사료용 옥수수 “DK 7545” 교잡종은 미국의 Dekalb plant Genetics Co., “Garst 8285”는 Garst Seeds Co., 그리고 GW 737은 Crosbyton Co.에서 각각 육성한 품종들이다. 이들 품종들의 수입 사료작물 지역적응성을 검정하기 위하여, 수원과 천안 2개 지역에서, 3개년 동안 생산력을 검정한 결과, 그 우수성이 인정되어 2002년 농협중앙회 수입적응성 심의위원회에서 신규보급품종으로 결정되었으며 이들 교잡

사료용 옥수수 교잡종 Nc+4880은 미국의 "NC+hybrids Co.", Garst 8396 IT은 “Garst Seeds Co.” 회사가 각각 육성한 교잡종들이며, 사료작물 수입적응성을 검정하기 위하여, 수 원과 천안 2개 지역에서, 3개년 동안 생산력을 검정한 결과, 그 우수성이 인정되어 2002년 4월 농협중앙회 수입적응성 심의위원회에서 신규 보급품종으로 결정되었으며, 이들 교잡종 들의 주요 재배적 특성은 다음과 같다. 1. NC+4880 가.

1996년과 1997년도 2년동안 1월부터 12월까지의 영남지역의 5개소를 선정하여 실험하였다. 본 실험에서 조사한 지역은 낙동강 유로연장 521.1km중 57%에 해당하는 경상북도 유로구간 298.1km로서 상류지역 3개소(안동, 상주, 구미), 중류지역 2개소(왜관, 고령)로 총 5개소에 대해 실시하여 낙동강의 수질오염 특성을 알아보고 낙동강 수질 개선 및 장례에 예상되는 수질악화에 대비한 물 관리의 기초자료로서 활용하고자 본연구를 시도하였으며 그 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 낙동강의 조사지역 5개소의 pH는 공히 6.5~8.6 정도를 나타내었다. 2. 용존산소량(DO), 화학적 산소요구량(COD), 생물학적 산소요구량(BOD)은 여름철에 낮아지고 겨울철에 높아지는 현상이 관찰되었다. 3. 부유물질(SS)은 여름철에 급격히 높아지는 현상이 관찰되었다. 4. 총인과 총질소는 조류가 번식하여 부영양화를 일으킬 만큼 높은 수준은 관찰되지 않았으나 상당한 수준의 양이 관찰되었다. 5. -N와 -N는 비교적 높은 수준이 관찰되었다.

국내에서 서식하고 있는 쥐똥밀까지벌레(Ericerus pela Chavannes)의 지역별 분포 및 월동, 산란 등 몇가지 생태적 특성을 조사한 결과, 본 종의 분포는 증평지역이 조사가지 대비 10.8%의 밀도율을 보여 가장 높았고 영월과 평택지역에서는 각각 1.1%로 가장 낮았다. 암컷성충의 월동후 생종율은 평균 85.3%로 비교적 높은 경향이었고, 월동직후에서 산란직전까지 암컷성충은 약 3.5배의 성장률을 보였다. 암컷 1개체당 평균 산란수는 7,783.5개로서 조사개체의 36.7%가 7,000~10,000개의 범위내에서 산란하였으며 난의 크기는 장경 및 단경이 각각 0.40mm, 0.21mm. 1령유충은 0.52mm, 0.29mm, 2령유충은 0.97mm 0.60mm이었다. 난의 부화율은에서 66.8%로 가장 높았고 용화율은 조사온도 모두 50.0%미만으로 낮았으며 우화율은 에서 67.3%fg 가장 높았다. 본 종의 총 발육기간은 , ,에서 각각 93.27일, 76.83일, 65.42일로서 고온하에서 발육기간이 짧아지는 경향이었다. 한편 난을 일정기간 저온으로 보존한 후 부화율을 조사한 결과 에서 최대 50일간 보존이 가능함을 알수 있었다.

