It is well-known that cultivated wild Panax ginseng has anti-inflammatory effect. However, a comparative study on cultivation period vs biofunctionality is currently lacking. In this study, 70% ethanol extracts of 3-years (yrs)-, 5-yrs-, or 7-yrs-old cultivated wild ginseng were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Specifically, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]), the expression of surface proteins (CD80, CD86, and MHC-II), and the phagocytic properties were investigated. RAW264.7 cells were induced by 500 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with 0.1, 1, and 10 ppm of samples. LPS-induced IL-6, TNF-α and surface proteins in all samples were downregulated in a dose-dependent manner. Both IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly reduced at 10 ppm of the 7-yrsold sample compared to 10 ppm of 3-yrs- and 5-yrs-old samples. CD80 and CD86 were also reduced at 10 ppm of all samples, and there was no difference among samples. The phagocytosis has no difference except in 10 ppm of 3 yr-old sample. The results suggest that cultivated wild ginseng extract has anti-inflammatory effect without decreasing phagocytosis.

본 시험은 항염에 효과가 있다고 알려진 식물 추출물의 첨가가 반추위 발효와 메탄 생성에 미치는 영 향을 알아보기 위해 in vitro 실험을 수행하였다. 항염과 항산화 효과가 있는 산뽕나무, 뽕나무, 예덕나 무, 오동나무, 방아풀과 은행나무 6종을 선발하였다. 반추위액과 McDougall buffer 혼합액 15mL과 티 모시 0.3g, 각각의 추출물을 기질의 5%로 넣고 39℃에서 3, 9, 12, 24, 48 그리고 72시간 배양하였다. 항염 효과가 있는 식물 추출물의 첨가는 반추위 발효 성상(pH, 건물소화율, Glucose 농도, 암모니아 농도, 단백질 농도, 미생물 성장량, 휘발성지방산)에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 총 가스 발생량은 각기 다른 양상을 보였으며, 이산화탄소 발생량은 48시간대에서 예덕나무와 방아풀에서 대조구에 비해 유의 적(p<0.05)으로 높았다. 또한 메탄 발생량은 배양 초기에는 대조구보다 첨가구에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 감소하였으나, 발효가 진행될수록 대조구에 비해 첨가구에서 더 많은 메탄이 발생하였다. Polyphenol과 flavonoid는 은행나무 추출물구에서 가장 높았다. 본 시험의 결과에서 항염에 효과가 있는 식물 추출물 을 in vitro 반추위 배양액에 첨가하였을 때, 반추위 발효에는 영향을 미치지 않았고, 메탄은 초기 발효 에 저감 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

Vitis amurensis, Aralia cordata, and Glycyrrhizae radix have been widely used in Korea, China, and Japan because of their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study investigated the anti-nociceptive and antiinflammatory properties of an ethanol extract (SSB) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Vitis amurensis (stem and leaf), Aralia cordata (stem and leaf), and Glycyrrhizae radix. Anti-nociceptive activity was determined using chemical (acetic acid and formalin) and thermal (hot plate) stimuli-induced algesia tests. Formalin-induced paw edema was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. SSB (25–100 mg/kg, p.o.) and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg, p.o.), a positive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), significantly inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing response caused by peripherally mediated algesia, but failed to protect thermal nociception in the hot plate test that was employed for centrally mediated analgesic activity. However, morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) used as a positive opioid control alleviated the acetic acid-induced writhing response and thermal nociception in the hot plate test. In the formalin test, SSB (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited the second phase response (peripheral inflammatory algesia), but not the first phase response (central algesia), whereas morphine inhibited both phases of the pain response. Both SSB (25-100 mg/kg, p.o.) and ibuprofen (200 mg/kg) caused significant reduction of the formalin-induced increase of paw thickness, which was the index of inflammation. These results suggest that SSB has a significant anti-nociceptive activity that seems to be peripheral, but not central. SSB also displays antiinflammatory activity in an acute inflammatory model. The present study supports a possible use of SSB to treat pain and inflammation.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) extract on the inflammation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and blood lipid improvement in hypercholesterolemic mice fed a high cholesterol diet. The lettuce extract (100% ethanol extract) inhibited the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in HUVEC treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The lettuce extract suppressed the adhesion of THP-1 to TNF-α-treated HUVEC. The lettuce extract decreased the TNF-α-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein 1. In hypercholesterolemic mice, the lettuce extract reduced serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, while the lettuce extract elevated high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, resulting in the decrease of atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor level. These results suggested that lettuce extract can be an useful resource to show an anti-inflammatory effect and improve lipid metabolism

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, which destroys the connective tissue and the alveolar bone. Recently, it has been suggested that the effect of natural substances could be induced into an anti-inflammatory environment. However, the effect of Safflower seed extract (SAF-M) associated with periodontitis has not been investigated yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of SAF-M. Cytotoxicity was assessed through MTS analysis using hGF and hPDL cells. Periodontitis was induced by injecting LPS into gingival tissue on the maxillary molars of rats (45 μg LPS/one time, 3 times a week for 3 weeks). SAF-M was administered daily at 30 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Alveolar bone resorption was evaluated through the micro-CT. hGF and hPDL cells showed differential cytotoxicity in response to SAF-M at 5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml concentrations. Micro-CT showed reduction of the alveolar bone resorption in the SAF-M treatment group. These results suggested that SAF-M is a potential therapeutic agent for periodontitis.

