Supplementing feed components is becoming increasingly difficult for various reasons, including increased shipping costs, decreased capture efficiency, and global warming. For this reason, much research has been conducted globally to find alternative protein sources. The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is an important feed item for nutritional accumulation and has environmental consequences. Few studies have been conducted to determine the nutritional level of the substrate, but most of these studies have involved modifying the substrate material. The aim of this study was to determine the ideal crude protein(CP) content of a substrate for BSF rearing. The experimental treatment was separated into three CP levels (low, 13.5%; medium, 20%; high, 26.5%) in the substrate. The results showed that the BSF weight (6.46%) and protein conversion ratio (1.13%) increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). In addition, protein (14.38%) and lipid (13.12%) yields were significantly increased (p<0.05). The BSF CP level increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). CP levels in the substrate upregulated the levels of certain fatty acids, essential amino acids, and non-essential amino acids (p<0.05). In conclusion, the potential values of BSF as feed were improved as the CP level of the substrate increased; However, no difference was found between medium and high CP levels in the rearing substrate. These results suggested that the substrate CP level should be at the medium level for optimal product quality. In conclusion, BSF quality is influenced by substrate nutrient levels, necessitating the development of specialized substrates for effective rearing.

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) has been noted as an excellent feed ingredient. However, there is limited information on rearing and processing technology. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the substrates for rearing BSF and the optimal processing method for BSF performance. Study separated as 2 experiment, BSF rearing and drying method(Exp 1.) and EP-processing method(exp 2.). During the study, 30 clutches were reared, with 10 per substrate. Three substrates, namely food waste (FW), tofu by-product (TF), and vegetable waste with two drying methods, namely hot air dry (AD) and microwave dry (MW) at expanding (EP) ratios of 5:5 and 7:3, were examined by evaluating their rearing performance, nutrient contents, in vitro digestibility and lipid oxidation stability during storage (0, 14 and 28 days). In experiment 1, the rearing substrates and drying methods were evaluated. Compared with that of conventional methods (FW, AD), the TF substrates and MW method showed higher dry matter contents (3.43%) and in vitro digestibility (1.62%) but lower ether extract contents(3.53%; p<0.05). However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration under MW treatments decreased during storage (5.77%, 4.69% and 3.24%; p<0.05). In experiment 2, compared with that of the 7:3 EP-BSF ratio, the 5:5 EP-BSF ratio showed higher in vitro digestibility (2.70%) and lower MDA concentration during storage (19.19%, 7.96% and 6.42%; p<0.05). In conclusion, the optimal conditions for BSF rearing and ensuring product quality were TF substrates, MW methods and a 5:5 corn:BSF ratio. Therefore, the optimal conditions for producing EP-BSF can present an excellent feed ingredient alternative for swine feed.

본 연구에서는 flavonoid apigenin과 baicalein의 세포 실험으로 콜라겐 회복효과를 확인하고 전사체 비교 분석을 통하여 collagen 회복 효과를 뒷받침할 수 있는 결과를 제안하고자 한다. 연구 결과 apigenin과 baicalein은 HS68 세포주에서 UV에 의해 손상된 I형 collagen 회복에 효과를 보였으며, 두 물질 모두에서 ECM 관련 유전자들의 발현 변화를 확인하였다. ECM을 조절하는 공통적인 메커니즘을 보일 뿐 아니라 각각 다른 범주의 유전자들을 변화시키는 결과도 보여서, 세포에 다양한 영향을 미치는 것으로 예측할 수 있었다.

In recent years, the government has strongly promoted multi-purpose utilization of paddy field. However, poor drainage causes waterlogging stress in upland crops, requiring subsurface drainage technology, resulting in high installation and management costs. To address this issue, a low-cost and high-efficiency technique was developed that utilizes wasted coir substrates which have characteristics of high porosity and good drainage, for upland crop cultivation in paddy fields. Soybeans were grown in both paddy soil and wasted coir slab with two planting densities (80×20 cm and 60×20 cm). The results showed that the coir substrates had better performance than the paddy soil in terms of soil physical and chemical properties and the growth and yield of upland crops are improved. The treatments using wasted coir substrate showed a 41.4% increase in yield and a 21.3% increase in protein content compared to PS treatment. Our findings demonstrate that recycling waste coir substrates to grow upland crops is a positive cultivation strategy to solve some drainage problems in paddy fields. This approach offers a sustainable solution for upland crop production while also addressing the issue of waste management in agriculture.