본 연구는 1965년부터 1988년까지 전국 39개 병해충발생예찰소에서 수집된 이화명나방의 유살성적을 이용하여 그의 지역간 발생상의 특성을 분석하고 대표적 생태종이 분포하고 있는 4개 지역에서 채집된 월동유충의 몇가지 생태학적 특성을 조사한 것으로 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 이화명나방의 총유살량이 1969년 이후 전국적으로 크게 감소하였으며 이것은 봄나방 유살량의 감소에 따른 것으로 여름나방외 그것은 큰 변동이 없어 1970년 이후 8월중순부터, 다음해 6월 상순까지의 환경조건이 크게 변화하였음을 알 수 있다. 유살량의 지역간 차는 1960년대에는 컸으나 1970년대에는 크게 감소하였으며 최근 10년간에 다소 증가하고 있으며 그 변동상은 지역적으로 차가 있다. 전체적으로 50% 유살일은 화기와 관계없이 빨라지고 있으나 지역에 따라 그 양상에는 차가 있다. 월동유충을 , tkdxotmqeh 90%에서 가온사육한 결과 지역별 사망율은 수원 21.07%, 이리 43.06%, 진주 63.51%, 광주 27.04%였다. 월동유충의 사망율은 체중에 따라 차가 있어서 39 mg 이하는 45.44%, 40 ~ 49 mg은 37.61%, 50 ~ 59 mg는 37.28%, 60 mg 이상은 30.17%였다. , 상대습도 90%에서 가온하였을 때, 휴면후 평균 유충발육기간은 수원지역은 17.0 1.5일, 이리지역은 22.0 1.8일, 광주지역은 23.2 2.5일, 진주지역은 20.8 2.8일이 걸렸다. 체중별 후면후 유충발육기간은 39 mg 이하가 1806 1.2일, 40 ~ 49 mg이 20.4 3.3일, 50 ~ 59 mg이 21.4 3.2일, 60 mg 이상이 21.8 3.2일이 걸렸다. 이러한 결과로 보아 1970년대 이후의 벼의 재배법의 변화는 이화명나방 발생상에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며 그 영향은 화기에 따라 차가 있었고 휴면상태에 특징을 갖고 있는 생태종의 분포에 따라 차가 있음을 짐작할 수 있다.

발효 원리에 의한 젓갈 담금법은 크게 젓과 식해로 구분된다. 젓은 9가지로 (1) 소금, (2) 소금 고추가루, (3) 소금 익힌 곡류, (4) 소금 고추가루 곡류, (5) 소금 메주가루, (6) 소금 누룩가루 콩가루, (7) 간장, (8) 젓갈, (9) 소금물 등에 담그는 것이다. 식해는 14가지로 (1) 쌀밥 소금 엿기름, (2) 쌀밥 소금 엿기름 밀가루, (3) 쌀밥 소금 고추가루 엿기름, (4) 조밥 소금 고추가루 향신료, (5) 쌀밥 소금 고추가루 엿기름 향신료, (6) 조밥 소금 고추가루 엿기름 무우채 향신료, (7) 조밥 소금 고추가루 무우채 향신료, (8) 쌀밥 소금 밀가루 고추가루 엿기름(설탕) (향신료), (9) 쌀밥 소금 고추가루 무우채 향신료 엿기름(설탕), (10) 찰밥 소금 고추가루 향신료, (11) 소금 무우채 고추가루 향신료, (12) 찰밥 소금 고추가루 엿기름 향신료, (13) 찰밥 소금 고추가루 엿기름 무우채 향신료, (14) 밀가루죽 소금 고추가루 엿기름(무우채) 향신료 등으로 담그는 것이다. 젓 담금법의 지역적 특색은 관서지방에서는 갑각류 중 게를 소금물에 담그는 가정이 많았고, 중부지방에서는 부족류 및 복족류 중 굴을 소금 고추가루, 소금 고추가루 익힌 곡류로 어리굴젓을 담그며 남부지방에서는 갑각류 중 민물새우를 소금, 소금 고추가루, 소금 익힌곡류, 소금 고추가루 익힌 곡류로 담그며, 관북지방에서는 어류를 소금 고추가루로 담그는 것을 알 수 있다. 식해 담금법의 지역적 특색은 우리나라의 동부지역에서 담근다. 이것은 동해에서는 사계절 생선을 잡을 수 있으므로 구태여 오래 보존해 둘 필요가 없기 때문이며, 또한 동해안은 소금 생산량이 적기 때문에 소금이 풍부한 서해안에서는 젓이 발달하고, 소금이 부족한 동해안에서는 식해가 발달하게 된 것임을 알 수 있다. 식해 담금법 중 엿기름을 넣어 담그는 곳은 남부지역이고, 무우채를 넣어 담그는 곳은 관북지역이며, 관북지방보다 남부지방에서는 익힌 곡류의 양을 많이 넣는다. 고추가루는 관북 남부 모두 넣으나, 남부지방에서는 제찬용 식해에는 넣지 않는다. 식해에 넣는 곡류의 종류는 그 지역에서 생산이 많이 되는 곡류를 사용한다.

