군락의 환경요인을 간접적으로 대변하는데 두 정맥의 군락 유형은 해발고, 토양수분, 교란 등의 환경요인에 의해 분할됐다. 이 결과는 DCA 1축의 환경요인과 조화를 이루었다. 두 정맥은 모두 저지대에선 리기다소나 무, 곰솔 등의 조림수종과 자생종이 서로 경쟁 관계에 있었다. 이처럼 정맥의 저지대는 조림, 개발사업 등으로 인위적 식생 교란이 심한 편이었다. 상대적으로 고지대의 능선부･상부사면･정상부는 신갈나무･굴참나무･소나무가 우점하는 식생유형이 양호하게 보전됐다. 차이점으론 금남호남정맥은 호남정맥보다 해발고와 위도가 높아 신갈나무우점군락이 가장 넓게 분포했다. 반면, 호남정맥은 신갈나무와 함께 소나무우점군락이었고, 남해안에 인접해 있어 곰솔우점군락이 출현했다는 점이다. TWINSPAN과 DCA 등의 정량적 식생분석에선 종조성 변화와 그 변화를 일으키는 환경요인 추출이 중요하다. 이를 위해선 우연 출현종 제거와 환경요인을 상정한 조사계획 수립, 조사데이터의 특성에 부합한 최적의 분석기법 선택 등이 필요하다.

목적 : 청광 차단렌즈의 효과를 정량적으로 분석하는 방법을 새롭게 제시하고, 이를 시판하고 있는 기능성 렌즈에 적용하여 비교 분석함으로써 그 활용 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 방법 : 렌즈의 광투과율을 측정하고, 청광 차단 효율 함수를 적용하여 효율에 대한 정성적인 분석을 하였다. 또한 청광 차단 효율 결과를 적분하여 수치화하는 정량적인 분석 방법을 새롭게 도입하여, 시판중인 청색광차단 기능성 렌즈에 적용하여 비교분석하였다. 결과 : 정성적인 분석 방법을 일반렌즈, 코팅방법으로 제작된 2종의 렌즈와 착색방법으로 제작된 1종의 렌즈에 적용한 결과, 모든 렌즈는 단파장 영역의 빛을 차단하는 효과가 우수한 것으로 분석되었다. 하지만 정량적인 분석 방법에 의한 결과에서는 각 렌즈별 다소 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 결론 : 다양해지는 디스플레이 장치 및 스마트폰의 광 특성이 날로 진화되고 변화되고 있으므로, 다양한 방법으로 광원과 광학제품에 대한 광특성 분석이 요구된다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서 새롭게 도입한 정량적인 분석 방법이 효과적인 수단일 될 수 있는 가능성을 확인 하였다.

This paper reports an uncertainty analysis of quantitative visualization methodology for slug bubble dynamics in downward-facing nucleate boiling condition. Measurement of dynamics of slug bubble, i.e. departing speed, frequency, and diameter, is very important to predict safety margin of thermal systems in moving vehicle. By employing high speed visualization and post-processing, we quantitatively measured the volume and location of slug bubble, so that vapor generation rate and departing speed data were derived from their time differentiation. As a visualization methodology, its reliability was evaluated via uncertainty analysis. For 95% confidence interval, uncertainty of vapor generation rate and departing speed were 3% and 2%, respectively, and which were one order lower than standard deviation of those data.

Recently, quantitative analyses of food web structure based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes are widely applied to environmental assessments as well as ecological researches of various ecosystems, particularly rivers and streams. In the present study, we analyzed carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of POM (both planktonic and attached forms), zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish collected from 6 sites located at Nakdong River. Samples were collected from upstream areas of 5 weirs (Sangju, Gangjeong- Goryeong, Dalseong, Hapcheon-Changnyeong, and Changnyeong-Haman Weirs) and one downstream area of Hapcheon-Changnyeong Weir in dry season (June) and after rainy season (September). We suggested ranges of their carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios and calculated their trophic levels in the food web to compare their temporal and spatial variations. Trophic levels of organisms were relatively higher in Sangju Weir located at upper part of Nakdong River, and decreased thereafter. However, the trophic levels were recovered at the Changnyeong-Haman Weir, the lowest weir in the river. The trophic level calculated by nitrogen stable isotope ratios showed more reliable ranges when they were calculated based on zooplankton than POM used as baseline. The suggested quantitative ecological information of the majority of biological communities in Nakdong River would be helpful to understand the response of river food web to environmental disturbances and can be applied to various further researches regarding the quantitative approaches for the understanding food web structure and function of river ecosystems as well as restoration.

