기후변화 대응과 새로운 소득작물로 아열대작물이 도입되어 재배면적이 증가하고 있다. 그린빈은 아메리카 중남부가 원산지인 콩과 작물로 미성숙 꼬투리를 다양한 요리에 이용하는데 최근 수요가 증가하면서 재배면적 이 확대되고 있다. 새로운 작물이 도입됨에 따라 안정재배를 위한 방제 대상 해충을 설정하기 위하여 재배시기별 해충 종류와 피해정도를 조사하였다. 4월 중순에 파종한 그린빈에서는 생육초기부터 총채벌레 발생이 많았으 며, 5월 하순 이후 발생밀도가 급격하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 7월 상순에 파종한 그린빈에서는 8월 하순부터 아메리카잎굴파리 피해가 증가하여 9월 상순에 피해엽률이 50% 이상으로 발생이 심하였으며, 응애류와 총채벌 레류 발생이 많은 경향이었다.

The purpose of this study is to provide information about annual variations in catch size and changes in reproductive biology in the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, a commercially important species in Jeju Island. Samples were collected from coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea by coastal trap fishery from January to November 2021. Octopus vulgaris have been decreasing in this region since 1984. The mantle length (ML) ranged from 4.5 to 17.8 cm and body weight (BW) ranged form 88.5 to 2,657.5 g. A χ 2 -test revealed that the number of males was significantly greater than females (χ 2 = 32.712, df = 10, P<0.05). Mature females were found from January to July and male occurred January to August. The gonadosomatic index value was higher from July to August than other months. The relationship between mantle length and body weight was BW = 2.4527ML 2.3139 (female) and BW = 2.6785ML 2.3159 (male). At 50% group maturity, female and male average weight was estimated to be 554.7 g and 330.6 g, respectively.

Heavy metal pollution has a harmful impact on human health and is regarded as a vital problem. Preparation of a novel, low cost bio-sorbent for heavy metal sorption is the main target of this research. Non-living Chlorella Vulgaris Alga/Date pit activated carbon composite (1:1), (CV/AC), is a novel bio-sorbent prepared by the wet-chemical method for sorption of Pb (II) and Sr (II) from aqueous media. The optimum pH for sorption reaction is 5 and the equilibrium time is achieved within 1 h. The sorption efficiencies are 90.5% for Pb(II) and 95.7% for Sr(II) with initial concentration Co 10 mg L– 1 at 298 K. The monolayer sorption capacities of CV/AC composite at 298 K and pH = 5 were 6.34 ± 0.059, 5.97 ± 0.22 mg g– 1. The saturation capacities were 98.5 and 125 mg g– 1 for Pb (II) and Sr (II), respectively after 10 days. The sorption process is a spontaneous and endothermic reaction. It follows a pseudo-2nd-order mechanism. The results are suggestive of the need to adopt CV/AC composite as a potential bio-sorbent of Pb (II) and Sr (II) for waste water treatment.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cookies prepared with five different quantities (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) of watermelon powder (WP). This study analyzed quality characteristics, consumer liking, and CATA (check-all-that-apply) of the samples. The density and pH of the cookie dough and the L-value of the cookies tended to decrease as the amount of watermelon powder increased (p<0.05), whereas the spread factor, a-value, and hardness of the cookies tended to increase as the amount of watermelon powder increased (p<0.001). The b-value tended to increase up to WP10, but it tended to decrease from WP15 (p<0.001). The results of the evaluation of consumer liking showed that overall liking was the highest for WP5 and lowest for WP20 (p<0.05). In the analysis of the CATA survey, the main reasons for liking for all the samples were ‘Appearance’, ‘Color’, ‘Sweet taste’, ‘Nutty odor/flavor’, ‘Crispiness’, and ‘Familiarity’. WP5 showed the most diverse reasons for being liked. The common reason for disliking samples with the addition of watermelon powder was ‘Residual feel in the mouth’. In the correspondence analysis, attributes of ‘Stale taste’, ‘Clean taste’, ‘Softness’, ‘Familiarity’, ‘Moistness’, ‘Color’, ‘Blandness’ were detected in the WP0 and WP5. The results indicate that WP5 with a 5% supplementation of watermelon powder is appropriate for improving the quality and consumer acceptability of the cookies.

Prediction of the behavior of heavy metals over time is important to evaluate the heavy metal toxicity in algae species. Various modeling studies have been well established, but there is a need for an improved model for predicting the chronic effects of metals on algae species to combine the metal kinetics and biological response of algal cells. In this study, a kinetic dynamics model was developed to predict the copper behavior (5 μg L-1, 10 μg L-1, and 15 μg L-1) for two freshwater algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris) in the chronic exposure experiments (8 d and 21 d). In the experimental observations, the rapid change in copper mass between the solutions, extracellular and intracellular sites occurred within initial exposure periods, and then it was slower although the algal density changed with time. Our model showed a good agreement with the measured copper mass in each part for all tested conditions with an elapsed time (R 2 for P. subcapitata: 0.928, R 2 for C. vulgaris: 0.943). This study provides a novel kinetic dynamics model that is compromised between practical simplicity and realistic complexity, and it can be used to investigate the chronic effects of heavy metals on the algal population.

This research aims to study the simultaneous extraction and transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) using microwave irradiation with methanol as solvent and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. The microwave-assisted insitu transesterification of C. vulgaris is assessed at various ratios of biomass-to-methanol, reaction times, and catalyst concentrations during the centrifugation and evaporation process. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis is performed to confirm fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition. Biodiesel preparation is carried out by simultaneous extraction and transesterification of microalgae from C. vulgaris. The product is then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR); microalgae are observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest amount of FAME is obtained at a biomass-to-methanol ratio of 1:12, reaction time of 40 min, and catalyst concentration of 2 wt%. Biodiesel shows conversion to about 77.64% of methyl ester (methyl myristate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl linoleate, methyl oleate, methyl arachidonate, and methyl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentanoate).

본 연구는 침출차 원료로 레드비트를 활용하기 위해서 세포독성, 항염증 및 항산화 등의 활성을 조사하고자 설계되었다. 항산화 효능은 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디컬 소거 활성을 분석하여 평가하였다. RAW 264.7 세포를 통해 MTT 분석으로 세포 생존율을 평가하고 LPS로 유도하여 활성산소종과 염증 매개체(일산화질소, TNF-α, IL-6 등)의 생성량을 확인하였다. 그 결과, DPPH 및 ABTS 라디컬 소거 활성은 농도 의존적으로 증가하였으며, 모든 농도에서 세포독성이 없음을 확인하였다. 또한, LPS로 유도한 RAW 264.7 세포에서 활성산소종(ROS)과 일산화질소(NO), IL-6, TNF-α 생성량을 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 따라서 이러한 결과는 레드비트가 안전한 항산화 및 항염증 효과를 가진 침출차의 원료로서 높은 잠재력을 가지고 있음을 시사한다.

Dawley 계 숫컷 흰쥐(200∼210g)를 정상군, CCl4-대조군, CCl4-실험군으로 나누어 실험군은 애엽 에탄올 추출물을 1,000mg/kg,b.w의 용량으로 1일1회7일간 경구 투여 후 사염화탄소를 0.6mg/kg,b.w의 용량으로 복강내 주사 후 다음날 개복하여 혈청내의 Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase(AST),Alkaline phosphatase(ALP), Glutamyltranspeptidase(γ-GT), Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)의 활성도와 중성지방, 콜레스테롤 함량을 측정한 결과 애엽 추출물 투여군에서 CCl4-대조군과 비교하여 유의적인 감소를 나타내었으며, HDL-콜레스테롤은 유의적인 증가를 나타내었다. 간조직중의 지질과산화 함량은 감소를 glutathione함량은 유의적인 증가를 나타내었다 이 실험 결과 애엽 에탄올 추출물은 사염화탄소 투여에 의한 간 손상을 억제하는 보호물질을 함유하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

1. 본 연구는 한국 재래종 강낭콩 209자원의 phytochemical 및 항산화활성을 평가하였다. 2. 항산화활성은 DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD를 분석하였으며 phytochemical은 kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, naringenin 함량을 각각 분석하였다. 3. 항산화활성은 강낭콩 자원 간 다양한 분포를 보였으며 DPPH의 경우 62.3~643.9 (IC50), ABTS의 경우 0.28~1.49 mgAAE/g, FRAP의 경우 0.41~5.44 mgAAE/g, SOD의 경우 50.4 ~ 299.8 (IC50)로 나타났다. 4. Relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI)로 강낭콩 자원의 항산화활성을 비교한 결과 IT104587이 가장 높은 항산화활성을 보였으며 IT189598이 가장 낮은 항산화활성을 보였다. 5. 분석된 Phytochemical 중에서 한국 재래종 강낭콩에서는 Kaempferol이 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 6. PCA 분석 결과 209자원은 3개의 그룹으로 나뉘었으며 이중 그룹 III에 속한 46자원의 강낭콩이 낮은 항산화활성 및 phytochemical 함량을 보였다. 7. 본 연구 결과는 한국 재래종 강낭콩의 항산화활성 및 phytochemical 정보를 제공하며 이 정보는 강낭콩 품종 개발을 위한 기초 정보로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

Asaphinae Ashmead, 1904 are the smallest subfamily in Pteromalidae and currently include 27 extant species of 6 genera. Up to date, only 2 species, Asaphes suspensus (Nees) and A. vulgaris Walker, have been recorded from South Korea. Among them A. vulgaris Walker is suspected of misidentified due to several reasons. Hyperimerus Girault, a small genus of the subfamily Asaphinae, consists of two world-wide species. It is close to Asaphes Walker but is separated by the following characteristics: antenna with one anelliform segment; scutellar frenum not distinct; petiole transverse. In this study, we report genus Hyperimerus based on Hyperimerus pusillus (Walker) for the first time from South Korea and Eastern Palearctic region. Also, a key to the genera of Asaphinae from South Korea, diagnosis, photographs of each species and taxonomic note of A. vulgaris Walker are provided.

This study was conducted to develop a salad dressing using Prunella vulgaris L. (PV) extracts. In addition, the study was also aimed at evaluating the quality characteristics of the salad dressing containing various amounts of PV extracts. Salad dressing was prepared by adding 0% (PD-0), 9.4% (PD-20), 18.8% (PD-40), 28.2% (PD-60), 37.6% (PD-80), 47.0% (PD-100) of PV extract. The quality characteristics (sugar contents, salinity, color value, total phenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH, ABTS+ radical scavenging activities, and sensory acceptability) of the dressing were analyzed. According to the results of the study, the sugar contents and salinity of salad dressing increased according to the added amount of PV extract (p<0.001). The color values of lightness and yellowness of salad dressing increased according to the added amount of PV extract, whereas color value of redness decreased (p<0.001). Antioxidant activities were improved depending on the amount of PV extracts (p<0.001). The sensory acceptability (flavor, medicinal flavor, saltiness, sourness, bitterness and viscosity) were significantly higher in the dressing added with 18.8% PV extracts than in the other samples. Based on this result, a storage experiment was conducted by comparing PD-40 and PD-C. After 4 weeks of storage at 4℃ and 24℃, the quality characteristics were observed and the pH was increased in the later stages of storage (p<0.05). The depicted that, viscosity increased with storage time at 4℃ (p<0.001). General bacteria and coliform were not detected during storage. These results indicated that salad dressing with the addition of 18.8% PV extracts has the best quality.

This study aimed to investigate growth rate and nutrient consumption of Chlorella vulgaris according to different light irradiation interval. Applied light irradiation intervals were 12 hr, 4 hr, 1 hr, and 1 min. The light source was flexible LED(Blue:Red=1:1), light intensity was 200 PPFD and Light/Dark cycle was 1:1. As a result, growth rate and nutrient removal efficiencies showed no significant differences depending on the light irradiation interval. Considering the reproduction characteristics of applied microalgae cultures of this study, this is thought to be one of the possible reasons of above results. Because Chlorella vulgaris performs an asexual reproduction and it is known that there is no significant relationship between light irradiation interval and growth rate, including nutrient consumption in case of asexual reproduction.

