Cefu Yuangui (冊府元龜) extensively quotes texts from the Book of the Later Han (後漢書), containing numerous variant readings. By employing computer technology to digitize various paper versions of Cefu Yuangui and Book of the Later Han, and through programming comparisons supplemented with manual proofreading, a database of variant readings where Cefu Yuangui cites the Book of the Later Han was established. From this database, 75 sets of ancient and modern characters were sorted out. The majority of these cases involve the use of ancient characters in the Book of the Later Han and modern characters in Cefu Yuangui, with a few instances in reverse, but there are also cases where both texts use a mix of ancient and modern characters. This reveals the characteristics of the times of the emergence and use of ancient and modern characters during the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, as well as the Two Song Dynasties. Some conclusions drawn from this study can provide references and insights for further improvements of the revised version of Cefu Yuangui.

說文解字卷七下 ｢疒｣부에 나타난 질병과 관련 있는 글자는 모두 103개 글자로 다수가 질병과 유관한 글자로 “고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 근본 원인과 질병관, 질병의 종류와 증상, 질병의 쾌유”에 대하여 기술하고 있다. 본 연구는 說文解字｢疒｣부에서 22개의 글자를 통해 ‘고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 원인’을 6가지로 나누어서 기술하였다. 첫째, 氣의 과다로 인한 질병. 둘째, 외상으로 인한 질병. 셋째, 악물 오용으로 인한 질병. 넷째, 역병으로 인한 질병. 다섯째, 과로로 인한 질병. 여섯째로 선천적인 장애로 인한 질병으로 說文解字의 ｢疒｣부의 글자들을 통해 고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 원인을 살펴보았다. 그 외 說文解字에서 기술된 뜻을 좀 더 명확하게 서술하고자 출토문자들과 대조해 보고, 방증으로 중국 고대 자서와 의 학에 관한 문헌을 참고하여 “고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 원인”을 탐구하며 전개하였다.

This article delves into the development of Japanese Chinese character variations, and how they fit into the broader study of Chinese characters. By examining the differences between early Japanese kanji and modern Japanese writing systems, as well as the varying approaches of Chinese and Japanese scholars in studying Japanese kanji, we can propose a more fitting classification and naming method better suited to studying Chinese characters. To that end, we take the Wamyō Ruiju Shō (倭名類聚抄) as an example, exhaustively sorting out the situation of variant characters in the manuscript across different eras, and referring to other ancient Chinese dictionaries from the same period. This article introduces concepts like “inherited variants” and “Japan saved variants” to make studying these characters more comprehensive.

Chinese ancient wordbook of standard characters is a type of character book that establishes a standard style for the writing of Chinese characters. This article selects seven types of character books, including the Tang Dynasty’s Ganlu Zishu, Wujing Wenzi, Xinjia Jiujing Ziyang, the Song Dynasty’s Fugu Bian, the Yuan Dynasty’s Zi Jian, the Ming Dynasty’s Sushu Kanwu, and the Qing Dynasty’s Zengguang Zixue Juyu. Through a review and analysis of their research status, it is determined that the style of character books is mainly explored from three aspects: character collection, bibliography, and arrangement style. Chinese ancient wordbook of standard characters has the characteristics of small volume and stable quantity in the collection of characters. In terms of typography, the form of the prefix has gone through a process of typography, from typography to typography, and gradually fixed to typography; Except for the “Fugu Bian”, all fonts are in regular script and stand out; Except for the “Ganlu Zishu”, all prefix categories are listed in regular script. In terms of arrangement style, the Ganlu Zishu has had a profound impact on future generations of character books. More character books use phonetic order, and are all based on four tones, with rhyme as the main focus. The use of radical method in the “Wujing Wenzi” and “Xinjia Jiujing Ziyang” is different from the radical in the “Shuowen Jiezi” in terms of the number, form, and order of radicals, mainly reflecting the trend of radical function transformation from structure to character inspection.

