In this study, we analyzed the dietary style of Chinese singles; in addition, the effect of convenience food consumption on the quality of life of singles was evaluated through construct model development on the relationship between the frequency of consumption and satisfaction with convenience food and quality of life. A statistical analysis of 153 surveys from Tianj was conducted using SPSS 12.0 for Windows and SEM using AMOS 5.0 statistics package. The reliability of the data was confirmed by an exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The measurement model was confirmed as appropriate by a confirmatory factor analysis of the measurement model in conjunction with AMOS. The results of a factor analysis were as follows. Dietary style was categorized into four factors. The level of satisfaction with convenience food was categorized into seven factors and quality of life was categorized into four factors. The reliability of these findings was supported by a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.6 and higher for all the factors. For the level of satisfaction with convenience food based on dietary style and the quality of life of singles, a structural equation model was constructed and analyzed. The results of all tests indicated that the model satisfied the recommended level of goodness of fit index and thus, the overall research model was appropriate. The current study highlights the increased interest in eating habits of singles and is necessary for further improvement in nutrition education.

본 연구는 영상의 시간적 요소를 제어하였을 때 어떠한 감성적 효과가 나타나는가를 탐구하였고, 연구 결과를 기반으 로 영상 감성 평가 도구를 개발하였다. 연구는 두 단계로 나누어 진행되었다. 첫 번째 연구에서는 원본 영상 대비 영상의 재생 스타일 적용이 야기할 수 있는 감성적 가치를 수집하고자 하였다. 영상의 배속, 방향성, 연속성 등 세 가지 시간적 요소를 제어해 총 11 가지의 재생 스타일을 설정하였다. 그리고 재생 스타일 각각에 대하여 원본 영상과 견주어 어떠한 감성적 효과가 부가되는가를 어휘 형태로 수집하였다. 원본 영상으로는 중성적인 감성과 네 개의 감성 영상 ― 기쁨, 여유로움, 화남, 슬픔 ― 을 활용하였다. 실험을 통해 (N=30) 총 3,800 개의 단어들이 수집되었으며, 위 단어들은 899 종의 감성 어휘로 정리되었다. 그리고 감성 어휘들은 유의어 관계에 의해 총 52 가지의 감성 어휘 군집으로 최종 분류되었다. 두 번째 연구에서는 재생 스타일이 적용된 영상의 감성을 평가하는 도구를 개발하고자 하였다. 연구의 자극물로 재생 스타일이 적용된 11 가지 상업적 영상물을 수집하고, 각 영상을 재생 스타일이 적용되지 않은 원본 영상으로 변환하였다. 그리고 첫 번째 실험과 같이 재생 스타일이 적용된 영상과 원본 영상을 동시에 제시해, 재생 스타일에 의한 효과를 평가하였다. 평가자들은 (N=30) 감성 어휘 899 종 가운데 선별된 대표적인 영상 감성 어휘 38개에 대해 5 점 척도로 응답하였다. 요인 분석법을 통해 응답을 분석한 결과 총 4개의 감성 요인 ― 기쁨, 슬픔, 회상적, 이상함 ― 이 추출되었다. 이 4개 요인은 보편적인 정서 이론가 비교하여 기쁨과 슬픔이 공존한다는 차이점을 나타내었다. 추가적으로, 연구 결과를 토대로 애니메이션 기반의 감성 평가 도구를 개발한 후 이에 대한 활용 가치 및 응용 방안에 대하여 논의하였다.

Luxury consumers are highly social online, and with approximately 80 percent of luxury shoppers using social media on a monthly basis (Mckinsey & Company, 2015), the experience luxury brands provide on social networking services (SNS) becomes imperative. Interaction through social streams is about building a relationship with people who may continue to use the luxury product for the next 25 years (The Guardian, 2015). Hence, from magazines to smartphones, luxury brands are seeking new opportunities to communicate with their customers. Brands such as Burberry and Gucci are becoming increasingly active by uploading visuals, narratives, and films that represent their brand, and others are slowly following suit. Although various contents are now being posted online, when it comes to luxury brands, what separates them from others is the rich and unique brand heritage (LinkedIn, 2015; Mckinsey & Company, 2015). Despite this strength, it is a not implemented effectively as a strategy (The Guardian, 2015). In this study, we want to emphasize the need for luxury brands to go digital and to spread their brand stories as a form of advertisement. Stories in advertising and their effects on consumer behavior has been dealt by previous research (Deighton, Romer, & Mcqueen, 1989; Escalas, 2007; Escalas, 2004; Wang & Calder, 2006). Deighton, Romer, and Mcqueen (1989) found that dramatization influenced viewers’ processing to become more empathetic than argumentative, which made dramatized commercials more persuasive than argument-oriented ones. Escalas (2004) showed that narrative advertisement processing is positively correlated with brand attitude and behavioral intention and that narratively structured advertisements persuade others through the experience known as narrative transportation. This experience has been explained by Green and Brock (2000) as “a convergent process where all mental systems and capacities become focused on events occurring in the narrative.” Narrative transportation theory explains the process of being lost in a story and that it takes place when a consumer experiences a feeling of stepping into a world stimulated by narratives due to the empathy with the characters and imagination of the story plot (Laer, Ruyter, Visconti, & Wetzels, 2014). This process can be effective in changing attitudes and beliefs of individuals who read stories (Green & Brock, 2000). For luxury brands, brand heritage can be transformed into stories that can transport readers to other worlds, and this can affect consumer attitudes, intentions, and behaviors (Laer, Ruyter, Visconti, & Wetzels, 2014). This experience is what this study pursues to delve into and understand.

We investigate the records related to the reign style and the calendar day from the epigraphs of the Goryeo dynasty (918 - 1392) in Korea in order to verify and supplement the sexagenary cycle data of the first day in the lunar month of the dynasty. The database of the National Research Institute of Culture Heritage contains a rubbed-copy image, transcription statement, and translation statement for Korean epigraphs as well as 775 epigraphs corresponding to the Goryeo dynasty. The epigraph records are valuable in that, during this time, they were written differently from other historical literature such as the Goryeosa (History of the Goryeo Dynasty), which was compiled in the next dynasty. We find that the Goryeo dynasty, in general, had adopted the reign styles of Chinese dynasties at that time. We also find 159 calendar day records all showing good agreement with the work of Ahn et al. except for dozens of records. Through this study, we can verify the reign styles and the calendar days of the Goryeo dynasty.

宋元話本小說 ‘篇尾’에는 다양한 ‘修辭格’이 운용되고 있는데, 이러한 修辭格의 표현을 통해 수사 예술의 뛰어난 성과를 살펴볼 수 있다. ‘篇尾’에 운용된 ‘修辭格’은 어문의 기세와 독자 의 인상을 강조하거나, 혹은 작품 내용을 응집하고 정련하면서 간단하고 정제된 방식을 유지 하기 위해서거나, 또는 어문 형식을 응용하여 서술적 흐름에 변화와 조화를 구현하는 등의 예술적 의미를 지닌다. 이러한 수사 예술의 의미를 고찰하는 것은 먼저 서술자에 대한 감정 과 견해, 주장과 생각을 폭넓게 이해할 수 있는 시각을 제시하며, 이어서 작품 내용에 대한 직접적이고 적극적인 이해를 도와주는데 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있다. 또한 당시 話本小說 에 나타난 다양한 수사 기교를 통해 小說修辭學의 미학적 관점과 표현 예술의 구현 과정을 자세히 살펴볼 수 있다. 宋元話本小說 ‘篇尾’에 나타난 수사 기교와 예술적 성취는 상당히 체 계적이고 숙성된 것이라고 할 수 있다. 이것은 청자(독자)를 주요한 대상으로 그들에게 가장 효과적이고 직접적인 방식으로 예술적 감흥을 전달하는 법을 강구하는 것이며, 동시에 작가 자신의 미적 감각을 ‘修辭格’의 운용을 통해 적극적으로 발현하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 작가는 작품에 대한 내용과 형식, 주제와 의미에 대한 예술적 안배와 조정을 ‘篇尾’를 통해 적절하게 표현하고 있으며, 또한 청자(독자)에게 효과적이고 적확하게 작품의 내용과 주제를 종결하거 나 정리하여 전달하고 있다.