This paper is a part of the regional characteristics of Korean chotkal. The kinds and materials of Korean chotkals are studied by interviewing local people living in 142 different regions which are bigger than 'myon' in size. Regions are classified according to the structural style of commoner's house. Regional characteristics of chotkal are analyzed and interpreted with natural environmental factor. The rest of my further interested subject will be followed in later issues ; the ways of preservation, period of fermentation according to the regional characteristics and uses of Korean chotkal. The results of this study can be summerized as follows, 1. There are 145 different kinds. 2. Raw materials of 145 kinds of chotkal are devided roughly into five groups ; (1) fishes in 87 kinds (2) Pelecypoda and Gastropoda in 14 kinds (3) Cephalopoda in 10 Kinds (4) Crustacea in 32 kinds and (5) Holothuroidea and Echinoidea in 2 kinds. They can also be classified according to the parts of individual material ; (1) body or flesh in 118 kinds (2) internal organs in 15 kinds and (3) eggs in 12 kinds. Regions are devided into four provinces ; 'Kwanso', 'Chungbu', 'Nambu', and 'Kwanbuk' in which the number of different kinds of chotkal are 32, 41, 99 and 34, respectively. Raw materials vary because of the distribution of marine life in different regions. Fishes and Cephalopoda are used in all four regions, Pelecypoda and Gastropoda in 'Kwanso', 'Chungbu' and western part of 'Nambu' regions. Different species of Crustacea used in each different regions ; sea crab and sea shrimp in the western coastal area, fresh water crab in the field area, fresh water shrimp in 'Chollado', mantis crab at 'Shihung-gun' in 'Kyonggi-do', Holothuroidea and Echinoidea are used in 'Nambu' regions. Chotkal are not used at all in six local districts which are located in inland areas where the transportation is inconvenient.

This study was conducted to understand the regional distribution characteristics of swans(Cygnus spp.) in downstream of t he Nakdong River , R.O.Korea from October 2008 to September 2013. During this period, a total of two species and 37,518 ind ividuals of Swans(Cygnus spp.) were observed, including 31,596 Whooper Swans(Cygnus cygnus) and 5,922 Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus), respectively. The average number of individuals observed in fifteen different areas was 2255.33 in Daemadeung(A), 143.50 in Jangja·Sinjado(B), 304.00 in Sajado·Doyodeung(C), 1928.00 in Lower Ulsukdo(D), 1392.67 in Ul sukdo(E), 50.17 in Ilwoongdo(F), 91.17 in Yeommak(G), 5.17 in Maekdogang(H), 0.00 in Pyeonggangcheon(I), 0.00 in Lowe r Noksan sluice(J), 2.83 in Upper Noksan sluice(K), 6.17 in Jomangang·Doonchido(L), 4.50 in Chideung(M), 0.83 in Joongs ado(N)and 66.17 in Daejeo sluice(O). The total average of these fifteen areas was 480.81. There was a significant differenc e among the survey areas (Kruskal-Wallis test,  =4055.68, P<0.001). In particular, the observed numbers were larger in Daemadeung, Lower Ulsukdo and Ulsukdo than in the other regions.

In this study, a high-resolution daily data set of surface weather were obtained from PRIDE(PRISMbased Dynamic downscaling Error correction) model for the period of 2000 to 2017 over South Korea. The simulation data of five RCM(Regional Climate Model) were also used which are forced by the CMIP6 participating model UK-ESM as the boundary condition under historical period (2000-2014) and SSP 5-8.5 period (2015- 2017). Here we compared the RCM data and the PRIDE data with MK-PRISM data in terms of ensemble mean and ensemble spread. Results show that the PRIDE model effectively eliminates systematic error in the RCM up to 63.0% for daily average temperature, 72.2% for daily maximum temperature, 68.2% for daily minimum temperature, and 28.7% for daily precipitation when evaluated from the RMSE perspective. Overall, the ensemble spread of the PRIDE model is significantly decreased from 1.46°C to 0.36°C for daily temperature and from 2.0 mm/day to 0.72 mm/day for daily precipitation compared to the RCM ensemble spread, indicating that the largest systematic error of the RCMs is effectively removed in the PRIDE model.