The purpose of this study is to create a new odor analysis technology that combines the separation technology of GC and the measurement of MOS sensors. The detector of the GC system is replaced with the MOS sensor to analyze various odor compounds. Carrier gas also used air in the normal atmosphere through a micro pump. Therefore, it is possible to develop a portable odor analysis device since no additional cylinder is needed. Retention times for H2S, C7H8, and C2H4O analyzed by the combined GC/MOS system were identified as 1.28 minutes, 3.88 minutes and 1.77 minutes, respectively. Measurement reproducibility of odorous RT was very good at less than 1.2 %RSD. Also, the magnitude of the peak as a result of changes in the concentration of each odor showed a linear proportional relationship. Thus, a new method could be proposed to analyze various odorous substances with the combined GC/MOS system.

The concern on the greenhouse gas emissions is increasing globally. Especially, the greenhouse gas emission from fisheries is an important issue from the Paris Climate Change Accord in 2015. Furthermore, the Korean government has a plan to reduce the GHG emissions as 4.8% compared to the BAU in fisheries until 2020. However, the investigation on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries rarely carried out consistently. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from Korean fishery industry is necessary as a first step to find a relevant way to reduce GHG emissions from fisheries. The purpose of this research is to investigate which degree of GHG emitted from the major offshore fisheries such as offshore gillnet fishery, offshore longline fishery, offshore jigging fishery and anchovy drag net fishery. Here, we calculated the GHG emissions from the fisheries using the Life Cycle Assessment method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level are defined for the LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficients of the fisheries are also calculated according to the fuel type. The GHG emissions from sea activities by the fisheries will be dealt with. Furthermore, the GHG emissions for the unit weight of fishes are calculated with consideration to the different consuming areas as well. The results will be helpful to understand the circumstances of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries

더덕은 폴리페놀, 알칼로이드, 아미노산 및 기타 화합물로 구성되어 있고, tangshenosideⅠ과 lobetyolin의 함량은 더덕의 주요 화합물로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 UPLC를 이용하여 주요 성분 tangshenosideⅠ과 lobetyolin을 동시 분석하였다. 최적 추출조건으로는 50% 에탄올을 이용하여 온도 60℃, 1시간 추출하였고, UPLC를 이용한 빠르고 간편한 분석조건을 확립하고, 정확성, 정밀성, 직선성, 특이성 등 분석법의 유효성을 검증하였다. 지역별로 더덕을 추출하여 UPLC로 주요 성분 함량을 분석한 결과, tangshenosideⅠ과 lobetyolin의 함량은 0.36~3.54 mg/g, 0.24~1.29 mg/g으로 나타났다. 지역별 생육환경에 따라 함량 차이가 나타났으며, 지역별 품질 관리를 위한 객관적이고 과학적인 근거를 제시하여 국내에서 재배되는 더덕의 품질 평가에 대한 하나의 기준이 될 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, various physical cleaning methods such as physical washing and osmotic backwash, were performed to understand membrane fouling characteristics by employing real secondary wastewater effluent (SWWE). In addition, microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) pretreatments were compared to maximize removal of organic matter and to control membrane fouling efficiently. Organic foulants deposited on the active layer of FO membrane were observed by fouling behavior test. The relationship between concentrations of natural organic matter and membrane fouling was also investigated from the bench-scale FO tests. Finally, by quantitative analysis of correlations between foulants and fouling reversibility with the modified fouling index (MFI), we identified the applicability of MFI in predicting FO intake water fouling potential.

The collision problem is one of the design factors that must be carefully considered for the risk of collision occurring during the operation of ships and offshore structures. This paper presents the main results of the ship collision study, and its main goal is to analyze potential crash scenarios that may occur in the FLNG (Floating Liquefied Natural Gas) considering the likelihood and outcome. Consideration being given to vessels visiting the FLNG and surrounding vessels navigating around, such as functionally supported vessels and offloading carriers. The scope includes vessels visiting the FLNG facility such as in-field support vessels and off-loading carriers, as well as third party passing vessels. In this study, based on QRA (quantitative risk assessment), basic research methods and information on collision are provided. Based on the assumptions and methodologies documented in this study, it has been possible to clarify the frequency of collision and the damage category according to the type of visiting ship. Based on these results, the risk assessment results related to the collision have been derived.

The Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) is a typical non-destructive test equipment which is widely used in seeking a cavity or underground facility. Test results are generally expressed 2D monochrome or color images, distribution of the parabolic waveforms are used to determine the existence of cavity and facility. (Fig. 1) But, an analysis method of image may cause errors depending on the knowledge and experience of analyst. In this study, we analyzed the coefficient of correlation between A-Scan data of GPR to judge the existence of cavity located under the pavement layer. The correlation analysis was performed based on the assumption that the relationship of correlation between a number of A-Scan data passing through a non-cavity section is larger than a small number of A-Scan data passing through a cavity section, and relationship of correlation was visualized using Surfer Program. (Fig. 2) In addition, apart from the correlation analysis, we compared the Power spectrum of the A-scan data for the cavity section and non-cavity section. In other words, assuming that the size of the energy changes depending on the existence of the cavity, PSD (Power Spectrum Density) is obtained for all the B-Scan data, and the tendency of the energy size is confirmed using the 3D wireframe map of the Surfer program. (Fig. 3) As a result, the correlation coefficient shows a small tendency in the cavity section and the PSD shows a large tendency, which is intuitively recognized that the energy attenuation in the cavity section is smaller than other material. But, there are some ambiguous sections to judge the tendency clearly, this is estimated to be noise on the underground facility and it is necessary to take measure of mitigating this.

모란은 항염증작용, 항알레르기작용, 항균작용, 중추억제, 위액분비억제, 진경작용 등의 약리활성이 있을 뿐 아니라 항산화작용, 미백작용 등이 보고되면서 화장품 원료, 미용식품으로 다양하게 활용 가능성이 탐색되고 있다. 모란의 뿌리, 잎 및 꽃에서 추출용매와 온도, 시간에 따른 추출액 중 성분의 함량 변화를 비교하였다. Paeoniflorin과 paeonol을 지표성분으로 하여 두 성분의 함량을 동시에 정량분석하기 위한 HPLC 분석법을 설정하고 분석 배치마다 검량선과 QC용 검체를 사용하여 시스템적합성을 확인하면서 시료 분석을 실시하였다. Paeonol은 뿌리에서만 검출되었고 잎과 꽃에서는 검출되지 않았으며, paeoniflorin은 잎, 꽃에서의 농도가 뿌리에서보다 높았다. 추출용매와 섞을 때 뿌리의 절도는 구입 당시의 조각을 그대로 사용할 때보다 적당한 크기로 분쇄한 후 사용할 때 두 성분 모두 높은 농도로 추출되었다. 추출용매로는 30% 1,3-butylene glycol을 사용할 때 농도가 가장 높았다. 추출온도와 시간은 고온, 장시간 일수록 농도가 높아지는 경향을 보였으나 75℃, 4 h 이상에서는 농도 상승이 완만했으며, paeonol은 8 h까 지 지속적으로 농도가 상승하는 경향을 보였다. 뿌리, 잎, 꽃의 배합 비율은 2+2+1g/0.5kg로 할 때 두 지표성분의 함량 기준에 도달 가능하다고 판단하였다. 최종적으로 원재료를 2+2+1g/0.5kg로 배합하고 30% 1,3-butylene glycol을 추출용매로 사용하여 75℃에서 4 h 동안 추출하는 방법이 두 지표성분의 활성 농도 기준과 원재료 및 제조공정상의 비용을 함께 고려할 때 적절한 조건이라고 판단하였고, 이 조건에서 10 kg 규모까지 추출액 제조 단위를 스케일업 하였다.

