본 연구는 중국 상산시 청산관, 백양욕, 희봉구 관광지구 등 총 15개 지구를 대상으로 만리장성 유적지 의 공간활력에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하고 공간활력 평가방법을 수립하여 관광지구 개선에 기초 자료를 제공하는 것에 목적이 있다. 연구방법으로는 첫째, 여가활동 관찰기법(SOPARC)을 활용해 탐 방객의 활동특성을 관찰·분석하였다. 동시에 인간·시간·공간의 3차원적 접근방식을 통해 ArcGIS 핵밀 도 추정 알고리즘(KDE)을 이용하여 만리장성 유적 관광지의 활력특성을 분석하였다. 둘째, 탐방객을 대상으로 공간, 편의시설, 동선, 건축 및 자연경관, 역사 문화, 문화 활동 등 15개 항목에 대해 5점 리커트 척도로 설문조사를 수행하였다. 셋째, 전문가 대상 델파이법과 계층분석법(AHP)을 통해 공간지표를 선정하고 지표의 가중치를 설정하여 대상지의 공간활력을 평가하고 활력도 제고를 위한 지침을 마련 하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 만리장성 유적 관광지의 공간 이용자 중 젊은 층이 절대적인 비율을 차지하였 다. 또한 접근성이 좋고 시설이 잘 갖추어져 공간의 규모가 적절하고 자연경관과 문화경관이 우수하며, 문화활동이 다양하고 활발한 관광지일수록 이용자 간의 혼합도가 높았다. 공간기능이 다양한 관광지 는 공간활동의 다양성도 더 높았다. 둘째, 관광지의 활동 피크 시간대는 주로 오전 10시에서 12시, 오후 3시에서 5시 사이로 나타났으며, 미기후가 쾌적한 관광지에서는 피크 시간대의 활동빈도가 더 높았다. 시설이 잘 갖추어지고 관리가 잘된 공간일수록 활동변동이 적었으며, 경관이 아름답고 문화환경이 우 수한 공간에서는 활력이 오래 지속되었다. 셋째, 주변 인구밀도가 높고 역사요소가 잘 보존되며, 유지 관리가 우수한 관광지일수록 공간 활동빈도가 높았다. 또한 특색 있는 지역산업이 발전하고 상업활동 이 활발하며, 공간의 기능이 다양한 경우 공간집적도가 더 높아진다는 결과를 확인하였다. 넷째, 사례 연구 결과와 만리장성 유적 관광지의 특성을 결합하여 자연환경, 산업공간 기능, 시설 서비스, 문화 및 경관 등 4가지 주요 영향요인을 도출하였다. 델파이법을 통해 1개의 목표층, 4개의 1차 지표, 9개의 2차 지표 및 29개의 3차 지표로 구성된 만리장성 유적 관광지의 공간활력 평가모델을 수립하였다. 이를 토 대로 계층 분석법을 통해 공간활력 평가지표 시스템의 가중치를 결정하였으며, 가중치는 문화 및 경관 활력(45.12%), 자연환경 활력(26.09%), 산업공간 기능 활력(16.89%), 시설 서비스 활력(11.9%) 순으로 나타났다. 이는 관광지의 공간활력을 조성하는 데 있어 문화와 자연경관이 가장 중요하다는 것을 의미 한다. 다섯째, 연구를 통해 도출된 평가지표와 대상지의 현황을 종합하여 만리장성 유적 관광지의 공간 활력 5단계 평가등급을 정의하였다. 각 요인 항목에 점수를 부여해 최종 활력값을 도출할 수 있었으며, 이 값은 공간의 활력정도를 정량적으로 설명할 수 있는 기반을 마련해 주었다. 실제 검증을 통해 구축된 평가 시스템과 5단계 평가등급은 신뢰성이 높았으며, 만리장성 유적지의 공간활력 평가를 위한 새로운 패러다임을 제공했음을 확인하였다.

최근 AI를 활용한 관광객 친화 공감형 AI 서비스는 관광 안내, 관광 가이드, 여행 동반자, 관광 상품 추천, 관광 이벤트 홍보 등의 서비스 를 통해 관광객 편의와 만족도를 높이고, 관광산업의 활성화에 이바지 할 것으로 기대하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 경쟁이 치열한 관광산업의 경쟁력 강화를 위한 관광객 친화 공감형 AI 서비스를 발전시킬 방안을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 관련 선행연구가 부족한 상황 을 고려하여 단행본, 신문기사, 전문잡지 등을 최대한 고찰하여 방안을 도출했다. 그 결과, 첫째, 관광객 개별 고객의 욕구에 최적화되고 개인화 된 맞춤형 서비스를 제공해야 한다. 둘째, 관광지의 관광시설과 관광 전 담인력 서비스의 운영을 효율적으로 개선할 방안으로 발전해야 한다. 셋 째, 다양한 장애 요인으로 인해 체험 불가 시 관련 관광 상품과 서비스 를 이용할 방안을 개발해야 한다. 넷째, 관광산업의 지속가능성을 강화하 는 방안으로 발전해야 한다.

현재 관광 산업과 문화 사업이 번성하는 대배경 하에, 유적지 기념 경 관의 가치는 국가 문화 공원 건설 과정에서 더욱 돋보여야 한다. 본 연 구는 문화 경관 이론의 관점에서, 쓰촨 원촨 대지진 유적 공원을 기념 관광 고전 지구로 삼아 연구 대상으로 하여, 유적 기념 경관에 대한 관 광객 지각의 구조 방정식 모델을 구축한다. 설문조사를 통해 관련 수칙 을 얻고 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 지각된 가치가 관광객 만족도와 긍정적 인 상관관계가 있으며, 만족도를 통해 간접적으로 충성도에 영향을 미친 다는 것을 발견했다. 지각된 품질과 전체 이미지는 지각된 가치의 중요 한 요소이며 서로 영향을 미친다. 지각된 품질은 경관, 교육, 서비스의 3 가지 차원을 포함하며, 유적지 본체 외에도, 관광객들은 경관 조각, 경관 장치, 상징적 경관, 문화 창조 제품 및 교육 체험에 대한 지각이 높아, 지각된 가치를 향상시키는 중요한 요소이다. 전체 이미지는 인지 및 감 정의 2가지 차원을 포함하며, 지각된 가치를 통해 간접적으로 충성도에 영향을 미친다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 사례 지역에서 관광객 지 각을 향상시키기 위한 대책 및 제안을 시도하였다.

이 연구는 일본 규슈 북쪽 서단(西端)에 위치한 작은 도시지만, 제1,2 차 세계대전에서 구(舊)일본 해군의 군사적 요충지 역할을 맡은 군항도시 사세보(佐世保)가 관광도시로 전환되는 그 과정의 설계와 실천 과정에 기반을 두고 있다. 1983년 개장한 나가사키(長崎) ‘오란다무라(Holland Village)’는 지역경제에 많은 파급효과를 가져왔고, 1992년 개장한 ‘하우 스텐보스(Huis Ten Bosch)’는 관광도시로의 전환에 있어 ‘결정체’와 같 은 역할을 했다. 오랜 기간 군항도시의 역할이 지속된 사세보는 전전기 (戦前期)와 전후기(戦後期)를 거치며 어두운 전쟁의 체험과 역사적 흔적 을 남겼다. 하지만 사세보 시민들이 염원하던 ‘평화산업항만도시’로의 전 환에 있어 결정체 역할을 한 ‘하우스텐보스’의 개장은 마치 어두운 전쟁 의 역사의 흔적을 지우듯 나가사키의 역사와 문화라는 옷을 입혀 그 부 지위에 자리 잡았다. 하우스텐보스가 조성된 부지는 전전기에는 해군병 교 하리오(針尾)분교가, 전후기에는 인양자들의 숙소이자 인양 원호국이 자리잡고 있었던 곳이었다. 이처럼 사세보의 어두운 역사의 땅 위에 하 우스텐보스가 지어지며 군항도시에서 관광도시로 전환된 과정을 흥미롭 게 살펴보고자 한다.

This study will investigate the effects of induced awe on ethical tourist behavior. The positive emotion of awe has not been fully investigated in the context of tourism. This study will fill the gap by conducting an experimental design. The purpose of this study is to identify a message type that appeals to awe effectively. This study will be built on the construal theory. We will use a 2 (emotion: positive awe vs. negative awe) × 2 (message appeal: desirability vs. feasibility) between-subject design in study 1 and a 2 (emotion: positive awe vs. negative awe) × 2 (message appeal: desirability vs. feasibility).

This study investigates how travellers adopt information from travel review websites, i.e., Tripadvisor and how online travel reviews influence their intention to visit a tourist attraction. Based on the Information Adoption Model (IAM), a conceptual model was developed and tested using the data obtained from 227 valid respondents.

This study is to investigate the determinants of consumption expenditure by considering potential expenditure factors such as socioeconomic, fishing village tourism behavior, motivation for visits, and optional attributes of tourists at Muchangpo webfoot octopus and finespotted flounder festival in Boryeong. The analysis data are 300 questionnaires of visitors to the festival during the 2018 Muchangpo Mysterious Sea Road Webfoot Octopus and Finespotted Flounder Festival from March 17 to April 8, 2018. As a result of analyzing the factors of consumption expenditure of tourists to the festival in Boryeong, socioeconomic factors such as gender and residential groups outside Chungcheong-do have a positive (+) effect on consumption expenditure. Among the factors of fishing village tourism behavior, the only number of days of stay more than one night has a positive (+) effect on consumption expenditure. In addition, in the analysis of factors for motivation to visit the festival, fun/interest and simple rest/leisure have a significant positive (+) effect on expenditure whereas stress relief have a negative (-) effect on expenditure. In the analysis of the factors of festival selection attributes, tourism facilities has a significant positive (+) effect on expenditure, but natural scenery and excellent natural scenery show a significant negative (-) effect on expenditure. The main implications that can be obtained from the results of this study are as follows. First, it suggests that the promotion should be actively conducted outside of Chungcheong Province in order to achieve the original purpose of revitalizing the local economy from the Muchangpo webfoot octopus and finespotted flounder festival. Second, it indicates that there should be a variety of unique high-quality festival programs differentiated from other local festivals, promoting the existence of simple rest/leisure facilities rather than webfoot octopus boat fishing experiences or natural scenery (i.e., mysterious road and sunset) in order to attract festival tourists' spending at the Muchangpo webfoot octopus and finespotted flounder festival.

본 연구는 관광행태의 종단연구를 통해 광한루원 관리방향 설정을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 수행되었으며, 2005년과 2018년 광한루원에서 설문조사한 내용을 비교분석하였다. 방문객의 인구통계학적 특성은 40대 이상의 연령층, 여성, 주부가 상대적으로 많았으며 지역적으로는 충청과 전북 지역의 방문객이 증가하였다. 목표시장의 세분화를 통해 인구통계학적 특성의 변화를 반영하는 관광상품 개발 및 마케팅 전략을 수립해야 할 것이다. 확실한 관광 목적지로서 의 광한루원 위상은 높으므로 다양한 관광요소의 질적 향상을 위한 관리전략의 수립이 뒤따라야 할 것이다. 또한 광한루 주변 관광자원의 개발과 함께 연계이용 교통수단의 운영으로 관광지 간 접근성 증진을 도모해야 한다. 숙박률 향상을 위해 야간 관광지로서의 포지셔닝 전략을 수립하고 숙박 관광객을 유인할 수 있는 숙박시설과 프로그램이 필요하다. 새로운 관광트렌드 에 부응하기 위해서는 먹거리 상품의 다양화와 함께 지자체의 적극적인 지역음식 개발 및 홍보가 이루어져야 한다. 전체 및 남원 관광일정의 변화, 비숙박 비율의 증가에 대응하여 광한루원의 행태적 장 조절과 남원의 독특한 역사문화자원을 활용한 연계 프로그램을 운영하는 생태심리학적 해결책이 필요하다. 특히, 남원 소재 관광지간 낮은 연계이용 비율은 광한루원의 상대적으로 높은 관광 중심성과 함께 매력도가 높은 새로운 관광지가 부족하기 때문이다. 이를 극복하기 위해서는 테마의 동질성, 용이한 접근성을 바탕으로 춘향테마파크 중심의 남원관광단지와 적극적인 연계전략을 수립해야 할 것이다. 전체 관광경로 분석 결과, 단일목적 관광지로서 남원의 위상은 약화되고 연계관광지로서의 역할은 증대되었다. 따라서 인접 지자체와 광역관광 네트워크 전략을 수립하여 지역적 관광매력도를 제고하는 관광지 관리정책도 필요하다고 판단된다.

본 연구는 남원 관광목적지 네트워크를 분석하여 관광지 관리방안을 도출하기 위하여 수행되 었다. 이를 위해 남원 주요 관광지 4개소에서 조사된 설문지를 가지고 관광행태 분석(n=552)과 사회네트워크 분석(n=311)을 진행하였다. 남원에서 하루 이내로 체류하는 관광객의 비율이 매 우 높으며 방문 관광지수도 2곳 이내로 한정되어 있다. 그러므로 활성화를 위해 관광객의 체류 시간을 증대할 수 있는 관광지관리 전략의 수립이 요구된다. 남원 관광지 중심성 분석 결과, 광 한루원이 절대적 우위를 차지하고 있었다. 광한루원은 명실공히 남원의 대표적 관광지이자 관 광 네트워크의 핵심적인 역할을 하는 관광지라 할 수 있다. 광한루원을 중심으로 인접한 남원 관광단지를 비롯하여 시내권 관광지를 연계하는 전략이 필요하다. 매개 중심성이 높은 정령치 를 중심으로 지리산권 관광지를 연계하는 콘텐츠의 확대가 요구되며 나아가 시내권 관광지와 지리산권 관광지를 연계할 수 있는 관광거점으로서의 관광지관리 전략을 수립해야 한다. 혼불 문학관은 북부권 대표적 관광지로 거리상 인접한 시내권 관광지와 연계하는 전략이 요구된다. 남원은 시내권, 북부권, 지리산권으로 관광지가 산재되어 있으나 관광객은 특정 장소에 편중되 므로 관광콘텐츠 및 관광지의 적절한 연계와 체류시간 연장을 유도하는 관광 프로그램의 개발 은 남원 관광의 매력을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

최근 딥러닝 기술 가운데 이미지데이타 분석에 뛰어난 성능을 보이는 합성곱신경망 기술의 발전은 이미지 분석 영역에서 다양한 가능성을 제시하고 있다. 관광객이 게시한 사진을 딥러닝 기술을 이용하여 분류하기 위해서는 관광사진에 대한 분류와 목적에 맞는 딥러닝 모델의 훈련작업이 필수적으로 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 관광객이 플리커에 게시한 사진을 효율적으로 분류하기 위해 관광목적으로 사진이 어떻게 분류되어야 하는지 관광목적 사진분류 체계를 개발하고자 하였다. 관광목적 사진 분류 카테고리 개발을 위해 문헌분석, 웹사이트 분석, 관광객이 게시한 약 38,000장 사진의 검토과정을 거쳐 사진 분류 카테고리를 개발하였으며, 약 8400장의 사진을 개발된 카테고리에 맞춰 분류해 봄으로써 개발된 카테고리의 검증과정을 거쳤다. 이 과정을 거쳐 최종으로 제안된 카테고리는 13개 대분류, 64개 중분류, 164개의 세분류 체계를 갖으며, 본 연구 결과는 향후 관광목적 사진을 딥러닝 모델을 이용하여 분류하고자 할 때 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

In terms of coastal and marine tourism, Busan’s Haeundae had the nation’s representativeness, and is pushing for many kinds of related policies to revitalize the special tourism zone. Due to a drop in the number of beach users, it is inevitable for the Haeundae Special Tourist Zone to face active responses to new trends emerging in the global tourism market. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present a tourism strategy for making the Suyeong River as a more competitive ourist resource along the zone. First, a language network analysis is conducted through interviews to understand the ideas of interest groups for the river cruise activation project. Second, the frame structure of stakeholders is used to analyze solutions by comparing the similarities and differences in recognition frames of interest groups. Third, we intend to analyze the detailed frame types of stakeholders and present new alternatives based on the structure of relationships between types.

Introduction In an age of rapid development at the information technology front, the viability of ‘smart travel destinations’ is increasingly becoming a reality (Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2014, 2015). Advances in mobile technology have allowed travel destinations to leverage the location-based wireless tracking capabilities afforded by 3/4G telecommunication networks, Bluetooth connectivity, GPS and Wi-Fi networks (Choe & Fesenmaier 2017; Eriksson, 2002). The benefits of these wireless tracking technologies include precise information on spatial behaviour (Edwards, Dickson, Griffin, & Hayllar, 2010), relevant location-based services (LBS)(Pedrana, 2014), navigational services (Eriksson, 2002), as well as recommender services (Tussyadiah & Wang, 2016). With this kind of data available to them, destination management organisations (DMOs) are able to develop more customise tourist engagement strategies which will help them communicate specifically tailored results to tourists (Edwards & Griffin, 2013). While the focus of current tourism research has been the benefits of these wireless tracking technologies (WTTs) to the destination, little research has been done to examine tourists’ perceptions of these technologies. The current exploratory study will investigate tourist perceptions of three prominent kinds of WTTs with differing levels of control at a travel destination: (1) wireless tracking only (WT only; low control); (2) Wi-Fi wireless tracking (Wi-Fi WT; moderate control); and (3) application-based tracking (App; high control). Theoretical development The current study applies the Expectancy-Value Theory in examining tourist perceptions of WTTs at a travel destination. The Expectancy-Value Theory suggests that motivation for a behaviour is determined by the desirability of the outcome i.e. benefits to the tourist (Sparks, 2007). In the context of this study, perceived personalisation and perceived innovativeness serve as benefits to tourists. Perceived personalisation is defined as the ability of a DMO to recognize and treat its tourists as individuals through personal messaging, targeted banner ads, special offers on bills, or other personal transactions” (Imhoff, Loftis, & Geiger, 2001). Perceived innovativeness reflects the degree to which a new product is seen to possess new and unique attributes and features (Fu, Jones, & Bolander, 2008). Studies have shown that perceived personalisation and perceived innovativeness positively impact on attitudes toward the product (Baek & Morimoto, 2012; Fu & Eliott, 2013), which in the context of this study relates to both the WTT itself as well as the destination. However, mere presence of WTTs can often provoke concerns about manipulative intent (Lee-Wingate & Xie, 2010) and privacy (Shilton, 2009). Inferences of manipulative intent is defined as tourist perceptions that a company is attempting to persuade via inappropriate, unfair or manipulative means (Campbell, 1995). Privacy concerns refer to the degree to which a tourist is worried about the potential invasion of the right to prevent the disclosure of personal information to others (Baek & Morimoto, 2012, p. 63). Inferences of manipulative intent and privacy concerns have been found to negatively impact on attitudes toward the product (Lee-Wingate & Xie, 2010; Shilton, 2009). Thus, the ability of a travel destination to emphasise the pros and minimise concerns for the cons of WTTs will result in more positive attitudes towards the WTT as well as the destination, which in turn, will positively impact on intention to visit the destination (based on arguments in tourism research suggesting that both attitudes toward products and the destination itself may have an impact on intention to visit e.g. Elliot, Papadopoulos & Kim 2011; Lee & Lockshin 2012). The hypothesised model for this study can be seen in Figure 1. Methodology The conceptual model was tested using data from the United States via the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform. A total of 750 responses were acquired but only 615 were included for analysis (responses were excluded due to incomplete data or straight-lining). A between-subjects experimental design was implemented respondents viewing a stimulus for either (1) wireless tracking only (WT only; low control); (2) Wi-Fi wireless tracking (Wi-Fi WT; moderate control); or (3) application-based tracking (App; high control). A pretest of the stimulus confirmed the levels of control proposed by the researchers. Respondents were first told to imagine their next travel destination and were then shown a stimulus. In the WT only condition, respondents were told that the destination was tracking the movement of tourists when their smartphones wireless, Bluetooth or mobile reception was turned on. In the Wi-Fi WT condition, respondents were informed that the destination would track tourists logged on to the destination’s Wi-Fi network. In the App condition, respondents were notified that the destination has an app system which allows the destination to track tourists and send them personalised push notifications. The difference between these three conditions was the level of perceived control that tourists had over the tracking of their location within the destination. Respondents then rated the WTT and destination with regards to inferences to manipulative intent, privacy concerns, perceived personalisation, perceived innovativeness, attitude toward the WTT, attitude toward the destination, and intention to visit the destination. The measures for each of these scales were chosen for their reliability and relevance to the current study. Structural equation modelling then examined the hypothesised relationships for significance. Results and discussion Exploratory and factor analysis was conducted to ensure the unidimensional of the scales. Composite reliabilities ranged from 0.70 to 0.95 and the average variance extracted scores ranged from 0.70 to 0.87, suggesting strong internal validity for all scales. All measures were also tested for convergent and discriminant validity which were both supported. Then, the hypotheses were examined using a multigroup analysis with structural equation modelling in AMOS 22. The goodness-of-fit indices for the structural model was deemed acceptable (χ²/df=1.67; RMSEA=0.03; CFI=0.97; NFI=0.94; IFI=0.90) (model comparisons revealed no significant differences at a model level suggesting that the model applied across the different groups). The results of the path analysis revealed five hypotheses which were fully supported (H1a, H2a, H3a, H3b and H6b). The remaining six hypotheses (H1b, H2b, H4a, H4b, H5 and H6a) were only partially supported with significant parameter estimates noted for either one or two of the conditions. The full result of the path analysis can be seen in Table 1. The results suggest that inferences of manipulative intent significantly decreased attitude toward the WTT, highlighting the need for destinations to be transparent about the reasons for tracking tourists. Specifically, the concealed tracking of tourists’ movements was particularly damaging to attitude toward the destination. Privacy concerns also negatively impacted on attitude toward the WTT for all conditions, but surprisingly privacy concerns appeared to significantly increase attitude toward the destination under the App condition. A potential explanation for this is the fact that despite potential for privacy infringements, tourists possess control over usage of the application, thereby moderating the ability of the destination to track them. However, this result warrants greater investigation in future studies. Perceived personalisation was noted to positively impact on attitudes toward the WTT and destination suggesting that tourists positively regarded the benefits of personalisation that the WTT afforded them. Further, perceived innovativeness appeared to positively impact on attitude towards the WTT for the App condition, but more interestingly, positively impacted on attitude toward the destination for the WT only condition. This may potentially suggest that while tourists did perceive manipulative intent in the wireless tracking of their whereabouts they also perceived this to be an innovation. Theoretically, this study extends the tourism literature with regards to the installation or application of wireless tracking technologies. It highlights the aspects that appeal to tourists as well as the concerns that they may have. From a managerial perspective, the results suggest a need for transparency as well as the empowerment of tourists to choose the degree to which their whereabouts are tracked within the destination. It offers further insights into which technologies are best suited to be leveraged in order to develop stronger tourist engagement at the destination. The implications of these results apply to destination managers, marketers as well as policy makers. A successful balance between obtaining valuable information about tourists and providing them with a choice whether or not to be tracked is crucial in ensuring favourable perception of the travel destination.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among the service quality, professional competence and loyalty of China tourists visiting Taiwan. A crosssectional survey was used to collect usable data from the China tourists who participate in group tourism to Taiwan. The result indicate that the China tourists felt the service quality of “meal” in Taiwan is the best and good feeling in “professional knowledge” of tour guide. In addition, this study found that the professional competence of tour guide has an intermediary effect between the quality of tourist services and tourist loyalty. The quality of tourism service can positively influence the loyalty of China tourists to Taiwan, meanwhile, the quality of tourism service can positively affect the professional competence of tour guide and the professional competence of tour guide can positively affect the loyalty of China tourists travel to Taiwan. According to the results, the study found that travel agencies should focus on the training of tour guide, which help travel agencies to raise the value of travels product and attract more tourist.

In tourism industry, tourists at the post-fordist era have overlooked tangible aspects of consumption by focusing on tourists’ experience and satisfaction. Recently, many scholars have employed the marketing concepts to investigate tourists’ need, want, and demand, especially, value co-creation. However, there is a little interest to focus on value co-creation in tourism industry, in spite of the fact that tourists in the digital age have decided to travel by intangible aspect of consumption – emotional and experience. Additionally, we also employ the concept of psychological carrying capacity to understand how tourist value relates to psychological carrying capacity. A total of 380 completed questionnaires are collected and the data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis. The correlations between tourist value and psychological carrying capacity were examined in order to understand the relationship of tourist value toward environmental concern in the settings of island area. The results show that there is the direct relationship between tourist value, perceived crowding, interactions between tourists, perceived physical environment, overall satisfaction, and returning intention.

We evaluate the loyalty of a tourist destination considering tangible and intangible factors using the city of Porto as a case study. We observed that the main dimensions that the tourists associate with the visit and consequently with the city, in order of importance, were: i) engagement with the city of Porto, ii) identification with city of Porto, iii) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of the city of Porto, iv) experiences in the city of Porto, and v) having visited visiting the city of Porto. Direct interviews were administered in the main tourist’s points in the city during the month of October 2017. The survey was only applied to the respondents who pursued tourism in the city of Porto, with 958 valid questionnaires. The questionnaire included the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, the evaluation of level of importance of the eleven factors related to the trip, the level of agreement with the eight statements on the engagement with Porto developed by Sprott et al. (2009) – applied for the first time to a destination - and, in the final part, the evaluation of the intention to return to city of Porto. The eleven statements related to the importance of various factors associated to the trip and the eight statements that evaluate the engagement with the city were subjected to a principal components analysis with varimax rotation in order to identify the main dimensions. A logistic regression was used to explore the determinants of the likelihood to return to Porto considering the respondents’ sociodemographic variables and the main dimensions obtained in the factorial analysis (related to the important factors on the trip and the engagement with the city). Regarding the intention to return, which is the proxy of tourists’ loyalty to the destination, we observed that it is positively influenced by the engagement with the city, the tourist’s perception of CSR, the good experience in the city and having visited the city. These results connect the political, economic and marketing objectives in the tourism sector. The goals need to be aligned and the stakeholders(visitors, local residents and business, public bodies and government) must work together to maintain a solid and unified destination image. Considering that the city of Porto has been in the spotlight at an international level as one of the top cities’ destinations, this kind of information is fundamental for Porto to continue to be an attractive city tourism destination.

Human beings are intrinsically social. How social interaction among tourists affect their experience remains under-represented. Drawing on S-O-R theory, social integration theory and social penetration theory, this study proposes and empirically tests a conceptual model that integrates self-disclosure, perceived cohesion, perceived intimacy, tourist engagement and tourist satisfaction with the experience. Also, the tie strength is theorized as a moderator in the relationship between self-disclosure and perceived cohesion as well as perceived intimacy. A field experiment was undertaken to collect data. The results from the structural analysis suggest that self-disclosure influences perceived cohesion and perceived intimacy, which in turn influence their engagement and satisfaction with tourism experience. Moreover, the initial tie strength has moderation effect on the relationship between self-disclosure and perceived cohesion as well as perceived intimacy. Overall, findings of this study contributes to the development of tourism experience research from the perspective of tourist-to-tourist interaction, and broadens the research on tourist engagement. Discussions and implications for tourism operators, limitations, and suggestions for future research are also provided.

China, considering art, culture, traffic, guide, hygiene, etc., divides its tourist attractions into 5 levels: 5A, 4A, 3A, 2A and 1A. Among them, 5A is the highest level of tourist attractions, and is given to the incomparably excellent tourist attractions though it is brought to the world, and is a place where intensive support and management by the state are offered at the same time. A 5A Level Tourist Attraction to be selected by National Tourist Bureau must receive an average mark of 90-95 or more (with its score being over 95 points in the 1st evaluation and over 90 in the 2nd and 3rd evaluation each) in more than 10 items of evaluation to proceed from the first to the third evaluation. As of April, 2018 there are 249 5A Level Tourist Attractions, and 3-15 attractions are appointed in most areas (based on jurisdiction as a provincial district). At a regional development level, it can be said that specification of 5A Level Tourist Attraction is as important as authorized data to attract overseas visitors as well as domestic visitors, because this can bring enormous revenue. Recently, however, as traffic congestion that is not fit for the world level tourist attractions, disorder, too many hawkers, rip-off prices, nature destruction, lack of natural protection consciousness, etc. are combined, tourist attractions whose appointment as a 5A Level Tourist Attraction is cancelled and demoted to a 4A Level are increasing. Such examples are Shanhai Tourism Site in Chinhwangdo, Sinyonghyeop Tourism Site in Junggyeong-si, etc. Tourism is an important industry for the development of China’s economic development, and it can be said that as a result, such sanctions and management bring a greater improvement to China’s tourist industry. Accordingly, this study intended to examine what sorts of regulations are applied for the management of China’s 5A Level Tourist Attractions and what kinds of managements and characteristics there are.