Exosome-like particles (ELPs) derived from natural products have attracted considerable interest for drug delivery and therapeutic applications. Mushroom-derived exosome-like particles (MELPs) are an unexplored group with significant biomedical potential. Because medicinal and edible mushrooms are rich in bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and phenolic acids, it is likely that their ELPs also carry these compounds during their biogenesis. Hence, MELPs containing these beneficial compounds, which exhibit favorable characteristics such as nanosize, stability, and cellular uptake properties, should be considered a novel potential natural nanocarrier. Here, we have detailed the current understanding of MELPs in terms of their biological functions, physicochemical characteristics, molecular cargo, and isolation methods. We have also highlighted their potential applications in cancer therapy, immune modulation, inflammation, and microbiome regulation. Moreover, we have outlined the challenges and future directions for standardizing the isolation protocol to yield large-scale production and for elucidating the mechanistic pathways. As MELP research advances, it may emerge as a next-generation nanocarrier in natural therapeutics and green nanomedicine.

부정적 치료반응은 관계적 문제에서 비롯된 심리적 장애와 연결되어 있으며 치료 상황에서 치료사와 내담자 사이의 전이와 역전이 속에서 작 동한다. 목회 상담자는 선입견적 판단을 중지하고 상호주관성을 토대로 한 성찰적 존재로 내담자-신자가 재경험을 하도록 함께하는 존재이어야 한다. 본 논문은 정신분석적 이론에서 상호주관성을 중심으로 부정적 치 료반응에 대해 살피고 목회적 차원에서 이 이론의 연결성과 적용의 시사 점을 언급하고자 한다. 고전적 관점에서 부정적 치료반응은 내담자의 문 제에 중심을 두었으나 상호주관적 관점에서는 분석가의 역전이가 부정적 치료반응의 원인으로 작용할 수 있다는 점을 보여준다. 목회 현장에서도 유사한 일들이 일어날 수 있는데 연구자는 이러한 양상을 정신분석 문헌 을 토대로 고전적 관점에서 상호주관적 관점으로 이행된 점과 관련하여 이론적 배경의 연관성을 살피고 성서 본문에 관한 연구와 사례구성을 통 해 상호주관적 관계에서 부정적 치료반응에 대한 이해가 목회 상담의 상 황에서 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지를 살펴보았다.

만성 상처, 특히 다제내성 세균 감염으로 복잡한 상처는 임상적 상처 관리에서 지속적인 도전 과제이다. 자연 유 래 생체 고분자인 키토산은 고유한 항균 활성, 생체 적합성 및 필름 형성 특성으로 주목받고 있다. 그러나 단독 사용은 기계 적 강도가 낮고 약물 보유가 짧기 때문에 제한적이다. 이 총설에서는 은 나노입자(AgNPs), 폴리카프로락톤(polycaprolactone, PCL), 셀룰로오스 나노섬유(cellulose nanofibers, CNF) 및 그래핀 옥사이드(graphene oxide, GO)를 포함하는 시스템을 중심 으로 키토산 기반 복합막의 최근 발전을 살펴본다. 이러한 복합막은 항균 효능, 기계적 내구성 및 조절된 약물 방출을 향상시 켜 막 성능을 향상시킨다. 이러한 다기능 막의 물리화학적 특성, 항균 결과, 세포 적합성 및 치료 잠재력을 비판적으로 평가 하여 차세대 상처 드레싱 개발에 대한 가능성을 강조한다.

본 연구는 종이와 점토의 융합으로 종이도자의 조형적 가능 성과 공예적 의의를 고찰하였다. 종이도자는 전통적인 도자 제 작 방식에 머무르지 않고, 점토와 종이 섬유라는 이질적 재료 의 결합으로 새로운 조형 언어를 만든다는 점에서 주목된다. 종이 섬유가 지닌 가벼움과 유연성은 점토의 물리적 제약을 보 완하고 새로운 질감과 표면 효과를 구현할 수 있게 한다. 이러 한 재료적 전환은 기술적 차원에서의 보완이 아니라, 현대 도 예가 당면한 표현 영역의 확장 요구를 반영한 것이다. 연구 방법으로는 문헌 연구를 하여 종이도자의 발생 배경과 이론적 맥락을 검토하였으며, 사례 조사를 하여 다양한 현대 작가들의 작품을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 종이도자가 도예의 조 형성, 공예의 사회적 역할을 재정립하는 매개체로 작용함을 확 인하였다. 종이와 점토의 융합은 전통적 재료관을 확장시키며, 공예의 경계를 현대적으로 재구성한다. 본 연구는 종이도자의 재료적 혁신이 도예의 현대적 전환을 이끄는 하나의 실질적 경로임을 제시하며, 향후 공예 연구와 작품 창작의 확장 가능성을 확장하는 토대가 될 수 있다. 또한 전통 재료와 현대적 매체가 결합하는 과정에서 나타나는 조형 적 변용은 도예의 미적 범주를 확장시키고, 새로운 작품 창작 의 패러다임으로 자리매김할 수 있다.