울금의 주요 성분인 커큐민과 대두 추출물인 이소플라본의 피부 미용 측면에서 생리활성을 연구하여 화장품 소재로서 가능성 여부를 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 세포실험을 통해 커큐민과 대두 추출물을 피부 세포에 대한 독성 및 항염증을 확인하고, HPLC을 이용하여 대두 추출물의 성분분석과 피부에 적용하였을 때 수분과 유분, 홍반변화를 측정하였다. 본 연구 결과 커큐민이 RAW 264.7 세포에 대한 독성이 적은 것으로 확인되었으며, 항염증에 대한 효과를 확인하였다. 8주 동안 커큐민과 대두 추 출물이 함유된 화장품과 식이를 병행하여 사용하였을 때 수분함량 변화, 유분함량 변화, 홍반 지수의 감 소가 통계적으로 유의미한 변화를 나타내었으며, 여드름 피부에 유의한 효과를 가질 수 있음을 확인하였 다. 따라서 본 연구는 커큐민과 대두 추출물이 화장품 소재로 사용 시 여드름 피부 개선에 효과적인 화 장품 소재로서 활용 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료된다.

A lot of research about applications of natural extracts to both food and medicine is in progress. In this paper, we tested the applicability of Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract in functional materials including its anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the effects of Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract on the LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines and mediators in RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. The protein expression of COX-2, iNOS, IL- 4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK, JNK, p38) and the activation of NF-κB with Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract were assayed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Pre-treatment with Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract significantly inhibited the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent item and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract significantly reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs. The NF-κB was strongly suppressed by extracts. Moreover, the pathological phenotypes of contact dermatitis such as erythema, edema, and scabs were significantly decreased in Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract-treated mice. These results indicated that Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract have an antiinflammatory effect, and that this might be used as a supplement for the functional materials.

토마토 부산물의 활용 가능성을 확인하고자 토마토 50 자원의 잎 추출물로 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 검정하였다. DPPH라디칼 소거 활성이 높았던 자원은 IT191046 (130.9 ug/ml),IT189949 (136.8 ug/ml), IT033117 (138.8 ug/ml), IT191047(148.9 ug/ml), IT033130 (152.5 ug/ml)이었으며, ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성이 높았던 자원은 IT189949 (1348.6 ug/ml),IT033117 (1404.9 ug/ml), IT191046 (1516.8 ug/ml)이었고 총폴리페놀 함량은 IT207214 (59.9 mg GAE/g DW)가 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. Nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해 활성이 높았던 자원은 IT189945 (24.8 ug/ml), IT173906 (26.5 ug/ml),IT033117 (27.1 ug/ml), IT191046 (27.4 ug/ml)이었다. DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성이 높은 정의 상관관계(r = 0.677**)를 보였고 다음으로 총 폴리페놀 함량과 NO 생성 저해 활성이 높은 상관관계(r = −0.406**)를 나타냈다. 토마토 잎 추출물의 생리 활성 및 기능성 성분 분석 결과를 자원별로 군집 분석한 결과, Cluster I (n = 17), II (n = 4), III (n = 11), IV(n = 16)와 따로 분리된 두 자원(IT229651, IT211836)으로 분류되었다. 토마토 50 자원 중 IT033117과 IT191046은 DPPH,ABTS 라디칼 저해 활성 및 nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해 활성이 높았으며 Cluster IV내에서 매우 가깝게 존재하였고,IT173906은 총 폴리페놀 함량과 nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해활성이 높았으며 Cluster II에 존재하였다. 이 연구 결과를 토대로 토마토 잎의 기능성 소재로의 이용 가능성을 확인하였고토마토 부산물의 다양한 활용 방안 수립에 도움이 될 것으로사료 된다.