본 논문에서는 강낭콩의 생산이나 이송과정에서, 곰팡이나 충격으로 인한 변색과 변형이 섞인 강낭콩 군집 에서 정상립을 선별하는 방법을 제안한다. 곰팡이로 인한 변색을 선별하기 위해서 개체별로 표면의 회색 화소를 추정 하는선별 인자를 제안하였고, 충격으로 인한 조각 변형이나 변형 이후 외부 변색을 동시에 고려하기 위해서 는 화소별로 R-G값과 G-B값의 차이 비교를 이용한 선별 인자를 제안하였다. 제안한 두 개의 선별인자를 이 용하여 문턱치 기반의 실시간 선별 알고리즘을 각 100씩의 개체를 갖는 정상립과 두 종류의 불량립에 대해 적용한 결과, 선별 정확도는 최적 환경에서 얻은 강낭콩 영상에 대해서는 99%의 정확성을 보였고, 블러링 및 조명 열화로 인한 환경에서 얻은 강낭콩 영상에 대해서는 각각 98.67%와 96.33%의 성능을 보였다.

본 연구에서는 하고초(Prunella vulgaris L.)의 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분획 및 아글리콘 분획을 대상으로 항산화 활성과 유효성분 분석 연구를 수행하였다. 1,1-Diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)를 이용한 자유라디칼 소거활성(FSC50)은 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분 획 및 아글리콘 분획에서 각각 15.25 μg/mL, 8.68 μg/mL 및 8.25 μg/mL이었다. Luminol 발광법을 이용한 Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2계에서 생성된 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)에 대한 하고초 추출 물의 총항산화능(OSC50)은 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분획 및 아글리콘 분획에서 각각 4.68 μg/mL, 1.00 μg/mL 및 1.02 μg/mL이었다. 1O2로 유도된 적혈구 세포손상에 대한 보호효과는 1 ~ 25 μg/mL의 농도에서 농도 의존적으로 증가하였고, 특히 25 μg/mL 농도에서 아글리콘 분획의 τ50 이 337.9 min으로 높은 세포 보호 활성을 나타내었다. 이는 대표적인 항산화 물질로 알려진 (+)-α -tocopherol (τ50 = 38.7 분)보다도 9배나 큰 세포 보호 효과를 나타냄을 알았다. 실험에 사용된 하고 초 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획과 아글리콘 분획에 대하여 TLC와 HPLC를 이용한 성분 분석을 수행 하였다. 에틸아세테이트 분획에서는 caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside)을 확인하였다. 아글리콘 분획에서 는 caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin 및 kaempferol이 존재함을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과들로부 터, 하고초 추출물 및 분획물은 1O2 또는 ROS를 소거함으로써 세포막을 보호할 수 있는 천연 항산화제 로서 화장품 분야에서 응용이 가능함을 시사하였다.

An analysis of changes in herbal tea composition according to the difference in processing conditions showed slightly reduced crude protein content and increased, moisture, crude fat and solid elution rate after treatment using the ash puffing process compared to roasting. Benzopyrene content was significantly reduced to 0.18 ppb from 0.51 ppb. This result indicated that, the B(α)P content differed depending on the processing condition and raw materials. Generation of food B(α)P is mainly include the thermal decomposition of food cooking, when the processing which is a main component of food carbohydrate, protein, fat reason despite severe heat treatment as a whole is to be detected even though the B(α)P in this way is considered to be. The taste, aroma and color did not show a large difference, but the strong bitters taste decreased.

The common octopus, which has a high growth rate and high market price, is a prime candidate for commercial marine aquaculture operations. We evaluated the effectiveness of two types of shelters (pipe and tire types) for juvenile common octopus growing out in flow-through seawater tanks. Growth rates were evaluated in two experiments. The first experiment (Experiment 1) ran for 72 days, and the second (Experiment 2; replicated) ran for 46 days. Each trial included 40 octopuses fed a diet of frozen sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) and swimming crab (Portunustri tuberculatus) at 3–8% of body weight once every 3 days. In the two experiments, the respective specific growth rates were 0.3 and 0.04%/day in pipe-type shelters and 0.00 and 0.88%/day in tire-type shelters, while the respective percentage survivals were 80 and 80% in pipe-type shelters and 70 and 90% in tire-type shelters. Shelter type had little influence on the growth rate (P < 0.05).