This study was conducted to develop a renewable and sustainable bio-material to replace polystyrene (EPS) in fungal-mycelium-based composite using agricultural by-products. Four mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum, Fomitella fraxinea, Phellinus linteus, and Schizophyllum commune) were cultured in an oak sawdust plus rice bran substrate to select the mushroom with the best growth. The mycelia of G. lucidum showed the best growth. To investigate the optimal mixing ratio with spent mushroom substrate (SM) and oak sawdust (OS), samples were prepared by mixing SM and OS at ratios of 50%:50%, 60%:40%, and 80%:20% (w/w). Each substrate was then inoculated with G. lucidum. G. lucidum showed the best mycelial growth of 140.0 mm in the substrate with SM and OS mixed at a 60%:40% ratio. It was also found that the substrate with SM and OS mixed at a 60%:40% ratio had the best handling properties. The compressive strength of mycelial materials inoculated with G. lucidum was in the range of 300–302 kgf mm-1, and the materials were four times stronger than polystyrene materials. These results indicate that substrates comprising spent mushroom substrate mixed with oak sawdust can be successfully upcycled to mycelium-based composite materials using G. lucidum. This represents a sustainable approach.

Aluminum’s exceptional properties, such as its high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and low neutron absorption cross-section, make it an ideal material for diverse nuclear industry applications, including aluminum plating for the building envelope of nuclear power plants. However, plating aluminum presents challenges due to its high reactivity with oxygen and moisture, thus, complicating the process in the absence of controlled environments. Plating under an inert atmosphere is often used as an alternative. However, maintaining an inert atmosphere can be expensive and presents an economic challenge. To address these challenges, an innovative approach is introduced by using deep eutectic solvents (DES) as a substitute for traditional aqueous electrolytes due to the high solubility of metal salts, and wide electrochemical window. In addition, DESs offer the benefits of low toxicity, low flammability, and environmentally friendly, which makes DESs candidates for industrial-scale applications. In this study, we employed an AlCl3-Urea DES as the electrolyte and investigated its potential for producing aluminum coatings on copper substrates under controlled conditions, for example, current density, deposition duration, and temperature. A decane protective layer, non-polar molecular, has been used to shield the AlCl3-Urea electrolyte from the air during the electrodeposition process. The electrodeposition was successful after being left in the air for two weeks. This study presents a promising and innovative approach to optimizing aluminum electrodeposition using deep eutectic solvents, with potential applications in various areas of the nuclear industry, including fuel cladding, waste encapsulation, and radiation shielding.

Heteroepitaxy is a better method of enlarging SCD wafer size than homoepitaxy. In this work, several aspects of the bias process for heteroepitaxial diamond nucleation are studied experimentally. First, with increasing bias time, the diamondnucleation pathway is found to transform from “isolated-crystal nucleation” to “typical domain-nucleation” and back to “isolated-crystal nucleation.” An interdependent relationship between bias voltage and bias time is proposed: the higher the bias voltage, the shorter the bias time. Second, a correlation exists between the threshold bias voltage and reactor-chamber pressure: a higher reactor chamber pressure usually requires a higher threshold bias voltage to realize “typical domain nucleation.” Third, diamond bias-enhanced nucleation and growth is observed at a high CH4 content, where the dynamic equilibrium between amorphous-carbon-layer deposition and atomic-hydrogen etching is broken. Finally, epitaxial nucleation is obtained on a substrate with ∅30 mm in a home-made MPCVD setup.

Melons, a rich source of vitamins and fibers, are commonly grown in the soil. Hydroponic cultivation could improve yield and quality of melon and selection of substrate volume and the kind of substrates is important for hydroponic cultivation of melons. This study investigated the effect on melon growth according to volume of granular rockwool and substrates of coir and rockwool slab. ‘Geumsegye’ melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Geumsegye) was cultivated hydroponically according to volume of granular rockwool to 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 L, and was also cultivated using coir and rockwool slabs. Logistic model was applied to estimate the growth characteristics of melons such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and the characteristics of fruit. The growth characteristics of melons were significantly increased at 4.0 L compared to those grown of 1.0 L volume of on granular rockwool, and the results were the highest in coir and rockwool slabs. Melons grown in rockwool slabs showed the largest fruit fresh weight, fruit length, and fruit width. During hydroponic cultivation, growth characteristics of melon appropriate at the 4.0 L volume of granular rockwool, and the highest at coir and rockwool slabs. This study provides a basis for understanding the effect of root zone environment to the growth characteristics and fruit quality of non-netted melon.

The present study aimed at selecting a cost-effective substrate for king oyster mushroom based on the growth characteristics of fruiting body for use as a basic resource to ensure stable production on farms. Compositional analysis of substrates manufactured with different materials in each process revealed that the total carbon content was 42.24–48.22% higher and the total nitrogen content was 1.7–2.29% higher in the processed lot than in the control (i.e., substrate used by the farmhouse; 40.86% and 1.39%, respectively). Meanwhile, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was the highest in the control (27.9% vs. 19.12–27.88% in the processed lot). When cultured for 28 days, the mycelium growth was 11.5 and 11.3 mm in substrates 1 and 6, respectively, indicating the fastest growth; meanwhile, the values were 10.1–10.3 mm in the control and substrate 11, showing a similar tendency. Mycelial density did not differ significantly among the processed lots. Yield per bottle was higher in substrates 8 (205.95 g/bottle), 7 (178.51 g/bottle), and 11 (170.63 g/bottle) than in the control (152.2 g/bottle). Fruiting body quality was comparable to controls in all processed lots. Overall, economic effects, such as substrate material prices, should be analyzed, and stability evaluations, such as residual pesticide and harmful microorganisms, should be undertaken along with further detailed examination to ensure safe and stable production on farms.

Pleurotus species are the most consumed and cultivated mushrooms in Korea. Although oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus) can be cultivated automatically, their storability is slightly lower than that of king oyster mushrooms (P. eryngii) and winter mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes); therefore, the export proportion of oyster mushrooms is very low. Since Korean mushrooms are highly preferred across Southeast Asian, the export of oyster mushrooms in the form of complete substrates is expected to be more promising than that of fresh mushroom. Here, 1 and 2.5 kg complete substrates of P. ostreatus ‘Soltari’ and P. sajor-caju ‘Sambok’ were prepared and stored at different temperature from 0 to 15°C for 10 days. Thereafter, the formation of fruiting bodies was induced. Since the 2.5 kg complete substrates required 70 days of incubation, their mycelia were at an advanced age and their fruiting bodies did not grown normally. When 70%-incubated complete substrates were stored at 5–10°C, the growth was faster and more uniform and stable fruiting bodies were formed. Export test of complete substrates to Vietnam using distribution containers set at 0°C and 15°C revealed that the growth period was shortened by 1–2 days when the distribution containers were set at 15°C and the yield of ‘Soltari’ increased by approximately 10%. In addition, even though the yield of ‘Sambok’ was similar between treatments at 0°C and 15°C, the quality of fruiting bodies from 15°C-distributed complete substrates was much better than that of those from 0°C-distributed substrates.

잎들깨 수경재배 시 적합한 고형배지를 선발하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. ‘남천’과 ‘소미랑’ 2품종에 대해 코이어 (chip:dust = 5:5), 펄라이트, 입상 암면, 원예용 상토(cocopeat: peatmoss:vermiculite:perlite:zeolite = 50:25:10:10:5) 등 4종의 배지에 따른 배지의 물리화학적 특성 및 생육반응을 분 석하였다. 배지 간의 EC와 pH의 차이는 보이지 않았으나, 용 기용수량 측정 결과 입상 암면이 가장 높고 원예용 상토와 코 이어가 적절한 수준을 유지하였다. 배지의 기상률은 코이어 와 펄라이트가 30% 이상으로 높은 경향을 보였으며 가비중은 코이어 배지를 제외한 모든 배지가 기준을 충족하였다. 잎의 크기는 품종 간에 배지에 따른 반응이 다르게 나타났는데 ‘남 천’ 품종은 원예용 상토에서 엽장, 엽폭이 가장 컸고 ‘소미랑’ 의 경우 코이어에서 재배하였을 때 가장 컸다. 엽중은 두 품종 모두 원예용 상토에서 재배한 것이 가장 높았고, 코이어와 펄 라이트에서 재배한 것이 상대적으로 낮았다. 총 생산량을 조 사한 결과 수량이 높은 원예용 상토 및 입상 암면과 수량이 낮 은 코이어, 펄라이트로 두 그룹으로 구분되는 형태를 보였으 며 그룹 간에 최대 28% 차이를 보였다. 따라서 근권에 충분한 수분 공급이 필요한 잎들깨를 수경재배하기 위해서는 보수력 이 좋은 원예용 상토와 입상 암면을 이용하는 것이 적합할 것 으로 판단한다.

In this study, the community structure of marine benthic invertebrates was examined to evaluate the differences between the west, south, and east coasts of Korea and to identify the indicator species representing each region. Acrylic attachment plate sets were installed in Jeongok, Mokpo, Tongyeong, Yangpo, and Gangreung, and the invertebrate fauna thus captured were identified. Monitoring was performed in each area from March 2017 to May 2018. Water depth, temperature, and salinity at each location were measured to determine the potential influence of abiotic factors on the community structure. As a result, the mean depth of plates installed and the water temperature were significantly different in each area. A total of 32 invertebrate species were identified in all localities, and the most significant difference in the species compositions was found between Mokpo and Gangreung. The community structure differed significantly with a change in the plate depth, and a larger number of indicator species appeared on shallower plates. Finally, we determined the community structure of benthic invertebrates in different geographical regions of the Korean ocean by characterizing the dominant invertebrate taxa and the indicator species at each site.

