This study examines linguistic variation in Korean spoken by the first generation of Korean immigrants to the United States (1903–1924), a group that marked the beginning of Korean-American history. While some studies have explored the language of contemporary Korean Americans, limited prior research has addressed the Korean language of these early immigrants. Around 1975, second-generation Korean American Sonia Shinn Sunoo conducted a large-scale oral history project, interviewing early Korean immigrants. Among the collected recordings, more than 40 participants used Korean for their interviews. Despite their historical and linguistic value, these recordings do not appear to have been used for linguistic research. Analysis reveals that early immigrants’ Korean reflects the regional dialects of early twentieth-century Korea and extensive English lexical borrowing. Rather than showing large-scale lexical changes influenced by Japanese in Korea during the same period, their speech demonstrates a strong English influence. This study highlights the sociolinguistic and historical significance of the early Korean immigrants' language use and calls for further scholarly attention to this valuable linguistic heritage.

본 연구는 스토리텔링 기반 LBE(Location-Based Entertainment) 전시에서 음악적 베리에이션과 공간음향이 감정적 내러티브 형성에 어떠한 역할을 수행하는지를 탐구하는 데 목적이 있다. 최근 LBE 기반 몰입형 콘텐츠 시장이 빠르게 성장함에 따라, 전시에서의 사운드디자인은 단순한 배경음 이 아니라 관람객의 정서 흐름을 설계하는 핵심 요소로 부상하고 있다. 본 연구는 경기도와 경기 콘텐츠진흥원의 'K-콘텐츠 IP 융·복합 제작지원' 사업 일환으로 2025년 현대백화점 판교점에서 진행된 「디즈니스토어와 함께하는 추석 달맞이 체험」 실감형 전시의 음악·사운드 설계를 대상 으로, 연구자가 창작 및 운영에 직접 참여한 실무기반 사례연구(Practice-Based Research)를 수 행하였다. 전시 기획 단계(Pre-Design)와 운영 단계(Post-Design)에 걸쳐 음악 구조, 공간음향 구성, 관람객 반응을 수집·분석한 결과, 동일한 코드·템포 구조 위에서 악기·음색·리듬을 변 주하는 방식이 존(zone) 간 감정 전환을 유도하는 핵심 장치로 기능함을 확인하였다. 또한 약 30 채널의 멀티채널 공간음향은 시각적 내러티브와 결합하여 감정 이동의 방향성을 강화하였으며, 제스처 기반 생성형 AI 이미지 콘텐츠는 선율 구조와 결합되어 관람객의 주체적 몰입을 증폭시켰 다. 본 연구는 LBE 전시에서 음악과 사운드가 수행하는 감정 설계적 역할을 실증적으로 제시함으 로써, 향후 감성 기반 전시 제작 및 AI 융합형 콘텐츠 개발에 유의미한 시사점을 제공한다.

In industry society, it is challenging to identify and prevent potential hazard factors since an industry is complex and changing variously. Particularly, as industrial accidents occur more frequently by secondary and tertiary indirect causes, rather than primary direct causes such as environmental changes or selfinduced disasters, it becomes more difficult to analyze the risk in safety management perspective. The purposes of this study are to reconsider the variable factors used in the existing Risk Priority Number (RPN) assessment method and to explore a new prioritization method for risks and disasters caused by various external environmental changes. To achieve this, various variables are considered including the currently used variables such as the occurrence frequency, the likelihood of occurrence, the severity. Among the variables, the eight key variables will be selected, and it is to take account of the relative weights between the variables.

This study evaluates how road profile and speed affect tire loads of a hydrogen tube trailer using MSC Adams/Car multibody dynamics simulation. A tractor and trailer loaded with 64 high-pressure cylinders were modeled, and four representative road profiles flat, pothole, short-wave, and long-wave were applied at 30, 60, and 80 km/h. Vertical tire load time histories were extracted for five wheel positions. Flat roads yielded stable loads matching static distribution. Potholes produced short, high-amplitude impacts (up to 120 kN at 30 km/h) with reduced peaks at higher speeds. Short-wave profiles caused severe asymmetric roll loads (67 kN at 80 km/h), while long-wave inputs generated smoother, moderate increases over longer durations. Load amplification diminished toward trailer axles due to suspension energy dissipation. The results inform structural design of tube trailers and development of speed-control or active load-mitigation strategies for autonomous hydrogen transport vehicles.

