Background: Height is an important factor in determining a person’s appearance, so people often wear height increase elevator shoes insoles (HIESI) or high heels to make themselves look taller. However, high heels often act as a risk factor for musculoskeletal diseases. Objectives: To investigated how muscle tone and muscle stiffness in the lumbar region of young adult men varied according to the height of the HIESI, and analyzed the correlation. Design: Non-randomised trial. Methods: Muscle tone and muscle stiffness in the upper and lower lumbar regions of 20 healthy young adult men in an upright standing position were measured as the subjects wore no insoles and 2 cm, 3 cm, and 4 cm insoles. Results: Muscle tone and muscle stiffness in the lumbar region did not show a significant change according to the increased height of the HIESI. However, a positive correlation was observed when the subjects wore 4 cm HIESI, as there was a significant increase (P<.05) in muscle tone and stiffness in the left side of the upper lumbar region and in the right side of the lower lumbar region. Conclusion: Wearing HIESI for short periods of time in the static standing position did not cause a change in muscle tone and muscle stiffness in the lumbar region. However, wearing 4 cm HIESI demonstrated a correlation of increased muscle tone and stiffness in the upper and lower lumbar regions in an asymmetric manner.

In the 21st century, the demand for eco-friendly leather, such as eco-leather and vegan leather, is steadily increasing. This study examines the influence of eco-friendliness on consumers’ purchasing intentions and the possibility of eco-friendly changes in the fashion accessory market, which is dominated by leather material and leather substitutes. This study administered a questionnaire survey to 227 males and females between 20 and 60 years of age in Korea. With a 5-point Likert scale, data were collected on evaluation criteria when purchasing shoes and bags and purchasing intention of various leather substitute materials according to the democratic variables. The eco-friendliness attitude was divided into eco-consciousness and green behavior. As the eco-friendly attitude increased, most purchasing standards increased, but the purchasing criteria, such as trends, brands, and prices, did not correlate with the eco-friendly attitude. The eco-consciousness of a consumer had a high correlation with the design evaluation criteria, while the green behavior of the consumer aligned with durability and comfort criteria when purchasing a bag. There was a preference for recycled leather, vegetable leather, synthetic leather, and chemical leather, and the fabric type was ranked as natural fiber, biodegradable fiber, and synthetic fiber. Consumers with both green behavior and eco-consciousness are more likely to purchase biodegradable textiles and vegetable leather for the material of shoes and bags.

보행 시 하이힐 굽 높이에 따른 구간별 차이를 비교하고, 하지관절의 가동범위가 보행 시간에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 20대 여대생 10명이 연구에 참여하였고, 굽 높이에 따라 3차원 보행분석을 통하여 변인을 산출하였다. 통계방법으로 세가지 굽높이에 따른 차이는 일원변량분석을 실시하였고, 보행시간이 하지관절에 미치는 영향은 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과로 보행 시 구간 2는 굽이 높을수록 보행시간이 길게 나타났지만, 구간 3은 굽이 높을수록 보행시간이 짧게 나타났다. 보행시간이 하지 관절 가동범위에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 구간 2는 1 cm에서 발목관절, 무릎관절, 5 cm는 발목관절의 가동범위가 클수록 보행시간이 길어졌다. 구간 3은 1 cm에서 고관절 가동범위가 클수록 보행시간이 길어 졌고, 10 cm는 발목관절 가동범위가 작을수록 보행시간이 길어졌다. 따라서 굽 높이 신발의 경우 발목관절의 제어가 중요성이 변인으로 판단된다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of shoe dust on the indoor environment, and the effectiveness of shoe dust control on indoor air quality. Test dust was resuspended to reach a mass concentration of particles (2.5-10 μm size) more than 3 times compared to background level, and 1.5 times for particles less than 1 μm in size. The shoes, which were used for actual walking purposes in the outdoor environment, increased indoor PM10 concentration by 118±9%. The removal of shoe dust by water washing and mechanical suction brought about an improvement of indoor air quality. In particular, in circumstances where 27 people walked for one hour into the indoor environment, the mechanical suction of shoe dust decreased PM10 concentration by about 17% (based on the mass balance analysis).