본 연구에서는 발아된 녹두 추출물의 항염증 효능 및 화장품 응용에 관한 연구이다. 동일 농도인 250 ㎍/㎖ 에서 산화질소 생성 억제 비교시 발아 녹두 추출물이 가장 높은 억제 효과를 보였다. 또한 수용성 용매에 따른 결과를 비교하였을 때 1,3-부틸렌글라이콜을 사용하고, 5일간 발아시킨 녹두를 추출한 것이 가장 높은 산화질소 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 염증 반응이 많이 일어나는 염모제에 발아 녹두 추출물을 적용한 결과 발아 녹두 추출물을 포함한 염모제가 포함하지 않은 것 보다 높은 산화 질소 억제 효과를 보였다. 따라서 발아 녹두 추출물은 화장품에 자극 완화제와 항염증 소재로 응용이 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 감귤류 중 온주밀감, 레몬, 한라봉의과 피추출물(PE)에 대한 항염증 효과를 조사하였다. 감귤류 세 품종 과피추출물(PE)에 대한 murine macrophage cell line Raw 264.7세포를 배양하여 세포독성, NO생성량, 세포내 염증관련 단백질 발현 양상을 분석하였다. 그 결과 CUP, CHP, CLP 처리구의 경우 2 mg/mL 이하의 농도에서는 세포생육을 저해하지 않았다. LPS (100 ng/mL)를 처리한 세포의 NO생성량을 LPS를 처리하지 않은 대조구와 비교했을 때 상당량이 증가했음을 알 수 있었고, 추출물을 농도별로 처리했을 때 농도가 증가할수록 NO생성량은 감소하였다. 각 처리구에서 각 1 mg/mL 농도에서는 CUP > CHP > CLP 순 으로 NO 저해활성이 강하게 나타났다. Western blot의 결과상으로는 CUP와 CHP의 iNOS 단백질 저해활성이 비슷 한 강도로 나타남을 확인하였다. COX-2 효소의 저해활성은 CUP > CHP > CLP의 순으로 나타났다. 따라서 CUP, CHP, CLP 처리구는 모두 항염증 작용을 가지고 있으며, 또한 CUP 처리구가 세 개의 추출물 중에서 가장 저해활성이 강하였다.

이상의 실험 결과들을 요약하면, 포르말린을 측두하악관절 내로 주입하여 발생한 염증성 통증 행위반응은 QX-314의 투여로 감소할 수 있었다. 저농도의 QX-314의 진통작용은 TRPV1 통로를 이용하여 세포막 내로 이동하여 작용이 나타났으며 고농도의 QX-314는 TRPV1 통로와 무관하게 진통작용을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과는 측두하악관절 장애로 인해 발생되는 염증성 통증에 QX-314가 효과적인 치료제로 사용할 수 있다는 것을 말해주며, 특히 고농도의 QX-314가 세포막을 이동하는 경로에 대한 연구가 더 진행된다면 임상에서 QX-314가 진통제로서 사용할 수 있는 계기가 될 것으로 판단된다.

To concern about health increased at well-being world. It reported fault about toxic of lymphocyte cell by Chemotherapeutic agent and antibiotic agent, tolerance of cancer cell and destruction of lymphocyte and marrow cell. Study of natural medicine needed to remedy these shortcomings. In this study verified effect of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in Ganoderma applanatum. Verify of anti-inflammatory effect checked to derive by LPS. Antioxidant effect assured by DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The result of cytotoxicity by MTT-assay for anti-inflammatory effect of Ganoderma applanatum does not effect in 0.01~1mg/mL concentration. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibition effect was verified concentration dependent in all treatment groups. Inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6) formation inhibition effect to derive by LPS was verified to inhibit gene revelation of inflammatory cytokine in all treatment groups. And endotoxin shock inhibition effect does not appear concentration dependent in mouse lethal test. Inflammation mediator activation inhibition effect in shock mouse liver cell decreased gene revelation in IL-1β and IL-6 at 0.5g/kg body weight group and 1.0g/kg body weight group. DPPH radical scavenging activity confirmed concentration dependent in all treatmen tgroups. SOD enzyme activity showed high activity in low concentration than vitamin C and BHT. To conclusion, Ganoderma applanatum was predicted to replace anti-inflammatory medicine and to use great antioxidant material.

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) cause an inflammatory acne that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acne by inducing inflammatory mediators. Bee venom therapy has been used in oriental medicine for the relief of pain and the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, a direct effect of bee venom in skin inflammation has not been established. The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-inflammatory properties of bee venom in skin inflammation stimulated by heat-killed P. acnes using human keratinocytes and monocytes cell line. P. acnes stimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins-1β, -8, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α in HaCaT and THP-1 cells. Bee venom effectively inhibits the secretion of IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. P. acnes treatment activates the expression of TLR2, which results in IL-8 expression. However, bee venom treatment reduces the expression of TLR2 and IL-8. Based on these results, bee venom has effects on anti-inflammatory activity against P. acnes in HaCaT and THP-1 cells.

The anti-inflammatory effects of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) derived from cricket (G. bimaculatus, Gb) were investigated in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) treated chronic arthritis rat model. This GAG produced a meaningful anti-edema effect showing inhibition of C-reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor. This GAG also inhibited the atherogenesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of VEGF production in HUVEC cells, IL-6, prostaglandin E2 stimulated lipopolysaccharide in LAW 264.7 cells and TNF-α production in normal splenocytes, with dose dependent manner. This GAG was also found to be an inducer of NO production from the HUVEC cells and a stimulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. In the histological finding, the LV dorsal root ganglion, linked to the paw treated Gb GAG, was repaired against CFA induced cartilage destruction. The combined Indomethacin (5 mg/kg)-Gb GAG (10 mg/kg) also more effectively inhibited CFA-induced paw edema at 3h, 2nd and 3rd day to levels comparable to anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin.