Research is being actively conducted on the continuous thin plate casting method, which is used to manufacture magnesium alloy plate for plastic processing. This study applied a heat transfer solidification analysis method to the melt drag process. The heat transfer coefficient between the molten magnesium alloy metal and the roll in the thin plate manufacturing process using the melt drag method has not been clearly established until now, and the results were used to determine the temperature change. The estimated heat transfer coefficient for a roll speed of 30 m/min was 1.33 × 105 W/m2·K, which was very large compared to the heat transfer coefficient used in the solidification analysis of general aluminum castings. The heat transfer coefficient between the molten metal and the roll estimated in the range of the roll speed of 5 to 90 m/min was 1.42 × 105 to 8.95 × 104 W/m2·K. The cooling rate was calculated using a method based on the results of deriving the temperature change of the molten metal and the roll, using the estimated heat transfer coefficient. The DAS was estimated from the relationship between the cooling rate and DAS, and compared with the experimental value. When the magnesium alloy is manufactured by the melt drag method, the cooling rate of the thin plate is in the range of about 1.4 × 103 to 1.0 × 104 K/s.

NFT(Non Fungible Token)는 블록체인을 기반으로 하며, 각 토큰이 서로 다른 고유한 가치 를 지니고 있어 다른 NFT와의 1:1 교환이 성립 되지 않는다는 의미에서 대체불가능 토큰으로 불 린다. NFT 시장 참여자들은 NFT를 통해 NFT 가 표상하는 디지털 저작물을 소유하는 것으로 인식하고 있다. 또한, 재판매를 통한 수익 창출을 전제로 NFT를 거래하고 있으며, 저작자들은 NFT의 재판매 시 로열티를 지급받을 수 있도록 설정할 수 있다. 다만, 디지털 자산을 블록체인에 저장하는 경우 막대한 저장공간과 비용이 소요되 므로, 디지털 저작물은 블록체인 밖에 저장하고, NFT에는 디지털자산이 저장된 곳으로연결되는 링크, 디지털 자산의 명칭 및 설명 등이 포함된 메타데이터와 스마트계약 등 코드 정보만 포함되는 것이 일반적이다. 현행법에 따르면, 디지털 저작물이 링크를 통 해 연결된 경우 NFT를 매수하였더라도 디지털 저작물에 대한 소유권은 이전되지 않는다. 이는 디지털 저작물과NFT가 물리적으로 구분되어 있 으므로 양자는 별개의 대상이며, NFT의 취득만 으로는 저작물에 대한 배타적 지배가 불가능하기 때문이다. 그러나 NFT를 디지털 저작물과 분리 되는 등기권리증으로 볼 경우, NFT가 어떠한 권 리를 표상하는지가 불분명해진다. 또한, 무한 복 제가 가능한 디지털 저작물과 NFT를 분리하여 인식할 경우 NFT를 통해 거래되는 경제적 가치 의 상당 부분은 설명력을 상실하게 된다. 따라서 NFT와 디지털저작물을 결합하여 물건성을인정 하는 방안을 제안한다. 다만, 그 경우에도 디지털 저작물에 대한 점유 및 인도가 제한돼 소유권 이 전 요건을 충족하지 못한다는 반론이 제기될 수 있다. 다만, 디지털 저작물은 비경합성, 배제불가 능성으로 인해 점유가 사실상 어려우나, 많은 사 람들이 이를 인지할수록 경제적 가치가 증대되는 특성을 지닌다. 즉, NFT를 통한 권리관계의 대외 적 증명을 통해, 부동산의 물권 변동을 위한 공시 방법인 등기와 유사한 방식으로 디지털 저작물의 소유권 이전이 가능해질 것이나, 이는 입법을 통 해 해결해야 할 사안이다. 그리고 양수인의 NFT 재판매 및 가상공간 내 전시의 자유를 보장하기 위해서는 전송권 등을 중심으로 저작자의 권리를 일정 범위에서 소진할 필요가있다. 따라서권리소진원칙의범위를확장 하는 입법이 필요하다고 보인다. 또한, 저작자는 NFT를 발행하면서 재판매 단계마다 로열티를수 취할 수 있으며, 이는 미술저작물 등을 중심으로 논의된 추급권을 현실화한 것으로 보인다. NFT 는 실물 미술저작물의 추급권 행사를 지원할 수 있고, 디지털저작물에대해서도재판매로열티를 보장할 수 있다는 점에서 저작권자의 권익 향상 에 기여할 수 있다고 생각된다. 그러나, NFT 시 장에 추급권을 의무규정으로 도입할 경우 전득자 의 계약자유가 제한될 수 있고, 추급권료 징수에 따른 매수인의 부담이 증가하여 시장이 위축되는 부정적 효과가 초래될 수 있다. 따라서 NFT의 재판매 시 로열티의 수취 등은 재량규정으로 도 입하여 허용하되, 구체적인 기준 및 방법등은 후 속 논의를 통한 보완이 필요할 것이다. NFT 거래시소유권이전, 재판매및전시, 추 급권 적용 등을 위해 본고에서 제시한 방안은 현 행 법률의 해석으로는 인정되기 어려운 것으로 다양한 이견이 존재할 것으로 보인다. 다만, 현행 법률이 디지털 기술이 보편화되기 전에 제정되었 음을 고려할 때, 기술 발전이 가속화되는 현 상황 에서 시대 변화에 적극적으로 대응하기 위한 노 력이 필요하다. 따라서 NFT가 도입 초기임을 고 려하여 규율대상에 대한 정확한 이해를 토대로 법적 규율 방안을 선제적으로 논의할 필요가 있 다고 보인다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which influencing factors impact the transference willingness of farmers. The research method is based on the survey data on transference willingness, and the binary logistic model was used to analyze the influencing factors. The results show that the educational level, annual household income, farm labor, and farmers' understanding of land transfer policy notably influence land transfer. Based on the results, suggestions include improving farmers' social security system, improving a sound market for rural land transfer, and deepening the promotion and explanation of land-related policies.