Gabion was unfavorable to the reconstruction of the landscape caused by limit plant growth because of commonly filled with stone. Therefore, gabion was need substrate as possible to plant growth for harmonize with the surroundings and prevent of erosion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substrates based growing media containing wood meal on physical property (moisture content), chemical properties (organic matter and C/N ratio), plant cover and plant species in gabion. The substrates were composed of soil and soil mixed with growing media (9:1 (v/v) and 4:1 (v/v)). The growing media was prepared by mixing the basic materials, such as peat, perlite, with the specific materials, such as steam treated wood meal (Quercus mongolica) and NH4NO3. Field experiments were carried out on a damaged forest slope, South Korea, from January to November. The results, the moisture content of soil mixed with growing media (4:1, v/v) was maintained high value than others during the thermophilic period and consistently high organic matter which at an advantage for long term plant growth for 11 months. We were confirmed soil mixed with growing media (4:1, v/v) was an advantage to keep C/N ratio for plant growth period. The growing media based substrates has high plant cover percentage and advantage to plant growth for long term. And to conclude, in general the project is a success considering that few repairs or follow up will be necessary. This technique offers a solution to create a better harmony with the surrounding environment.

Carbon lives along with us in our daily life and has a vital role to play. It is present in the air and within all living organisms. Due to its handheld advantage in nano-properties that are utilized in many applications, carbon substrates came under limelight during the recent decades. Carbon substrates are most widely used in cancer detection, catalysis, bio-sensing, adsorption, drug delivery, carbon capture, hydrogen storage, and energy. Alongside, composite materials with carbon as an additive are also developing rapidly in applications like infrastructures, automobile, health care, consumer goods, etc. which became an integral chunk of our life. In this paper different types of carbon substrates and its applications, properties of the substrates were reviewed. The applications and methods of synthesis of carbon substrates are also dealt with a broad perspective.

The present study evaluated the influence of rumen inocula of different breeds on in vitro fermentation with forage and concentrate substrates. An in vitro was conducted under a 2×2 factorial arrangement with two breeds (Jersey and Holstein steers) and two feed substrates (forage and concentrate) as factors. Three Jersey and 3 Holstein steers were used for the source of in vitro inocula. Metataxonomic analysis of donor rumen fluids showed that Firmicutes was more abundant in Jersey, while Bacteroidetes in Holstein steers. In vitro ㏗ was lower in the fermented inocula of Jersey steers and in the concentrate substrate (p<0.05). After 24h, higher gas production, dry matter, and neutral detergent fiber degradability, and total volatile fatty acids concentration were noted in concentrate substrate (p<0.05). After 24h, inocula of Jersey steers had higher methane and ammonia-nitrogen (p<0.05). After 24h, fermented inocula of Holstein steers produced higher propionate (p<0.05). Conversely, in vitro butyrate production was higher in the fermented inocula from Jersey steers (p=0.072) and in those with concentrate substrate (p<0.05). After 24h, the total bacterial population (log10 c opies) was h igher in t he fermented inocula received from Jersey steers and in the concentrate substrate whereas, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens population were higher (p<0.05) only in the concentrate substrate. Overall results suggest that rumen inocula of different donors influence in vitro fermentation either with forage or concentrate substrates.

표고(Lentinula edodes), 노루궁뎅이(Hericium erinaceus), 느타리(Pleurotus ostreatus)의 버섯수확후배지(spent mushroom substrate, SMS)를 퇴비화에 활용하였다. 퇴비화 온도변화는 50oC 이상에서 7일에서 10일 동안 지속 되어 30일에 부숙이 완료되었다. 퇴비화 된 LeCSMS, HeCSMS는 130%, 80% 무종자에 대한 종자 발아지수를 보여 부숙도에 대한 종자 발아지수를 충족하였다. 퇴비화에 따른 물리 화학적 변화를 조사한 바 pH 범위가 4-5 에서 6-7로 증가 되었고 EC는 1-1.4 dS/m로 소폭 감소 되었으며 유기질 함량은 LeCSMS에서 36.9%로 SMS에 비하여 60% 이상 가장 큰 폭으로 감소 되었다. LeCSMS 를 기준으로 N (1.2%), P(2.3%), K(0.77%)함량이 조사되었으며 중금속은 모든 CSMS에서 기준치 이하였으며 Ca, Mg는 30%에서 60%이상 증가하였다. C/N비는 LeCSMS, HeCSMS에서 15% 낮았으나 PoCSMS에서 32%로 높게 나타났다. LeCSMS 처리에 따른 고추 유묘 생육효과는 시판 유기퇴비 처리구 등 대조 구에 비하여 초장이 60% 이상 높게 성장했으며 옆폭, 옆장, 옆수에서 다른 대조 구 에 비하여 모두 우수한 생육 효과를 보였다.