Teeth and bones are highly mineralized tissues containing inorganic minerals such as calcium phosphate, and a growing number of evidences show that their mineral content is associated with many diseases. Although the quantification of mineral contents by micro-computed tomography(micro- CT) has been used in diagnosis and evaluation for treating bone diseases, its application for teeth diseases has not been well established. In this study, we attempted to estimate a usefulness of a high-resolution micro-CT in analysis of human teeth. The teeth were scanned by using the Skyscan 1172 micro-CT. In order to measure tooth mineral content, beam hardening effect of the machine was corrected with a radiopaque iodinecontaining substance, iodoacetamide. Under the maximum resolution of 6.6 μm, X-ray densities in teeth and hydroxyapatite standards were obtained with Hounsfield unit (HU), and they were then converted to an absolute mineral concentration by a CT Analyzer software. In enamel layer of cusp area, the mean mineral concentration was about 2.14 mg/mm3 and there was a constant mineral concentration gradient from the enamel surface to the dentinoenamel junction. In the dentin of middle 1/3 of tooth, the mean mineral concentration was approximately 1.27 mg/mm3 and there was a constant mineral concentration gradient from the outer of root to the pulp side, ranging from 1.3 to 1.06 mg/mm3. In decay region of dentin, the mineral content was gradually decreased from the intact inner side to the decayed surface. These results suggest that high-resolution micro-CT can be as a useful tool for non-invasive measurement of mineral concentration in teeth.

본고는 식당 종업원 호칭에 대한 선행연구의 조사자료 및 그들 간의 의미를 재고한 뒤, 그 것을 토대로, 한 중 교재 속에 반영된 일반 식당 상황 하의 호칭어 사용 양상을 양적인 측면 에서 고찰하고 교육적 함의를 찾는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해, 본고는 우선 선행연구의 설문 결과 중에서 “여/저기요”와 “帥哥/美女”를 중심으로 시간에 따른 사용 변화 양상을 메타적 관점에서 관찰한다. 관찰에는 시대 흐름별 차이와 더불어 격식 유무별 차이 등이 포함된다. 그 로부터 얻은 결과를 기초로, 한 중 교재 속 식당 장면에서 사용되는 호칭들이 선행연구에서 보여준 사용 결과와 부합하는지 그리고 그 점에서 한 중 교재 간에는 어떤 공통점과 차이점 이 있는지를 양적 측면에서 살펴본다.

This study investigated the interactions between starch and starch - derived materials and fluorescent materials. Many researchers have used fluorescent materials to monitor the internal structure of starch, which is an effective method. The purpose of this study was to observe the internal structure of starch by using fluorescent material and to check how much fluorescent material could be loaded inside the starch. For this, a standard curve of the fluorescent material was obtained and a linear graph corresponding to the concentration was obtained. Next, the incorporation of the fluorescent material into the starch was confirmed by CLSM in the infusion experiment. Infusion experiments were carried out to quantify the amount of fluorescent substance in starch, but the error was confirmed in this experiment. The error was caused by the action of starch and the fluorescent substances FD4 and NaFl, resulting in an increase or decrease in fluorescence intensity. To find the cause, dextrin, amylose and amylopectin, which are starch-derived substances, and α, β, γ-cyclodextrin, which can form inclusion compounds, were used. The fluorescent materials were merbromin, NaFl, and FITC. As a result, the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent material was significantly influenced by the concentration of amylose and amylopectin. This result implies that there may be errors in the analysis of the phenomenon or observation of the starch using the fluorescent substance. We still do not know exactly the cause of this phenomenon, so further research is needed.

전 세계적으로 금융선진국을 비롯한 각 국가의 금융당국은 금융기관과 금융소 비자 간의 정보비대칭 완화 및 이를 통한 리스크관리를 위하여 금융기관이 참여하는 신용정 보 공유제도를 운영하고 있다. 본 연구는 한국에서 공유되고 있는 신용정보 중 사고정보를 대상으로 하여 실제로 공유중 인 신용정보 데이터를 분석하였다. 사고정보를 사고횟수, 사고기간, 사고금액의 세 종류로 구 분하여, 생존분석에서는 사고정보가 기업의 생존기간에 미치는 영향을 분석하였고, 이후 집 단 간 비교분석을 통해 업력 7년 이하의 창업기업과 그 외 기존기업 간에 존재하는 사고정보 양상 차이를 검증하였다. 총 449,579개 기업의 사고정보에 대한 정량적인 분석을 시행한 결과 생존분석에서 사고횟 수가 사고후생존기간과 정(+)의 상관관계를 보였는데 이는 사고횟수를 부정적인 요소로 판단하고 있는 금융기관의 현행 리스크정책에 반증적 성격을 갖는다. 또한, 집단 간 비교분석 에서는 창업기업의 사고양상이 기존기업보다 생존기간에 더 긍정적인 모습을 보이고 있음에 따라 창업기업의 특성을 고려한 신용정보 공유제도의 개선이 필요하다는 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다.