Background : For cultivation of varieties of ginseng, the pure line selection method, which is to select the best among those cultivated in farms for pedigree breeding, replicated yield trials and regional adaptation trials before registering as a new variety, is widely used. Although there are 25 registered varieties of ginseng in Korea, the quality of ginseng is declining together with the amount of harvest being decreased by 15 - 20% due to the heat injuries and diseases from the warming & abnormal climate. Thus, the needs for development of disaster-resistant varieties with better chances of surviving through high temperature, salts and disease are increasing. Therefore, this study is to cultivate disaster-resistant varieties among those selected for their disaster tolerance and salt tolerance through regional adaptation trials. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the growth characteristics of the selected 2-6-years-old varieties used in the study, among the 6-years-old crops, Eumseong 9 and Eumseong 10 showed superior growth in aboveground parts, Eumseong 10 showed superior growth in underground parts, among the 5-years-old crops, Eumseong 15 showed superior growth in both above and below aerial parts, and among the 4-years-old crops, Eumseong 9 and Eumseong 16 showed superior growth while the growth in the underground parts were satisfactory in the order of Eumseong 16 > Eumseong 10 > Eumseong 12 > Eumseong 9. Among the 3-years-old crops, the most superior growth in both above and below aerial parts was observed in Goryeo 2 with the weight of the underground part, in the 2-years-old crops, Eumseong 26 showed the most superior growth in both above-ground and underground parts. Conclusion : Based on the above results, Eumseong 10 among the 6-year-old crops, Eumseong 15 among the 5-years-old crops, Eumseong 9 & Eumseong 16 among the 4-years-old crops, Goryeo 2 among the 3-years-old crops and Eumseon 26 among the 2-years-old crops showed the most superior growth among the selected varieties. The growth characteristics of both above and below aerial parts in each year will continuously be monitored.

Background : Panax ginseng C. A. meyer is currently cultivated throughout the Korea Peninsula except for Jeju Island. We divided into 3 sectors according to latitude, north, middle, and south, and compared ginseng growth and environmental factors. Methods and Results : We surveyed 11 farms, and while temperature, plant density, sunshade material, and soil properties were varied between the farms, most north part used sunshade film and transfer-seeding, and middle-south and south part used sunshade net, and direct-seeding. From 1st to 10th of June, 2018, the temperature inside of sunshade of each farm which ranged 20.5 - 24.5℃ did not concerted with the local meteorological air temperature nor latitude. The average plant length was 66.0 ± 8.1 with a significant difference between local farms (p < 0.001). Plant length showed high correlation with stem length, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width, but not with chlorophyll content, thus plant length was used to compare the effects of environmental factors on plant growth. The temperature had negative correlations between plant length (r = -0.396, p = 0.056) and stem length (r = -0.420, p = 0.041), but not with others. When local farms grouped into 3 sectors, the temperature inside sunshade was lowest in south than others, and stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width of north sector were higher than other sectors. Conclusion : The temperature of local farm might affected by micro environment such as sunshade and geometrical properties, and partially devote on the growth difference between the local farms.

In countries and regions population plays an important role. Recently the importance of population migration increased as population growth slowed. Researches on population migration are mainly focused on the analysis of the population movement factors and the regional structure analysis using the network analysis method. Analysis of regional structure through population movement is not enough to explain the phenomenon of migration of small cities and rural regions. In this study, to overcome the limit of previous studies the characteristics of the population movement rate according to the size of the population were analyzed. Also network analysis using the population movement OD (Origin and Destination) and population movement rate OD were conducted and the results of them were compared. As the results of analysis by the regional population scale, the population movement by population size showed a big difference in the areas with more than 100 thousand people and less than 100 thousand people. Migration to the outside of the province was the most frequent in regions with 30,000~50,000 people. The population migration rate network analysis result showed that the new area with large population inflow capacity was identified, which could not be found in the population movement network analysis because population movement number is small. The population movement rate irate is expected to be used to identify the central regions of the province and to analyze the difference in resident attractiveness.

This study aims to offer base line data for efficient conflicts control measures by first, analyzing the current situation of the regional comprehensive development project and second, identifying level, type and cause of the conflicts appeared during the development business promotion. For this purpose, theoretical side of this study establishes a basic frame by reviewing the existing researches in order to analyze the characteristics of the conflicts between the participation subjects in the development business, and the empirical side conducts survey and analysis on the awareness on these conflicts. As a result of the analysis, the survey revealed the followings. First, the respondents were aware of the overall promotions of the business quite positively, second, the conflicts were considered as a major obstacle against the development project promotion just as the other negative factors, third, majority of the responses on the seriousness of the conflicts were neutral which meant that the conflicts could be deepened by situations, fourth, most respondents had positive recognition on the needs of conflict control training and its effectiveness, and last but not least, most respondents of the survey revealed their intentions to take parts in trouble shooting from the conflicts. Based on the results above, we were able to extract several elements to consider preparing the countermeasures for the conflicts. First, specific plan should be arranged and institutionalized in order to control the conflicts between the residents at the initial stage of the development business or even before. Second, the specific plan must lower its threshold for easy participation of the residents in that region and make the residents main body of the conflict control. Third, enhanced conflict control education must be provided to the residents of the region where comprehensive development plan is in progress or being prepared.