고문읽기와 쓰기는 우수한 중국 전통 문화의 계승과 발전을 위한 기초 능력이다. 현재 고문 교육은 학습 효율이 낮고, 문턱이 높으며, 목적성이 부족하다는 세 가지 문제점이 존재한다. 고문읽기와 고문자에 대한 두려움은 많은 청소년들이 맞닥뜨리고 있는 실제 문제이다. 본 연구는 고대 중국어 교육의 특징과 실제에 근거하여 대규모 고적 코퍼스의 통계 작업을 통해 1,000개의 한자를 선정하였다. 한자의 자형, 자음, 자의, 용자 네 가지 측면에서 각 등급별 기준을 설정하고, 한자 학습의 우선순위를 반영하여 ｢고적한자등급자표古籍汉字分级字表｣를 개발하였다. 이 표 에는 1급 105자, 2급 340자, 3급 555자를 수록되어 있다. 청소년에게 고문 학습을 위해 한자학습 자료를 제공하는 것은 고적 한자의 점진적 학습을 도울 뿐 아니라 청소년이 가지고 있는 고문 학습에 대한 부담감을 줄여주고 고문 읽기 능력을 향상시켜 줄 것이다. 더 나아가 중국의 우수한 전통 문화를 계승하고 발전시키는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

In actual language corpus, there exists a phenomenon of semantic dislocation between “Du1 (度1)” and “Du2 (度2)”. The sense of “Du1 (度1)” is mainly a noun, but it also has a verb sense of “according to rules”. On the other hand, “Du2 (度2)” is mainly a verb, but it has a noun sense, which is a military term. Based on domain restriction analysis, this paper analyzes the syntactic position, semantic evolution and domain restriction changes of the dislocated semantics, and examines the semantic evolution process of the two. It is found that when the verbal noun “Du (度)” undergoes a part-of-speech change, it is often influenced by external factors of language, leading to a sudden mutation in domain restriction. However, when “Du (度)” is only subject to internal language mechanisms, its part-of-speech does not change, and it only extends new meanings within the domain field and transitional domain field. Therefore, the study of domain restriction has practical significance in the classification of Chinese verbs and nouns.

본고에서는 고대 중국에서 ‘술수, 방기(術數, 方技)’의 내용과 변천을 검토하고 ‘술 수, 방기’가 백제(百濟)에 전파된 사상적 배경, 시대적 배경 그리고 전파 경로를 중심 으로 살펴보았다. ‘술수, 방기’가 백제에 전해지기 전에 우리나라는 이미 ‘술수 방기’ 가 뿌리 내릴 수 있는 사상적 배경과 토양을 가지고 있었다. 고대 중국의 ‘술수, 방 기’는 당시 일종의 선진문화로서 직접 및 간접적 경로를 통해 백제에 전파되었다. 백 제는 중국에서 들여온 ‘술수, 방기’의 문화를 흡수하고 자국 상황에 맞게 변용하고 적용했을 뿐 아니라, 더욱 발전시켜 일본에도 전파하였다.

The digitization of ancient characters allows ancient writing materials to break the limitations of time and space. The application of digital technology can also help the interpretation of ancient writings and contribute to the protection of original materials. After more than 20 years of efforts, the research on digital processing of Chinese ancient characters has made a series of attempts in ancient character database and query system, big data platform, ancient character input software and recognition software, and achieved a series of achievements. In the future, we need to make continuous efforts in the interdisciplinary talent training of Chinese Palaeography and computer science, the cooperation between different research institutions, and the openness of digital achievements.

There are a lot of problems in the existing databases of ancient characters, such as the digital processing obstacles of Gaiji (characters excluded in character sets), the defects of information technology, and a lack of completeness. The newly released “digital resource library for intelligent Internet search of ancient characters” makes the following breakthrough: it achieves full coverage of all types of ancient characters in all dynasties, and realizes the carrier conversion of character data with strict digital standards, allows the the further processing of materials and the intelligent recognition search technology, and forms the series of thematic databases. There are two major tasks for the future development of the digital resource library of Chinese characters: the development of international standards for ancient character sets, and the further processing and sorting of ancient character materials for the intelligent research of ancient characters.

