As global greenhouse gas reduction regulations are strengthened and the demand for eco-friendly energy increases, renewable energies, including offshore wind power, are growing rapidly. Unlike onshore wind power generation, offshore wind power is located in the ocean. As a result, the offshore wind power substructure is exposed to low temperatures, corrosion, and continuous fatigue loads. Therefore, selecting appropriate materials and welding techniques is crucial for durability. In this study, FCAW welding was performed on S355ML steel (EN10025) for offshore wind power applications. After the welding process, the mechanical properties of the welded joint were evaluated through tensile, low-temperature impact, and hardness tests to assess the welding condition. The study revealed that the tensile and yield strength of the welded joint were superior to those of the base material. Additionally, the impact strength at low temperatures was confirmed to exceed the standard.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is promoting the transition to eco-friendly fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia, with the goal of achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in the shipping sector by 2050. Hydrogen does not emit greenhouse gases, but it must be stored at an extremely low temperature of -253°C when stored as a liquid. 316L stainless steel is mainly used as a tank material to store liquid hydrogen. FCAW (Flux Cored Arc Welding) is known for its excellent weldability with 316L stainless steel, and it is particularly suited for welding thick metals efficiently, making it an ideal choice for storage tank welding. Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis can simulate the thermal and mechanical deformations occurring during welding with high precision, allowing for accurate prediction of deformation patterns and the derivation of optimal welding conditions. This ensures the stability and quality of the structure while reducing costs. In this study, FCAW butt welding was performed on 316L stainless steel, followed by cross-sectional observation and deformation measurement of the weld area. Based on the cross-sectional observation, a 3D FE model was designed, and heat transfer analysis was conducted. Subsequently, thermo-mechanical analysis was carried out to predict welding deformation.

In the development of a digital multi-process welding machine, we aimed to analyze the heat dissipation effects resulting from changes in the transformer's shape. Two installation configurations for the transformer, vertical and horizontal, were proposed. Thermal-flow analysis was conducted for the welding machine, taking into account variations in spacing between each proposed configuration. The results indicated that the shape and spacing of the components did not significantly alter the airflow around the reactor coil, which is the main heat-generating component of the machine. When comparing the heat dissipation effects across models with different transformer spacings, it was observed that models with narrower spacing exhibited improved heat dissipation, while the vertical configuration demonstrated a slightly higher heat dissipation effect overall. Transient analysis revealed the irregularities in internal flow and the resulting scattered temperature distribution over time within the welding machine.

Friction welding, which uses heat and plastic flow to join metals, is expanding across industries due to its ability to weld heterogeneous alloys and simple process. However, process research is essential for materials with complex geometries, and limited research has been conducted on friction welding between cast and sintered metals. This study analyzed the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of the joint by controlling the rotational speed and friction pressure, which affect the removal of the heat-affected zone in friction welding of casted SCM440 and sintered F-05-140. Hardness mapping and microstructure observations with material transition were performed to investigate the correlation between phase behavior and welding conditions. These results are anticipated to reduce costs and improve the mechanical properties of key mobility components.

세계적인 환경 규제로 인해 마그네슘 합금과 같은 경량 소재에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있으며, 마그네슘 합금 소재의 다양한 산업계 적용을 위한 용접 및 접합 방식에 대한 연구도 지속적으로 수행되고 있다. 앞선 Part I 연구에서는 마그네슘 합금에 대한 파이버 레이저 Bead on Plate(BOP) 실험을 수행하여 맞대기 용접 조건의 확보를 위한 기초 연구를 수행하였으며, 본 연구에서는 Part I의 기초 BOP 실험에서 도출된 적합한 레이저 출력과 용접 속도를 바탕으로 두께 3mm의 AZ31B 마그네슘 합금에 대해 맞대기 용접을 시행하였고, 인장시험 및 경도시험을 수행한 후 기계 물성 데이터를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 레이저 출력 2.0 kW, 50 mm/s (Heat input)의 조건에서 항복강도 151.5 MPa, 인장강도 224.1 Mpa으로 우수한 인장, 항복강도를 얻을 수 있었다.