Dry storage is a predominantly used method as a spent nuclear fuel storage system after spent nuclear fuel is cooled in the spent fuel pool. Spent nuclear fuel is highly radioactive and it generates heat called decay heat originated by fission products and radiation. Therefore, temperature of spent nuclear fuel should be predicted whether its cladding temperature is maintained under 400°C, which is the allowable temperature limit of cladding in a dry storage. ANSYS Fluent and COBRA-SFS are predominantly used computational method to investigate the temperature of spent nuclear fuels in a dry storage. Herein, thermal analysis results with the methods were compared based on a Single Assembly Heat Transfer Test, which is a heat test with an electrically heated model of a single PWR fuel assembly in a dry cask performed at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Decay heat was 1kW and backfill gas was air. Fix temperature boundary condition is applied to inner shell according to measured temperature. In case of peak cladding temperature (PCT), Fluent predicted 240–284°C, while COBRA-SFS gave 243–292°C. The discrepancy between the codes is under 2.5%. The location where PCT took place was 3.65 m from the bottom of the assembly in both results. However, temperature difference between the upper and lower region of the assembly based on the Fluent was smaller than the temperature difference based on the COBRA-SFS. It means the heat was well transferred in an axial direction with Fluent compared to COBRA-SFS. In lower plenum region where air was naturally circulated, COBRASFS had disadvantages compared to Fluent because it modeled the lower plenum by single node, so it was hard to simulate convection heat transfer by natural circulation. natural circulation speed of air in a center region of the assembly was 0.07–0.1 m·s−1 in both cases.

In the previous study, the types of North Korea’s strategic items, foreign trading partners, and export items were investigated. From North Korea’s typical trade paths, it is possible to predict the paths through which North Korea’s strategic items are illegally exported upon denuclearization. Trading partners of North Korea are the potential importing countries or end-users of strategic items, which can be disguised or concealed as if it is general export items during typical export procedures. So, in this study, transfer paths of North Korea’s export items are examined by utilizing KOTRA statistics, including item type HS code and its total price. Also, AnyLogic, a comprehensive simulation modeling tool, the simulation will be conducted to identify the paths for illegal transfer and calculate the time required. The information on North Korea’s trading partners and items is used for establishing export scenarios in which strategic items are transferred to other countries through North Korea’s ports, airports, railroads, and roads. To be specific, China, Russia, and South Korea, countries that share a border with North Korea, export items transported only by land; the items will arrive first in the referred three countries. Since the types of items, North Korea transacts with each country are different, the total amount and frequency of transactions are different; the probability of strategic items being included in general export items and transferred during customs clearance also varies. Even if it does not border North Korea, North Korea can export items through ports to countries adjacent to the coastline, and North Korea can even export items to any country by airspace even if it is not adjacent to the coastline. So, all publicly open ports, airports, railways, and roads are surveyed. Their geographic information, such as EPSG 4326 and EPSG 3857 coordinate system, are applied to confirm and visualize valid export paths starting from North Korea. In conclusion, effective export paths in North Korea are identified based on North Korea’s each major transportation hub by using AnyLogic simulation. It is possible to predict the paths through which North Korea’s strategic items will be transferred by combining information on major export items and countries that North Korea mainly transacts with.

The License on Technology Export of Nuclear Plant is a system that permits the export of strategic technologies for large-scale NPP projects collectively during the project period. So, an issuance of the export license could be omitted for each transfer of technology, but Post Strategic Items Confirmation must be performed before the transfer as a follow-up obligation. Sometimes, transfers of technology have been urgently required during the project. As Post Strategic Items Confirmation process takes up to 15 working days, it may be difficult to respond to urgent situations timely, which may cause setbacks on the project. Therefore, Urgent Technology Transfer System, which allows to transfer technology without prior Post Strategic Items Confirmation, was established to reduce a burden on licensee and improve the efficiency of regulation. This system applies only to the License on Technology Export of Nuclear Plant. In other words, the technology transferred through Urgent Technology Transfer System (hereinafter referred as Urgent Transfer Technology) does not pose any problem with regard to export control because it is already licensed. In addition, the Urgent Transfer Technology should be considered as a strategic technology until Post Strategic Items Confirmation, which means that the Urgent Transfer Technology is more strictly controlled than the generally transferred technology. Also, the Urgent Technology Transfer System does not apply to intangible technology transfers such as technical support through personnel dispatch. The system could be only used in specific conditions which are stipulated for each licensed project in advance in order to prevent indiscriminate abuse of the system by licensee. Licensees are required to report quarterly the stipulated condition corresponding to each Urgent Technology Transfer case, and it would be checked through post-site inspection whether the actual reason for the transfer meets the consulted condition. Moreover, the deadline of application on Post Strategic Items Confirmation after the Urgent Technology Transfer is stipulated for licensee so as not to omit the classification procedure. This Urgent Technology Transfer System does not apply to dual-use items. If the Urgent Transfer Technology is classified as a non-Trigger List Item through the Post Strategic Items Confirmation, it is outside the scope of the NSSC’s export license. In this case, the technology may be subject to an export license of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE). However, if the technology is classified to be a dual-use item after Urgent Technology Transfer, it may result in unauthorized transfer because it has already been transferred. Licensee must apply to classification of MOTIE before Urgent Technology Transfer if the technology being transferred may be related with Dual-use Items. It is easy for licensee to overlook due to the low awareness about this system. Therefore, outreach activities are necessary to raise licensee’s awareness by explaining the Urgent Technology Transfer System and current issues in detail. Consultation with MOTIE may be needed for the improvement on issues.

본 연구에서는 고등학교-대학 연계 학과 전공체험 프로그램을 개발하여 적용하였다. 프로그램은 메이커 교육과 성장 가능성이 큰 스마트의류 테크놀로지를 접목시켰다. 첫째, P(준비) 단계에서는 스마트의류 및 메이커 교육에 대 한 선행 연구의 내용을 파악하여 스마트의류 테크놀로지를 염색 디자인 교과목에 접목하였다. 둘째, D(개발) 단계에 서는 잉크젯 프린터용 전사지를 이용한 전사염, 전도성 실과 LED 전구를 이용한 스마트의류 테크놀로지를 적용하 여 감성에코백을 만드는 프로그램을 개발하였다. 셋째, I(실행) 단계에서는 의류학 전공을 희망하는 고등학생 17명을 대상으로 수업을 진행하였다. 마지막으로 E(평가) 단계에서는 스마트의류 테크놀로지를 적용한 메이커 교육 프로그 램의 만족도를 5점 척도로 측정하였다. 그 결과 4.95점으로 매우 만족하는 것으로 평가되어, 기존 프로그램에 릴리패 드 아두이노를 추가한 심화 프로그램을 제안하였다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 전도성 실과 전사염을 적용한 감성에코백 개발 프로그램은 스마트의류 테크놀로지에 보다 쉽게 접근할 수 있어 의류학 전공에 관한 고교 학생들의 생각을 확장시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs has been used as a very important tool to produce transgenic for the pharmaceutical protein, xenotransplantation, and disease model and basic research of cloned animals. However, the production efficiency of SCNT embryos is very low in pigs and miniature pigs. The type of donor cell is an important factor influencing the production efficiency of these cloned pigs. Here, we investigated the developmental efficiency of SCNT embryos to blastocysts and full term development using fetal fibroblasts (FF) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to identify a suitable cell type as donor cell. We isolated each MSCs and FF from the femoral region and fetus. Cultured donor cell was injected into matured embryos for cloning. After that, we transferred cloned embryos into surrogate mothers. In term of in vitro development, the SCNT embryos that used MSCs had significantly higher in cleavage rates than those of FF (81.5% vs. 72%) (p<0.05), but the blastocyst formation rates and apoptotic cell ratio was similar (15.1%, 6.18% vs. 20.8%, 9.32%). After embryo transferred to surrogates, nine and nineteen clone piglets were obtained from the MSCs and FF group, respectively, without significant differences in pregnancy and birth rate (50%, 40% vs. 52.3%, 45.4%) (p>0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference in the corpus hemorrhagicum numbers of ovary, according to pregnancy, abortion, and delivery of surrogate mothers between MSCs and FF groups. Therefore, the MSCs and FF are useful donor cells for production of clone piglets through SCNT, and can be used as important basic data for improving the efficiency of production of transgenic clone pigs in the future.

We fabricated 3 types of ETL, mp TiO2, ZnO, and ZnO coated on mp TiO2(ZMT) to compare the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) and fill factor (FF) of Perovskite solar cells. The structure of the cells was FTO/ETL/Perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3)/spiro-MeOTAD/Ag. SEM morphology assessment of the ETLs showed that mp TiO2 was porous, ZnO was flat, and the ZMT porous surface was filled with a thin layer. Via XRD measurements, the crystal structures of mp TiO2 and ZnO ETL were found to be anatase and wurtzite, respectively. The XPS patterns showing energy bonding of mp TiO2, ZnO, and ZMT O 1s confirmed these materials to be metal oxides such as ETL. The electrical characteristics of the Perovskite solar cells were measured using a solar simulator. Perovskite solar cells with ZMT ETL showed showed PCE of 10.29 % than that of conventional mp TiO2 ETL devices. This was considered a result of preventing Perovskite from seeping into the ETL and preventing recombination of electrons and holes.

Asphalt concrete(Ascon) is used to repair potholes and cracks. Special truck-mounted cargo boxes transport 200℃ asphalt concrete to repair potholes and cracks. However, long working and transportation hours to repair wide roads decrease the temperature of the asphalt concrete inside the cargo boxes. If the asphalt concrete temperature drops below 170℃, the adhesion with roads that need repair decreases. Therefore, the temperature of the asphalt concrete needs to be maintained for a long time. Conventional asphalt concrete cargo boxes are mostly burner-type models using hot air to prevent the temperature of the asphalt concrete from dropping. However, there are significant temperature differences between the asphalt concrete near and far away from the hot air, so the temperature decreases over time and leads to the disposal of large amounts of asphalt concrete. This causes waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, this study proposed a heat dissipation cut-off type cargo box model to solve this problem and demonstrated its performance over conventional burner-type models through tests and analysis.