The Tay people are the ethnic minorities with the largest population in Viet Nam, mainly distributed in the Northern Uplands and Midlands, mostly concentrated in the provinces of Cao Bang, Lang Son, Tuyen Quang and Ha Giang. Over the long history of development, along with the development and improvement of their language, the Tay people have gradually created a type of writing system using the graphic, phonetic, and meaning elements of Chinese characters in combination with indigenous phonetic and linguistic elements, to create the system that is called the Nom-Tay scripts or the Nom script of the Tay ethnic group. Traditional Tay literature is mainly recorded in this Nom - Tay script. The article reliesupon the texts that belong to the genre of narrative poetry (in this genre, a story is written as a long poem) written in Nom - Tay- the most significant part of the written classical folk literature of the Tay ethnic group. Materials from the texts, currently stored at the Institute of Sino - Nom Studies (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences), will be used to conduct an analysis of the usage and the method of writing of the Chinese characters in these texts. Thereby, the article strives to confirm the important role and the ample appearance of the Chinese characters in VietnameseNom- Tay texts.

We determine the observing sites for eclipses of large magnitude recorded in ancient Chinese chronicles from 200 BCE to 900 CE, by adopting the difference between terrestrial time and universal time, ΔT, given by Morrison & Stephenson (2004). The records of solar eclipses with large magnitude are divided into four groups in accordance with the historical variations of the capital cities of ancient Chinese dynasties. We determine areas in which all the eclipses in each group, with an eclipse magnitude larger than a certain threshold value, could be observed. We find that these areas coincide with the historical capitals, which agrees with the general idea that the solar eclipses were observed at the capital of each dynasty. This result also veries the ΔT values during the period from 100 BCE to 400 CE, during which historical records of eclipses are so rare that the ΔT values can only be obtained by interpolating the long-term data. Moreover, we show that the eclipses described by the term Ji in East-Asian history are not all total eclipses; their mean magnitude is 0:96 ± 0:04. We find that complementary expressions, such as dark daytime and appearance of stars during the eclipse, strengthen the possibility that eclipses described by the term Ji were total. We also provide quantitative definitions for expressions such as `being not complete and like a hook', `being almost complete', `visibility of stars during the eclipse', and `darkness during an eclipse.' The literal meanings of these expressions are in agreement with the recent physical modeling of sky brightness during total eclipses provided by K¨onnen & Hinz (2008).

漢語 中古音의 聲母의 조음 방법을 연구함에 있어, 『東國正韻』(1447)과 『訓蒙字會』 (1527)는 중요한 자료가 될 수 있다. 漢語 中古音을 음소 문자로 표기한 최초의 문자 는 파스파 문자이지만, 파스파 문자는 死語가 되어 음소의 변화 및 후대의 계승 양 상을 확인할 방법이 없다. 반면, 『東國正韻』 한자음은 漢語 中古音과 시기상으로는 거리가 있지만, 漢語 中古音의 운미 8개를 일률적으로 訓民正音으로 표기했고, 全淸·次淸·全濁·次濁 역시『訓民正音』 ｢解例本｣에서 명확히 정의하고 있다.『訓蒙字會』는 우리 현실 한자음을 반영하고 있다고 분석되므로, 『東國正韻』 한자음의 표기가 『訓蒙字會』에서 어떻게 반영되는지를 살필 경우, 『東國正韻』의 편찬자가 분석한 漢 語 中古音의 淸·濁音의 일면을 엿볼 수 있다. 이 중에서 漢語 中古音의 齒音을 고찰 하면서, 淸音의 무성 마찰음 /s/와 全濁의 유성 마찰음 /z/에 대해서 주로 연구하고 자 한다. 일반적으로 漢語 中古音의 全濁 齒音은 /z/로 추정되는데, 『東國正韻』 편찬 자의 관점에서도 그러한지 살펴보는 것이다. 『東國正韻』 한자음의 성격에 대해 異論 이 있어 본고에서는 논외로 하지만, 『訓蒙字會』의 한자음과 비교해서 살펴봤을 때, 『東國正韻』은 표기에서 우리 한자음을 바탕으로 漢語 中古音 四聲七音의 원리를 반영 하고 있다고 평가하는 것을 근거로 본고에서의 논의를 전개한다. 따라서 당시 우리 현실 한자음을 비교적 잘 반영하고 있는 『訓蒙字會』의 한자음을 기준으로 『東國正韻』의 한자음과 면밀히 고찰해 볼 때, 漢語 中古音의 淸·濁音의 특징에 대해 자세히 살펴볼 수 있다.

Big data and AI are the two major technical means of development in the current era. Thus, whether Chinese grammatology can use new technologies to achieve new developments following the trend as such is precisely the new problem and new field of the development of philology. The scientific research work on computer recognition of ancient Chinese characters has been carried out for more than 20 years, and it has achieved good results in methodology. However, it is only in the past three years or so that the real application has been made. In this regard, this paper summarizes the research status of ancient Chinese character computer recognition, attempts to analyze several factors that restrict the ancient Chinese character computer recognition from experiment to application, and puts forward the future development of this work.

2천여 년 동안 한자를 사용한 베트남에는 지금까지도 한자의 영향이 닿지 않은 곳이 없다. 고대에 한자가 베트남의 다방면에 영향을 준 것은 부인할 수 없는 사실이다. 과거의 베트남은 한자를 ‘성현지자(聖賢之字)’, ‘재도지자(載道之字)’ 등으로 불렸고 그 위상이 매우 높아 문맹인 백성들은 한자가 적힌 폐지 한 조각을 보기만 하면 반드시 허리를 굽혀 줍는 등, ‘결석자지(敬惜 字紙, 문자가 적힌 종이를 귀하게 여기는 것)’의 문화가 존재했다. 반면, 지금의 베트남은 명승고 적, 절, 사원, 서적에 모두 한자가 적혀져 있지만 90%의 베트남인들은 자신의 조상들이 쓴 문자를 이해하지도 읽어내지도 한다. 베트남 학자들은 음수사원(飲水思源, 물을 마실 때는 그 근원을 생각하다. 즉 근본을 잊지 않다) 한 베트남 민족이 오늘에 이르러 ‘망본(忘本, 근본을 잃다)’하였음을 슬프지만 인정할 수밖에 없었다. 이로 인해 학자들은 서로 연합하여 베트남 정부에 한자의 재활성화를 요구했다.

In ancient Chinese, “shou (首) and “tou (頭)”, both of which were synonyms, referred to the human head. However, they were different from each other in the senses of the original, extended, and style meaning, respectively. The original meaning of “shou” refers to “head” with emphasis on the face, and “tou” refers specifically to “top of head”. In terms of the extended meaning, the most remarkable difference between “shou” and “tou” is that “shou” has the usage of verb while “tou” does not. “Tou” is grammaticalized as a suffix while “shou” is not. Therefore, we deduce the reason why “shou” and “tou” are not extended synchronously, and reach a conclusion that the core meanings of the two words are different. The core meanings confine the semantic changes of the synonym. In addition, the usage of verb of “shou” and the grammaticalization of “tou” have been explained at the core meaning level, respectively. As for the style meaning, “shou” is thought to be more elegant than “tou”.

The history of the spread and development of Chinese characters in Korea is very long. Chinese characters were introduced into the Korean peninsula as early as in the period from the end of the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms (A.D. 3C). Until the end of the 19th century, Chinese characters were the official writing system in Korea. The Korean peninsula has a history of using Chinese characters for over 1,500 years. It has an incomparably rich collection of ancient texts and documents written with Chinese characters. Of them are a considerable number of stone carvings that authentically recorded the profound literacy of the Korean people in the Middle Ages as far as the culture of Chinese characters is concerned. At the same time, these stone carvings are also of valuable reference for the developmental transformations and the configurational patterns since the formation of the clerical script, through the Wei-Jin period, the Sui and the Tan dynasties, and all the way through modern times. The present study takes as an example of the stone tablet of Master Chinkam Sŏnsa of the Silla era collected in Korean Grand Compendium of Ancient Inscriptions published by the Korean Studies Institute. I specifically summarized and analyzed the alternative script of ancient Chinese characters in the Korean stone carvings. I found out that there are characters written with different strokes or in a different internal structure, those which have been simplified, those which some parts have been added to or subtracted from, and those with a different position. Then I explored the formation and the developmental trajectory of individual variant forms of a Chinese character. Thus, I grasped the reasons for the formation of the variant Chinese characters in Korean ancient stone carvings as well as their writing characteristics.

This study was designed to show how ancient Chinese understood the concept of truth through characters listed in Shuowen Jiezi, the first analytical dictionary of Chinese characters (A.D.100). In my previous research, I examined the interconnectedness of „zhen‟ (貞) and „zhen‟ (眞) as cognate words, to show how ancient Chinese developed a concept of „truth‟ early on. In this paper, I would like to clarify how ancient Chinese thought about truth/falsehood, right/wrong, and assent/dissent through interpreting the meaning of characters with shi 是 („true‟) or fei 非 („false‟) as a components in Shuowen. I analyze shi 是 („true‟), 25 characters having 是 as a component (2 characters having 是 as a semantic part, 23 characters having 是 as a sound part), fei 非 (false), and 35 characters having 非 as a component (5 characters having 非 as a semantic part, 30 characters having 非 as a sound part). I further analyze fú 弗, signifying „not‟, and 17 characters having 弗 as a component (17 characters having 弗 as a sound part and 0 character having 弗 as a semantic part), because 非 and 弗 are similar in meaning and usages. Taking into consideration all the different meanings represented by these characters, I divide them into three categories: (1) characters for depiction of the object in question with distinctive features, (2) characters for regulation, and (3) characters representing value. The first category include 14 characters having 是 as a component (56%), 3 characters having 非 as a component (16%), 1 character having 非 as a component (6%). As the second, 4 characters having 是 as a component (16%), 23 characters having 非 as a component (66%), 4 character having 非 as a component (24%) are included. 5 characters having 是 as a component (20%), 3 characters having 非 as a component (9%), 12 character having 非 as a component (71%) are classified as the third. I hope this paper is to stimulate related research by providing the origins, historical development and detailed interpretation of truth-related characters, and so be able to advance toward more insightful writings on truth.

Chinese ancient literacy teaching is tteaching and learning of characters which refers to use paper as the carrier of copying or print the words in Chinese ancient books before 1911 years. Ancient literacy teaching has its particularity. At present there is only the system of standard Chinese literacy teaching in domestic, but no system of ancient literacy teaching. The phenomenon of scattered, random and inefficient in ancient literacy teaching seriously affect the reading, sorting and study of ancient books. The cause of this situation is not fully understanding the uniqueness of ancient literacy teaching. The situation is difficult to adapt to the current requirement of reading, sorting and researching in ancient books. Therefore, we need build the system of ancient literacy teaching mechanism in urgent. The relevant authorities should change cognition and elevate the status of ancient literacy teaching. Establishing a relatively independent ancient literacy teaching system, improving the method of teaching words in ancient books and establishing the implemented platform of teaching words in ancient books improve the teaching level and quality of ancient books to read so as to meet the needs of the ancient books reading and researching.

작품과 본인의 뜻이 완전하게 부합되는 경우는 引詩 본연의 존재의의이자 주된 목적이라 고 할 수 있다. 또한 그러한 引詩의 목적이 자신의 말에 설득력을 높이기 위해서라면, 논리적 인 측면이나 이해도 측면에서도 모두 문제가 되지 않는다. 하지만 『論語』에서 孔子와 그의 제자들은 자신의 뜻을 보다 명확하게 피력하기 위하여, 다소 납득이 가지 않는 부분도 있지 만 어느 정도 이해할 수 있는 범위 내에서의 응용을 하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 심지어는 전혀 맥락이 상통하지 않는 즉 앞뒤가 서로 통하지 않는 斷章取義나 牽强附會의 방법까지도 쓰고 있다. 여기에 더욱 더 이해할 수 없는 것은 ,공자는 그러한 제자의 모습을 보고 극찬을 아끼 지 않는 모습까지 보이고 있다는 점이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 『論語』의 引詩 용례들을 먼 저 살펴보고, 그 본연의 의도를 구체적으로 파악해보고자 한다. 그리고 이를 기반으로 나아가 引詩 용례와 중국 고대의 수사학과의 관계에 대해서도 살펴보고자 한다.