‘Ideographic’ originally referred to the expression of meaning or the transmission of thoughts and intentions. Its association with the issue of Chinese characters has undergone a complex process of discursive evolution. Western academia has sometimes used Chinese characters as a representative of ideographic writing systems to support the three-stage theory of world writing development, sometimes to support the construction of modern linguistic theories, and sometimes to support discourses on Chinese character education. After the Western concept of ‘ideographic writing’ entered China, the academic community, based on the structure and function of Chinese character symbols, developed a sub-conceptual system centered on ‘ideographic nature,’ refined the scope of discourse to adapt to different discursive contexts, and perfected the terminology system to create a distinctive conceptual framework; clarifying discursive positions, and redefining interpretive subjectivity. This process has localised the concept of ‘ideographic,’ forming a distinctive Chinese perspective on ideographic characters and research methodologies. The experience of the generation, variation, and reconstruction of the ‘ideographic’ concept provides important references for the construction of a Chinese-specific theoretical discourse in the field of writing systems.

본 연구는 전남 겨울철 생산되고 소비되는 절화장미의 외적 품질과 연관된 내적품질 분석을 위해 수행되었다. 절화장미 5품 종 ‘캐롤라인’, ‘하젤’, ‘주밀리아’, ‘핑크 셀러브레이션’, ‘빅토리 아’의 절화수명은 6.5~18.4일 수준이었다. 절화장미의 외적품 질과 수명품질간 상관성을 확인하였다. 초장은 절화수명과 양의 상관관계(r = 0.45**)를 보였던 반면, 생체중(r = -0.56**)과 줄기 직경(r = -0.54**)은 강한 음의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 화탁 의 너비와 절화수명간 유의미한 상관관계(r = 0.45**)를 확인하 였고 이는 절화장미의 꽃 형태 특성을 통해 내적품질을 예측할 수 있다는 것을 시사한다

본 연구는 프로판탈수소(PDH) 공정의 배가스내에 포함되어 있는 탄화수소(HC)를 이용하여 질 소산화물(NOx)을 저감하는 Metal Corrugated HC-SCR 촉매 개발을 목적으로 하였다. 산성도(Si/Al 비) 가 다른 제올라이트계 Chabazite 3종을 Metal Corrugated에 워시코팅하였고, 가장 우수한 NOx 저감 성 능을 나타낸 Chabazite에 구리 함량을 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0%로 함침하여 촉매를 제조하였다. 제조된 촉 매의 NOx 저감 성능은 실험실 규모의 마이크로 상압반응기상에서 측정하였으며, 촉매 특성분석은 BET, XRF, ICP를 이용하여 분석하였다. 측정 결과, 산성도가 가장 낮은 A-Chabazite가 가장 높은 NOx 저감 성능을 보였고, 구리 함량이 높을수록 Total NOx 저감 성능은 증가되었지만 NO2 저감 성능은 감소되는 것으로 확인되었다. 3.0-A-CHA 촉매는 NO2가 완전 저감되었고, Total NOx 저감에도 큰 효과를 나타내 상용 PDH 공정에서 NO2를 중점적으로 저감하고자 한다면 충분히 적용 가능할 것으로 보인다.

This study investigated seasonal variations in phytoplankton community composition and physicochemical water quality across 90 lakes in South Korea surveyed 2022 to 2024, and examined their relationships with environmental factors. Over the course of four seasons, a total of 952 phytoplankton taxa were identified, with Bacillariophyta (diatoms) and Chlorophyta (green algae) accounting for 64.2% of the total species richness. Diatom species such as Aulacoseira granulata, Fragilaria crotonensis, and Cyclotella meneghiniana were frequently observed regardless of season. In terms of cell density, Cyanophyta were dominant, comprising 85.1% on average, with particularly high summer densities driven by blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon sp. In contrast, diatoms accounted for the highest relative abundance in winter (54.1%). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta were positively correlated with water temperature, TP, COD, and Chl-a, whereas Bacillariophyta and Cryptophyta showed negative correlations with these variables. These results indicate that phytoplankton communities in Korean lakes are highly responsive to variations in temperature and nutrient concentrations, and that summer rainfall-driven nutrient inflow plays a critical role in triggering cyanobacterial blooms. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding seasonal ecosystem dynamics in Korean lakes and offers foundational data for eutrophication management and the development of biological water quality assessment indices.