사람들은 자신이 애정을 가지고 있는 중요 타인(예. 자녀, 배우자, 연인)을 또 다른 자기(extended self)라고 생각 하고 자신의 자기 개념에 부합하는 방향으로 이들의 패션 스타일을 통제하려는 경향이 있다. 본 연구는 개념적으로 통제하려는 사람이 지각한 간섭권한 정도와 패션감각 수준이 중요 타인의 패션 스타일 통제 행동에 독립적 또는 상호작용의 영향을 미칠 것이라고 제안하였다. 이를 검증하기 위해서 연애 중인 20대 여성을 대상으로 시나리오를 이용한 실험을 진행했다. 연구 결과, 20대 여성 실험 참가자가 지각한 남자친구에 대한 간섭권한 정도와 패션감각 수준은 남자친구의 패션 스타일 통제 행동에 독립적으로 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면 간섭권한 정도와 패션감각 수준의 지각은 남자친구의 패션 스타일 통제 행동에 상호작용 효과를 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 보다 구체적으로 지각한 간섭권한이 높은 경우는 패션감각 수준의 차이에 따른 남자친구의 패션 스타일 통제 행동의 차이가 없는 반면 지각한 간섭권한이 낮은 경우는 패션감각 수준을 높게 지각할수록 남자친구의 패션 스타일 통제를 더 많이 하는 것으로 나타났다.

‘Missionsbenediktiner van St. Ottilien’ is the first male convent in Korea. Its history is distinguished in three steps as Seoul period(1909-1927), Duckwon-Yanji Period(1927-1946), and Waegwan Period(1952-). In this study, I have investigated the Location, Arrangement and Architectural style of Pek Dong Abbey, the old Deokwon abbey, and Waegwan Abbey. Each abbey was reflected in the pastoral, social and economic background at the time. Among them Duckwon abbey can be evaluated as the best ideal abbey which presents the combined model of monasteries and missions.

The purpose of this study is to identify the influences of psychological variables and fashion-related psychological variables on purchasing fashion items on the Internet. Boredom proneness and public self-consciousness were selected as psychological variables, and dressing style was selected as a fashion-related psychological variable. It was hypothesized that boredom proneness and public self-consciousness not only influence the purchasing frequency of fashion items on the Internet directly, but also indirectly through dressing style. Data were gathered by surveying university students in Seoul using convenience sampling. Two hundred and eighty-six questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis. SPSS was used for exploratory factor analysis, and AMOS was used for hypothesized relationship testing. The factor analysis of boredom proneness revealed five dimensions, “helplessness,” “affective response,” “lack of internal stimulation,” “lack of external stimulation,” and “perception of time.” The factor analysis of public self-consciousness revealed two dimensions, “appearance-consciousness” and “styleconsciousness,” and the factor analysis of dressing style revealed one dimension. The overall fit of the hypothesized model suggests that the model fits the data well. The hypothesized relationship test proved that boredom proneness and public self-consciousness influence the purchasing frequency of fashion items on the Internet indirectly through dressing style. The results implicate effective strategies for Internet shopping malls and suggestions for future study.