Double slug interaction in downward-facing nucleate boiling was studied to investigate its effect on boiling performance. Two heating surfaces were individually controlled to apply heat flux while their boiling performance were measured. A slug generated from upper heater affect on lower heater to make convectional flow by suction following departure of slug. Moreover, it showed to reduce hovering time of slug bubble on lower heater because it could help bubble departure on lower heater. Meanwhile, a slug generated from lower heater affected on upper heater to make convectional flow by sweeping. However, it showed to increase hovering time of slug bubble on upper heater, because they collapsed to each other. So, the slugs from lower heater enhanced the boiling performance of upper heater with low heat flux condition, but reduced the performance of it with high heat flux condition.

Global warming and climate changes are the ultimate consequences of increased CO2 volume in the air. Physical activation was used to prepare high-throughput activated carbon from a low-cost date stone. The adsorption performance of activated carbon using fixed bed for CO2 separation was studied. The reliance of temperature, flow rate, and initial CO2 concentration levels on breakthrough behaviour was analysed. The adsorption response was explored in terms of breakthrough and saturation points, adsorption capacity, temperature profiles, utilization factor, and length of mass-transfer zone. Increased temperatures lead to vary the breakthrough periods notably. The vastly steep breakthrough curves reveal satisfactory utilization of bed capacity. LMTZ is varied positively with increased feed rates and temperatures. The high utilization factor of 0.9738 with 1.66 mmol/g CO2 uptake was acquired at 298 K and 0.25 bars. The findings recommend that the carbon prepared from date stone is encouraging to capture CO2 from CO2/ N2 mixture.

Embryo transfer (ET) in the animal is an important procedure to generate genetically engineered animals and conserve genetic resources. For ET experiments in mice, pseudopregnant recipients are usually prepared with proestrus stage of females and vasectomized males. However, this conventional method is inefficient because the size of female colonies should be large to select only the proestrus stage in the estrous cycle and the surgical procedures are required to generate vasectomized males. In this study, we established a simple and efficient protocol to prepare ET recipients using the estrous synchronization with hormone injection and the mating with wild male mice. The delivery rate of ET recipients tended to be increased with estrous synchronization using hormone injection (100%) compared to the conventional method (71%). Further, natural pregnancy of the recipients, induced by mating with a wild male, significantly enhanced the birth rate of ET offspring than the conventional method (33% vs. 13%). Based on the results, we concluded that our new protocol using hormone injection to ET recipients and mating with wild males could be more efficient and simpler compared to the conventional method.

We have revisited Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations for clumpy molecular clouds. Instead of introducing a three-dimensional geometry to implement clumpy structure, we have made use of its stochastic properties in a one-dimensional geometry. Taking into account the reduction of spontaneous emission and optical depth due to clumpiness, we have derived the excitation conditions of clumpy clouds and compared them with those of three-dimensional calculations. We found that the proposed approach reproduces the excitation conditions in a way compatible to those from three-dimensional models, and reveals the dependencies of the excitation conditions on the size of clumps. When bulk motions are involved, the applicability of the approach is rather vague, but the one-dimensional approach can be an excellent proxy for more rigorous three-dimensional calculations.

In this paper, a heat exchange system using cooling dehumidification and mixing process was proposed as an experimental study for a white smoke reduction heat exchanger system under winter condition. The white smoke reduction heat exchange system is divided into an EA part, SA part, W part and mixing zone. For the operating conditions, three types (Cases 1, 2, and 3) were selected depending on whether EA fan, SA fan, and A-W heat exchanger were operated. In addition, in order to visualize the white smoke exhausted from the mixing zone, it was photographed using CCTV. In order to investigate the performance of the white smoke reduction heat exchange system, the temperature reduction rate and absolute humidity reduction rate of EA and the heat recovery rate of W were calculated. The temperature change of EA and SA according to operating conditions was most effective in Case 3, and the temperature and absolute humidity at the outlet of the mixing zone were greatly reduced. From the results of the white smoke visualization, it was confirmed that the white smoke generation mechanism was different depending on the operating conditions, and the amount of white smoke generation was greatly reduced.