소비자들은 구두를 단순히 발을 보호하고 편안하게 해주는 역할 뿐만 아니라 장식과 자아 이미지를 표현해주는 패션제품으로써 인지하는 경향이 있다. 온라인 시장 분석에서 구두가 소비자들의 일상생활에서 중요한 제품이라고는 하였지만 인터넷 구두 시장을 조사한 연구는 드물다. 본 연구는 인터넷 구두시장에서 구두 e-충동구매과정에 대한 쇼핑성향, 마케팅 자극, 소비자들이 인지하는 위험지각의 영향에 초점을 맞추어 조사하였다. 최근 6개월 동안 구두 e-충동구매를 경험한 적이 있는 대학생들 총 408명을 대상으로 자기기술형식의 자료를 수집하였다. 결과에 의하면, 쾌락적 쇼핑성향이나 브랜드 쇼핑성향이 높은 소비자들은 인터넷에서 제공하는 마케팅 자극(판매촉진 자극이나 제품자 극)을 더 많이 인지하였고, 반면 경제적 쇼핑성향의 소비자들은 마케팅 자극을 더 낮게 인지하였으나 기능적인 위험은 더 높게 지각하는 것으로 나타났다. 구두의 경우, 마케팅 자극이 강할수록 e-충동구매는 증가하였으나 소비자들이 지각하는 위험은 e-충동구매에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이러한 연구결과는 소비자의 쇼핑성향에 영향을 받는 마케팅 자극이 구두 e-충동구매를 유발하는데 중요한 요인임을 제안한다.

본 연구는 성격 유형과 연령별, 유행혁신성에 따른 구두 스타일 선호와 감성에 대해 연구한 것으로 실증적 연 구를 통해 이를 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 편의표본 추출방식의 설문조사를 통한 연구를 하였으며 여대생 224명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 구두 스타일을 선정하기 위하여 구두 종류를 사전적 분류와 인터넷 검색을 이용 하여 현 여대생들에게 착용이 적합한 총 8개 구두를 선정하였다. 성격유형은 MBTI 간략척도를 본 연구에 맞게 수정하여 사용하였다. 감성척도는 선행연구를 통해 검증된 감성척도를 수정 보완하였으며 SPSS통계분석 결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 구두 스타일에 따라 선호와 감성에는 유의한 차가 있었으며 대응분석 결과, 구두의 감성은 4~5가지로 묶일 수 있었다. 둘째, 여대생의 성격유형별로 몇 가지 구두에서 선호와 감성의 유의한 차가 있었다. 셋째, 유행 혁신성에 따른 구두의 선호와 감성의 유의한 차가 있었으며 구매횟수에 따른 구두의 선호도에 유의한 차가 있었다. 본 연구결과를 통하여 소비자의 특성 및 유행이 급격하게 변화하는 구두시장에서 생산자, 소비자 모두에게 유용한 효과적인 정보 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The purpose of this study was to compare biomechanical factors on badminton shoes between anti-slip outsole and non anti-slip outsole. Six subjects participated in this experiment. For three-dimensional analysis, eight cameras (Oqus 3series, Qualisys) were used to acquire raw data, and then the parameters were calculated and analyzed with Visual-3D. In conclusion, the patterns of spent time during side step, and maximum velocities of CoGs were consistent without joint angles of lower extremities in spite of small differences. Those of GRFs, and moment of lower extremities were absolutely consistent. This trend of biomechanical factors was that Y shoe (ante-treatment) was much greater and PS shoe (treatment) was greater than Y shoe (treatment). (That was, Y shoe (ante-treatment) > PS shoe (treatment) >Y shoe (treatment)). The findings of this study showed that anti-slip outsole was effective and brought increasing performance and decreasing injuries. It is suggested that further study of these phenomena will help understand many aspects of human locomotion, including work, performance, fatigue and possible injuries.

The purpose of this study was to identify middle-school boys' purchase behavior according to their shoes shopping orientation. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect from 314 subjects. Factor analysis, Chi-square test, and one-way ANOVA were done using SPSS PC (Ver. 18.0). Most middle-school boys selected shoes that were 255~270mm, possessed on to two pairs of school shoes, searched for information for about five days before purchase, had spent 50,000~150,000 won on one to two pairs of shoes during the previous six months, saw design, comfort, and brand as their selection criteria, chose their shoes by themselves, shoes specialty stores, had favorite brands, preferred athletic shoes made of achromatic canvas, and bought new shoes when their old ones wore out. Factors of shoe shopping orientation were fashion and brand, economy, conformity, and comfort, and students were grouped into an active shopping group, an underdeveloped shopping orientation group, and a value pursuit group. The active shopping group bought more shoes, spent more on shoes, selected their shoes themselves, patronized discount shoe stores or specialty stores, and preferred national brand shoes. The underdeveloped shopping orientation group accepted their friends' opinions when selecting shoes and bought cheaper shoes. The value pursuit group accepted their parents' opinions when selecting shoes, patronized internet shopping malls or traditional markets, and selected cheaper shoes. The shoe shopping orientation of middle-school boys was immature, but they showed strong consumption needs.

The starting point of this study is the concerning of simple behavioral pattern that whoever enters the inner space with taking off his shoes should go out from the position where he laid his shoes. The using of Ondol (floor heating room) and Maru (lifted wood floor) had changed the architectural space from chair-sitting to floor-sitting space, and it also made the behavior of taking off the shoes at the entrance of building and stepping on the lifted floor. This simple behavior has possibility to make lots of changes to the culture of architectural design. With this noticeable point, this paper is talking about the cultural feature of Korean traditional architecture, especially about the influence of tanking off and putting on shoes. The matter of shoes has changed diverse aspects of building and layout planning. It maximized the difference between front and rear part of building and characterized the lateral extension of Korean traditional house. The ritual space also had evolved from chair-sitting to floor-sitting space according to the type of ritual behavioral pattern. The change on the single building level had influenced on the layout planning of architectural complex. For examples, the parallel layout of ChangDeok-gung palace and the long sequential process to the main pavilion of Buddhist temple are the result of the matter of shoes. And NuGak(樓閣), the double-storied pavilion, on the axis of entering sequence’s node is one of the unique planning elements that makes possible to go through the building without taking off the shoes and also makes upper level space for staying. In short, Korean traditional architecture that has the chair-sitting spatial origin of the East Asian cultural sphere has pursued new architectural issues and planning methods according to evolution to the floor-sitting culture.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high heeled shoes with the total contact insert (TCI) on the frontal plane of the joints for the lower extremity during the gait. Ten healthy females voluntarily participated in this study and the height of the high heeled shoes was 7 cm. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (VICON) and force plates were used to analyze the movements of the joints for the lower extremities. The results were as follows: There were no significant differences for the angle value on the event of the gait cycle in the maximum eversion and inversion of the ankle joint, the varus and valgus of the knee joint, and the adduction and abduction of the hip joint (p>.05). But, there was a significant difference or the range of motion in the ankle joint (p<.05). The value of ankle and knee moment with a TCI was less than the value for no TCI. And there were significant differences for the moment value of the maximum inversion and eversion on the ankle joint and for the maximum varus and valgus on the knee joint (p<.05). Therefore, a TCI would be effective in stabilizing the joints of the lower extremities and increasing the balance of a body to reduce the injure from a fall during the gait.

본 연구는 기존 심미성연구에서 이미 연구된 대상을 제외한 제품을 찾아 선호도에 중요하게 반응하는 추상적인 심미적 차원들을 찾는다. 또한 형용사 이미지 언어를 조사하고 군집 분석하여 그 선택된 제품에 중요하다고 생각되어지는 차원도 함께 고려한다. 이를 바탕으로 선호 방향을 유추해보고 그 선호도를 중심으로 그 제품에 중요하게 작용하는 심미적 차원들의 정도를 찾아 제시함으로써 정확한 목표점을 만든다. 이렇게 마련된 심미적 선호 유형 및 심미적 요소들의 정도 값을 바탕으로 디자인 과정에서 선호되는 유형을 제시함으로써 실패의 확률이 적은 디자인의 창출이 본 연구의 목적이다. 또한 추상적인 심미적 차원들의 새로운 연구 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

This study investigated gait characteristics, kinematics, and kinetics in the lower extremities between two different shoe conditions (high heeled shoes (7 cm), and high heeled shoes with a total contact insert (TCI)) after lower extremity muscle fatigue. Although TCI shave been applied in high heeled shoes to increase comfort and to decrease foot pressure, no study has attempted to identify the effects of TCI in fatigue conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of walking in high heeled shoes with TCI after lower extremity muscle fatigue was induced. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory at Hanseo University. A volunteer sample of 14 healthy female subjects participated. All in fatigue conditions, the subjects were divided into two groups. The muscle fatigue was induced by 40 voluntary dorsi- and plantar-flexion exercises and 40 heel-rise exercises of the dominant foot. Surface electromyography was used to confirm the localized muscle fatigue using power spectral analysis of three muscles (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis). The results were as follows: (1) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI decreased the peak flexion angle of the hip joint significantly in the early stance phase (p<.05) and increased the peak hip flexion moment in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (2) In muscle fatigue conditions, the application of TCI also increased peak hip power generation in the early stance phase and peak hip power absorption in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (3) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI reduced the impact force significantly and increased the secondary peak vertical GRF. These findings suggest that the TCI may provide beneficial effects when muscle fatigue occurs for a high heeled shoe gait. Future research employing the patient population and various types of TCI materials are required to clarify the effects of TCI.

The main objective of this study is to provide numerical guideline for size establishment of safety shoes about adult men(over 20 years) compared to physical standards of nation (report published in 1997). The sample for this work was chosen from data which were collected and measured by Size Korea during two years (20032004). In order to analyze and compare features of men's foot, analysis was performed about 1,685 subjects on 2 parts such as foot length and foot circumference. For the specific comparison on foot size, Mollison's comparison graph was used. The result of this study can be applied in manufacturing and design of shoes and socks. Also, it will enable us to have fruitful information on considerable items during manufacturing and design of safety shoes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of high-heeled shoes on walking of obese women as it was already proven an extrinsic factor of knee osteoarthritis in women with normal weight. In this study the aimed therefore in particular was to utilize high-heeled shoes in proving it's causal influence on knee osteoarthritis by measuring the angle and torque of the knee joint. Fifteen obese women (BMI>25 ) were measured in their twenties. Each angle and torque of their knee joints during walking on 6.5 cm high-heeled shoes and with a bare feet, were compared with each other and analyzed with a 3D motion analysis system. There was no significant difference in walking speed, cadence and stride length between the two conditions. However, there was a significant increase in a double limb support time and the stance phase when walking on high-heeled shoes as when walking with bare feet. The peak knee flexion angle and peak knee varus torque was higher when walking on high-heeled shoes than with bare feet. On the contrary, the peak knee flexion angle in the swing phase was not statistically different. The prolongation of peak knee varus torque was also proven. There was a significant increase in peak knee varus torque in the initial and last stance phases during walking on high-heeled shoes as compared to walking on bare feet. Through the above results, it was proven that when obese women walked on high-heeled shoes, rather than with bare feet, peak knee flexor and varus torque increased along with the changes of the in knee joint angle. Therefore, the influence of high-heeled shoes might be a significant intrinsic factor in knee osteoarthritis of obese women.

The outsole mold of the shoes has been manufactured using electro-discharge machining by graphite electrode or using casting etc. The study is concerned with the pattern design for the outsole of shoes by CAD, the modeling and the generation of NC data by

본 연구에서는 생활용품이면서 의복과 함께 생활필수품인 신발을 대상으로 감성만족도 요소의 추출과 분류체계를 개발하였다. 제화류의 감성만족도 요소는 감각성(sense), 적합성(fitness), 묘사성(description), 평가성(evaluation), 선호성(attitude)의 5개 그룹으로 구성되었으며, 각 그룹에는 형태감, 볼륨감 등 29개 요소가 포함되었다. 이들 중에서 일반 제화의 평가에 적합한 요소들로 형태감, 볼륨감, 균형감, 색감, 인체적합성, 안락성, 안정성, 여유성, 개념적 이미지, 품위감, 고급감, 조화감, 견고성, 주목성, 간편성, 신뢰성, 선호도, 수용도, 만족성, 매력성 등 20개의 요소들을 선택하여 이들에 대한 평가양식을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 감성만족도 요소는 제화류의 고객만족도 평가 모델링에서 종속변수로 활용될 수 있다.

This paper is to develope the more comfortable shoes for preventing sprain and slippery for the elderly. The shoes adding layers were designed using the shoe-last based on the Korean anthropometric data. The anthropometric elderly, arbitrarily defined as