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a solid-state joining process and a rapidly growing dissimilar material welding technology for joining metallic alloys in the automotive industry. Welding tool shape and process conditions must be appropriately controlled to obtain high bonding characteristics. In this study, FSSW is performed on dissimilar materials AA5052-H32 aluminum alloy sheet and SPRC440 steel sheet, and the influence of the shape of joining tool and tool insertion depth during joining is investigated. A new intermetallic compound is produced at the aluminum and steel sheets joint. When the insertion depth of the tool is insufficient, the intermetallic compound between the two sheets did not form uniformly. As the insertion depth increased, the intermetallic compound layer become uniform and continuous. The joint specimen shows higher values of tensile shear load as the diameter and insertion depth of the tool increase. This shows that the uniform formation of the intermetallic compound strengthens the bonding force between the joining specimens and increases the tensile shear load.

In this study, we investigated the change in fracture properties after friction stir welding on Al606. In the L-T direction test, the fracture toughness of the unwelded base material was 275 MPa, and the specimen subjected to friction stir welding (FSW) was 227 MPa, showing that the fracture toughness decreased significantly with friction stir welding. In the T-L direction test, the difference between the base material and the weld material was not large, but the fracture toughness was shown to decrease during welding. In the comparison of the L-T direction and the T-L direction, it was found that both the base material and the weld material showed high fracture toughness in the L-T direction.In this study, the following conclusions were obtained after friction stir welding of Al 6061-T6.

Titanium constitutes approximately 60% of the weight of steel and exhibits strength comparable to steel's but with a higher strength-to-weight ratio. Titanium alloys possess excellent corrosion resistance due to a thin oxide layer at room temperature; however, their reactivity increases above 600°C, leading to oxidation and nitridation. Welding titanium alloys presents challenges such as porosity issues. Laser welding minimizes the heat-affected zone (HAZ) by emitting high output in a localized area for a short duration. This process forms a narrow and deep HAZ, reducing the deterioration of mechanical properties and decreasing the contact area with oxygen. In this study, fiber laser welding was conducted on 8.0mm thick Ti-6Al-4V alloy using the Bead On Plate (BOP) technique. A total of 25 welding conditions were experimented with to observe bead shapes. The results demonstrated successful penetration within the 0.792mm to 8.000mm range. It was concluded that this experimental approach can predict diverse welding conditions for Ti-6Al-4V alloys of various thicknesses.

Power converter devices require a high level of quality because they have a high direct connection with vehicle operation. Therefore, structural bonding was carried out by friction stir welding with excellent mechanical properties. Friction stir welding can cause structural deflection depending on the load of the welding tool, so it is important to control this for high quality flatness. In this study, pre-welding was performed before welding to minimize deflection generated during welding. And deflection reduction data according to the location of pre-welding were analyzed through dynamic analysis. As a result, based on computerized data rather than experimental data an optimized position of pre-welding was secured to minimize the deflection that occurs during friction stir welding. Through this, a process guide that enables high quality structural bonding was presented.

Liquified hydrogen is considered a new energy resource to replace conventional fossil fuels due to environmental regulations by the IMO. When building tank for the storage and transportation of liquified hydrogen, materials need to withstand temperatures of -253°C, which is even lower than that of LNG (-163°C). Austenitic stainless steel mainly used to build liquified hydrogen tank. When building the tanks, both the base material and welding zone need to have excellent strength in cryogenic condition, however, manual arc welding has several issues due to prolonged exposure of the base material to high temperatures. Laser welding, which has some benefits like short period of exposure time and decrease of thermal affected zone, is used many industries. In this study, laser bead on plate welding was conducted to determine the laser butt welding conditions for STS 304 and STS 316L steels. After the BOP test, cross-section observations were conducted to measure and compare four bead parameters. These tendency result of laser BOP test can be used as conditions laser butt welding of STS 304 and STS 316L steel.

Research into lightweighting to improve vehicle fuel efficiency and reduce exhaust emissions continues as environmental regulations become increasingly stringent. Magnesium alloys, chosen for their lightweight properties, are more than 35% lighter than aluminum alloys and also exhibit excellent mechanical characteristics. While magnesium alloys are commonly utilized in arc welding processes like GTAW and GMAW, they pose challenges such as high residual stresses and welding defects. Laser welding, on the other hand, offers the advantage of precise heat input, enabling deep and high-quality welds while minimizing welding distortion. In this study, fiber laser welding was employed to weld a 4.0mm thick AZ31B-H24 using the Bead on Plate technique. A total of 10 different welding conditions were tested with fiber laser welding, and the cross-sections of the weld beads were examined. Weld bead shapes were measured based on five parameters. The results allowed for an evaluation of the weldability of AZ31B-H24 using fiber laser welding.

One of the options for spent fuel dry storage systems is to store them in canisters using metal or concrete casks close to shore. The interaction between the austenitic stainless steel and the chloride atmosphere generated from the sea creates detrimental conditions leading to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) in the canister. The corrosion integrity of the canister in the concrete cask is very important because the canister is sealed and used for a long period of time. A canister made of austenitic stainless steel has several welding lines on the wall and lid, which are generated during the welding process and have high residual tensile stress. The interaction between the austenitic stainless steel and the chloride atmosphere generated from the sea creates detrimental conditions leading to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) in the canister. The corrosion integrity of the canister in the concrete cask is very important because the canister is sealed and used for a long period of time. In order to evaluate such soundness, an accelerated test capable of simulating the CISCC crack propagation phenomenon of the canister weld is required. In this study, a test device for performing the CISCC simulation test was constructed using the DCPD device. The direct current potential drop (DCPD) technique is a widely accepted method of monitoring crack initiation and growth in controlled laboratory tests. Total 10 types of test specimens with varying welds, base metal, salinity and stress were selected and a sealed chamber with DCPD test apparatus were designed and constructed to evaluate them. The chamber for CISCC simulation was manufactured as a sealed with a solution containing 10% MgCl2. A 1/2 CT specimen with precracked pre-cracks was loaded into the prepared container, and gauze was attached from the bottom for smooth delivery to the specimen to facilitate penetration of chloride. After the test, the measured DCPD data were correlated with Electron Back scattered Diffraction (EBSD) data.

The demand for LNG Carrier and LNG fuel ships are increasing due to global carbon neutrality declaration and ship emissions regulation of IMO, domestic shipyards pay technology fees(about 5~10% of ship price per vessel) to GTT company in France for making LNG cargo hold. Localization of LNG cargo hold is needed to reduce technology fees and engage technological competitiveness, it is important to secure the critical technology like automation process development of insulation system process. Especially, the automation rate of membrane-type insulation system is very low due to interference caused by corrugation and difficulty in securing optimal variable welding condition. In this study, to solve this problem, automatic welding is performed using developed automatic welding equipment on STS304L steel which is used in flat and corner area of membrane-type LNG cargo hold's lap joint. After welding, Cross-sectional observations and Tensile strength tests were conducted to evaluate reliability of equipment and welding condition. As a result of the test, it was confirmed that the strength of the welded zone exceeded that of base material, and secured the optimal welding condition to apply automatic welding.

It is essential to select materials with excellent mechanical properties to prevent chemical and mechanical damage to the surfaces of materials used in machines and structures and to extend their lifespan. Co-based stellite alloy, which has wear resistance, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance, is essential for products used in harsh environments. However, due to the problem of enormous costs, research on hard facing, which uses a stellite coating layer only on the contact surface, is urgently required. Currently, high-facing research on Stellite coating layers is focused on powder, and GMAW research using wire is relatively lacking. In this study, welding experiments were performed to form stable weld beads using stellite 6 welding wire, and the correlation between parameters and weld beads was analyzed. A CMT welder was used to minimize the heat effect on the base material.

In this study, we proposed a simulator for the development of a digital multi-process welding machine and a welding process monitoring system. The simulator, which mimics the data generation process of the welding machine, is composed of process control circuit, peripheral device circuit, and wireless communication circuit. Utilizing this simulator, we aimed to develop a welding process monitoring system that can monitor the welding situations of four multi-process welding machines and three processes each, with data transmission through wireless communication. Through the operation of the proposed simulator, sequential digital processing of multi-process welding data and wireless communication were achieved. The welding process monitoring system enabled real-time monitoring and accumulation of the process data. The selection of upper and lower limits for process variables was carried out using a deep neural network based on allowable changes in bead shape, enabling the management of welding quality by applying a process control technique based on the trend of received data.

Thermite welding is an exceptional process that does not require additional energy supplies, resulting in welded joints that exhibit mechanical properties and conductivity equivalent to those of the parent materials. The global adoption of thermite welding is growing across various industries. However, in Korea, limited research is being conducted on the core technology of thermite welding. Currently, domestic production of thermite powder in Korea involves recycling copper oxide (CuO). Unfortunately, controlling the particle size of waste CuO poses challenges, leading to the unwanted formation of pores and cracks during thermite welding. In this study, we investigate the influence of powder particle size on thermite welding in the production of Cu-thermite powder using waste CuO. We conduct the ball milling process for 0.5–24 h using recycled CuO. The evolution of the powder shape and size is analyzed using particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, we examine the thermal reaction characteristics through differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, the microstructures of the welded samples are observed using optical microscopy and SEM to evaluate the impact of powder particle size on weldability. Lastly, hardness measurements are performed to assess the strengths of the welded materials.

Since spent nuclear fuel (SNF) should be isolated from the human life zone for at least 106 years, deep geological disposal (DGD) is considered a strong candidate for SNF management in many countries. Therefore, a disposal canister should be nearly immune to corrosion in such a long-term storage environment. Even though copper has a low corrosion rate of a few millimeters per million years in geological environments, the corrosion resistance of the copper welds must be preferentially validated, which inevitably occurs during the sealing of the disposal canister after the SNF is loaded. This is because the weld zone is a discontinuous area of microstructure, which can accelerate uniform and localized corrosion. In this study, the microstructural characteristics of copper welds in different welding conditions such as friction stir welding, electron beam welding, cold spray, were analyzed, focusing on the formation of microstructure, which affects resistance to corrosion. In addition, the microstructure and corrosion properties of the copper weld zone manufactured by recent wire-based additive manufacturing (AM) technology were experimentally evaluated. From this preliminary test result, it was found that the corrosion characteristics of the welds produced by the AM process using wire are comparable to those of the conventional forged copper plate.

One of the options for spent fuel dry storage systems is to store them in canisters using metal or concrete casks close to shore. The interaction between the austenitic stainless steel and the chloride atmosphere generated from the sea creates detrimental conditions leading to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) in the canister. The corrosion integrity of the canister in the concrete cask is very important because the canister is sealed and used for a long period of time. A canister made of austenitic stainless steel has several welding lines on the wall and lid, which are generated during the welding process and have high residual tensile stress. The interaction between the austenitic stainless steel and the chloride atmosphere generated from the sea creates detrimental conditions leading to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) in the canister. The corrosion integrity of the canister in the concrete cask is very important because the canister is sealed and used for a long period of time. In order to evaluate such soundness, an accelerated test capable of simulating the CISCC crack propagation phenomenon of the canister weld is required. In this study, a test device for performing the CISCC simulation test was constructed using the DCPD device. The direct current potential drop (DCPD) technique is a widely accepted method of monitoring crack initiation and growth in controlled laboratory tests. In its simplest form it involves passing a constant current through the test piece and accurately measuring the electrical potential across the crack plane, and it is a suitable device to measure crack growth in real time. The requirements for the CISCC simulation test selected based on the literature search results include test material 316 L, load range 1.75YS, positive displacement load, and 7% MgCl2 concentration. In order to smoothly evaluate these various conditions, it was determined that it is advantageous to collect crack length data in real time using a DCPD device, rather than receiving and analyzing specimens maintained for a certain time in the chamber. Therefore, in this study, 4 types of test conditions in real time was built, and data collection on crack propagation could be performed in real time by using it.