This study analyzed business ecosystems in 4 case regions(Yeongdong, Seocheon, Sunchang, and Hadong) that carry forward the regional 6th industrialization. The analysis aimed to draw implications to build a healthy ecosystem for the sustainable development of the regional 6th industrialization. As a result of the analysis, 4 districts show different characteristics for their growth stages, and these results provide implications for policy directions for the development of the regional industry. The following basic direction was set for the sustainable regional 6th industrialization based on the healthy ecosystem. First, policy support should be differentiated by considering each region’s growth stage. Second, to improve the regional innovation capacity, it is needed to lay the foundation continually and strengthen diverse support for it. Third, a stronger and efficient implementation system is necessary for the regional 6th industrialization.

IPCC Guidelines have been updated after the first official announcement to get more precise estimation of GHG emissions. The goal of this study is to evaluate the implications of the IPCC Guidelines improvements including equations of country-specific parameter values for estimating GHG emissions for rice cultivation on the agricultural sector. In addition, we analyze the effects of emission factors associated with organic amendment applications. The results of this study are as follows; (1) the total GHG emissions of rice cultivation based on 1996 IPCC GL are 28% lower than those estimated by 2006 IPCC GL with the same year data; (2) GHGs can be reduced up to 60% through the assumption of organic fertilizer applications; (3) Jeonnam and Chungnam are the worst regions for GHG emissions on rice cultivation and Chungbuk shows the highest reduction rate of GHG emissions, about 40%.

Average concentration of PM in Seoul metropolitan area satisfied the Korean air quality standard in 2010. Furthermore, concentration of PM in all boroughs across Seoul met the air environment standard in 2012. PM10 concentration was relatively higher in center of Seoul in comparison to the rest, while PM2.5 concentration showed exactly the contrary result. We analyzed the effect that PM emissions from vehicles would have on PM concentrations across Seoul. The results showed that average annual PM concentration recently decreased in Seoul although the number of vehicles registered annually continued its upward trend. By contrast, average fine dust concentrations in Seoul showed a decline which suggested that correlation between annual average PM concentrations and number of registered vehicles remained low. However, year-on-year vehicle registration rate recently showed a declining tendency in the same way as the trend of changes in average PM concentrations. Particularly, the upward trend in annual average PM concentrations in 2002 and 2007 was consistent with the increase in vehicle registration rate, suggesting that vehicle registration rate was closely associated with changes in PM concentrations.

In recent years, the population structure has been changed by the progresses of 6th-industrialization and transportation in farming areas. This study aims to suggest a regional development plan of farming areas in accordance with the demographic changes. Population structure indicators were derived from previous studies and literature review in order to identify the types of farming areas. Demographic indicators separated to depopulation and population growth in farming areas through a standardized scoring method. This research found that the division of economy is not only the most important division in any other regional development divisions but also necessary to develop new sources of non-farm income through traditional culture, natural environment. In the social division, it is necessary to secure the facilities for the formation of a sense of community to multicultural families and existing residents in farming areas. In the environmental division, it is desirable to improve the quality and satisfaction of life for residents such as the sidewalk and park that utilize ecological environment, culture, history for both depopulation and population region. In the physical division, there is a need for improvement of the facilities of basic living infrastructure service such as roads, water supply and sewerage systems. In the institution division, sustainable financial support of the central government policy for farming areas is crucial for the improvement of residential environment in the farming areas of depopulation and population region.

Aging phenomenon is an important issue in Korea national policy. This aging phenomenon depends on the social and environmental characteristics of regions. Also aging phenomenon and regional characteristics have spatial dependency. The purpose of this study is to discover the spatial changes in aging population rate and to find local factors of regional aging phenomenon considering spatial autocorrelation. For spatial analysis of ageing phenomenon, local Moran’s I and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) were applied. As the results, the most significant changes of aging phenomenon appeared between 2000 and 2005, and most of hot-spot regions (aged regions) were distributed in Jullanam-do and Jullabuk-do. The results of GWR (R-square: 0.681) shows that total fertility rate, the number of doctor per 1,000 people and forest area rate have positive relation with aging population rate, but the number of private academy per 1,000 people has negative relation.