본 연구는 성격 유형과 연령별, 유행혁신성에 따른 구두 스타일 선호와 감성에 대해 연구한 것으로 실증적 연 구를 통해 이를 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 편의표본 추출방식의 설문조사를 통한 연구를 하였으며 여대생 224명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 구두 스타일을 선정하기 위하여 구두 종류를 사전적 분류와 인터넷 검색을 이용 하여 현 여대생들에게 착용이 적합한 총 8개 구두를 선정하였다. 성격유형은 MBTI 간략척도를 본 연구에 맞게 수정하여 사용하였다. 감성척도는 선행연구를 통해 검증된 감성척도를 수정 보완하였으며 SPSS통계분석 결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 구두 스타일에 따라 선호와 감성에는 유의한 차가 있었으며 대응분석 결과, 구두의 감성은 4~5가지로 묶일 수 있었다. 둘째, 여대생의 성격유형별로 몇 가지 구두에서 선호와 감성의 유의한 차가 있었다. 셋째, 유행 혁신성에 따른 구두의 선호와 감성의 유의한 차가 있었으며 구매횟수에 따른 구두의 선호도에 유의한 차가 있었다. 본 연구결과를 통하여 소비자의 특성 및 유행이 급격하게 변화하는 구두시장에서 생산자, 소비자 모두에게 유용한 효과적인 정보 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The objectives of this study were to investigate whether heel height changes in the U.S. market occur in a cyclical pattern and heel heights show greater within-year variability over time. Heel height data from U.S. Vogue’s spring and fall editions were analyzed over the time period 1950~2014. A total of 1581 pieces of data were measured in millimeter units using Adobe Illustrator and standardized by dividing the height of the heel by the shoe length through the curved sole line. To analyze the cycle pattern of heel heights, the yearly averages were standardized by using three-year moving average technique to average out the irregular components of time series data and give a better indication of the long-term fluctuation of heel height. To identify the degree of within-year variability of heel height, the standard deviation of the average measurements for a year was calculated, and then decade averages were drawn from the yearly averaged standard deviation. One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the within-year variability of data in heel height over the time period studied by decade. The results showed: First, there was a trend toward higher heels from the early 1950s to 2011. Second, four cyclical movements of heel height were observed from 1950 to 2007, and heel heights gradually decreased after 2008. Third, the within-year variability significantly increased over time, especially after the 1980s.

The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of technology-enhanced instruction types, vocabulary activity types, and learners' cognitive style on vocabulary knowledge. With regard to the types of technology-enhanced instruction, the results of post-vocabulary tests indicated that both blended learning and web-based instruction had positive effects on vocabulary learning. In particular, the blended learning group outperformed the web-based group showing greater improvement. With regard to vocabulary activity type, the results did not reveal a significant difference between groups with different types of vocabulary activities. When comparing the results from test items assessing the receptive and productive knowledge of vocabulary, both groups made greater improvements in their receptive knowledge of vocabulary than productive use of vocabulary. Concerning learners’ cognitive style, the analysis of the test scores indicated that there was no significant difference among groups. Finally, pedagogical implications were provided at the end of the paper.

The fashion industry has been dramatically transformed during the last 20 years with the introduction of fast fashion: a style of instant cutting edge fashion at affordable prices (Sheridan, Moore, & Nobbs, 2006). The term, fast fashion, describes a business model characterized by rapid supply chains, merchandising techniques and retail technology all developed to respond to increasingly fast changing consumer demands (Kim, Choo, & Yoon, 2013). In contrast to this business format, luxury fashion brands have always held a superior position in the fashion industry through their quality, limited release and pricing policies. The contemporary fashion industry is now highly competitive, with this additional pressure coming from fast fashion companies constantly delivering original and “fresh” products at affordable prices (Cholachatpinyo, Fletcher, Padgett, & Crocker, 2002). Despite the apparent price discrepancy between fast fashion and luxury fashion products, both these two fashion styles appear to cater to a consumer’s need for uniqueness. Through the consumption of fashion this uniqueness factor becomes evident in the way in which consumers convey their individual identity and self-image to society. Intuitively, as the two styles of fashion are distinctive, the type of uniqueness component desired by their consumer will differ. Therefore, we ask: “what aspects of uniqueness are motivating consumers to choose between fast fashion and luxury fashion brands?” The paper answers this important research question through evaluating (1) the predictively of fashion-brand attitude and self-congruency on fashion style preferences and (2) the moderating role of consumers’ need for uniqueness (CNFU) in these direct relationships. An online survey of 301 U.S. participants was conducted utilizing a quazi-experimental between-subjects design. All participants had experience with purchasing either fast fashion or luxury fashion clothing. Fashion-brand attitude and self-image congruency were treated as independent variable with preference for fashion style as the dependent variable. The three factors that constitute CNFU were treated as moderators. The results suggest that fashion style preference is determined more by the level of self-image congruency than positive attitudes towards fashion brands. More importantly, the different qualities of CNFU are capable of influencing individual consumers’ fashion preference within each fashion style. Collectively, the findings present strong supporting evidence that the differences in consumers’ need for uniqueness are likely to affect some fashion style preferences and not others. In particular, the majority of findings are consistent with the central argument that fashion consumers are uniqueness seekers and have their own ways of portraying their individuality to society (Workman & Caldwell, 2007). There was however inconsistent results obtained by treating CNFU as a single moderating construct, thus adding further support for Tain, Bearden and Hunter’s (2001) proposition that the consumers need for uniqueness consists of three distinct components, each specifying a unique personality trait.

The purpose of this study was to categorize and comparatively analyze tourists of different life-style groups who visit Yesan according to their lifestyles as well as their consumption behaviors and attitudes towards local foods or specialty agricultural products in order to understand the various needs, attitudes, and behaviors of consumers in each life-style group. Group 1 had a high percentage of single people in their 20s and those who worked in technology. Group 2 had a high percentage of those in their 30s and 40s who were married and were professionals. Group 3 had a high percentage of men and those in their 40s and 50s, as well as a high percentage of high income, highly educated people. Group 4 had a high percentage of those in their 20s or those in their 60s or higher. Compared to other groups, group 4 had a larger percentage of lower income and less educated people. In verifying the difference between life-style groups in terms of their behaviors and attitudes toward local foods and specialty agricultural products, consumption and experience of regional specialty foods showed high average scores in groups 1, 2, and 3, with significant differences from group 4.

The study is part of the Chinese beverage selection attributes according to dietary style purchases based on the different dietary styles among different factors and consumer behavior analysis of consumer characteristics. The subjects of study were for the people living in Tianjin China objects directly in the local implementation of the questionnaire survey. A statistical analysis of 455 was conducted using SPSS 19. Using the general statistical analysis and cause analysis and reliability analysis, ANOVA test and cross analysis. Investigation object types related dietary style 20 projects, selection attributes 14 exploratory analysis of the causes, according to the results of dietary style in five factors, respectively of the health oriented, convenience oriented, economy oriented, gourmet oriented, food safety oriented convenient type named pursuit. Selection attributes is to consider three items of the preference factors, production and functional factors, information factors named. Food safety oriented showed a high percentage, Gourmet oriented compared to other types of higher proportion of singles. Food safety oriented production and functional factors to purchase consideration magazine and newspaper has obtained the information. Gourmet oriented production and functional factors to purchase consideration TV and radio were obtained by using the information. Health oriented green tea beverages have been preferred.

The goals of this study are to analyze how fashion professionals' attitudes toward Grunge style have changed since the 1990s and to compare aesthetic features of 1990s Grunge style and the style since 2000. By searching Vogue and Women's Wear Daily articles from 1992 to 2014 according to the keyword "Grunge", three collections from the 1990s and 59 collections since 2000 were selected for analysis. Although Grunge collections of the 1990s were harshly criticized by critics and retailers as ugly, the more recent collections have been highly praised for both design and profitability. The common aesthetic features of Grunge style in the 1990s and beyond include loose silhouettes, mix-and-match layerings, plaid patterns, floral prints, and striped patterns. However, Grunge style since 2000 has new features such as ornate fabrics, handcrafted details, a formal and dressy look, and faux plaid flannel shirts in chiffon or organza. These features give the style a more luxurious, feminine, and refined appearance. The results of this study indicate that Grunge style of the 1990s changed high fashion beauty standards and today's designers and consumers prefer to mix various styles to create new ones. They typically do not consider the original spirit or identities of the varied styles.