Presently, the majority of cancer treatments are non-specific, leading to undesirable side effects from intense medications. This issue may be addressed through the revolutionary advancement of nanotechnology, which enables the control of materials at the nanoscale. By offering advantages such as customized drug delivery, minimized dose-associated side effects, and extended drug circulation times, nanotechnology has significantly impacted cancer therapy over recent decades. Due to their unique combination of superior optical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, carbon-based nanoparticles are emerging as promising tools in cancer research. These nanoparticles also offer ease of modification and a large surface area, making them ideal for efficient drug delivery. These nanoplatforms can serve as carriers for multiple types of molecules, enabling targeted and controlled delivery of pharmaceuticals, nucleotides, and diagnostic agents. The synthesis techniques and functionalization approaches of carbon-based nanostructures, both covalently and noncovalently bound, will be explored in detail within this review. In addition, the properties of carbon nanostructures, their potential for delivering anticancer drugs and genetic material, as well as their antibacterial capabilities, will be analyzed. Lastly, the challenges associated with utilizing carbon nanostructures and future perspectives will be discussed.

Background: Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a widely used eccentric strengthening exercise that reduces the risk of hamstring and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. During NHE, the ankles are fixed in a kneeling position, while the upper body falls forward as the knee extends, maximizing hamstring activation. However, compensatory movements, such as an increased hip joint angle, make optimal execution difficult. Assisted NHE (ANHE) using an elastic band facilitates controlled movement, maintains high hamstring activation, and allows intensity adjustments. Despite their benefits, research on exercise postures based on different elastic band application regions remains limited. Objects: This study aimed to compare trunk and hip extensors activation, the gluteus maximus vs. erector spinae (GM/ES) ratio, and subjective difficulty during NHE, chest-assisted NHE (C-ANHE), and pelvic-assisted NHE (P-ANHE). Methods: Twenty-two healthy males performed each exercise, starting from a kneeling position with the knee joint at 90° and extending 15° with isometric contraction. The muscle activations of the ES, GM, and the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) were measured using surface electromyography. The GM/ES ratio was calculated, and the Borg rating of perceived exertion (Borg RPE) (6–20) scale was examined. Results: ES (F = 141.38, p < 0.001), GM (F = 184.14, p < 0.001), and BFlh (F = 164.85, p < 0.001) activation differed significantly among the exercises. All muscles showed higher muscle activity during P-ANHE than during C-ANHE (p < 0.017). The GM/ES ratio was lower than 1 for all exercises but significantly higher in P-ANHE (0.66 ± 0.15) than in C-ANHE (0.57 ± 0.18) (p < 0.017). The Borg RPE score differed significantly among exercises (p < 0.001) and was higher in P-ANHE (15.10 ± 1.77) than in C-ANHE (11.86 ± 1.91) (p < 0.017). Conclusion: P-ANHE increased GM activation to a greater extent than C-ANHE, with moderate subjective difficulty. It is recommended as an ANHE variant for targeting the GM while considering ES activation.

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are emerging as reliable energy conversion devices for stationary power generation due to their high efficiency and environmental benefits. However, achieving long-term durability remains a critical challenge for commercialization. This study investigates the performance and degradation behavior of a PEMFC stack under 360 hours of constant current operation at approximately 0.22-0.23 A/cm², delivering a stack output of 1.5 kW. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to diagnose cell degradation, revealing increases in ohmic and charge transfer resistances over time. The results highlight the importance of uniform cell performance within the stack to prevent output limitations. Furthermore, we propose a framework for Remaining Useful Life (RUL) prediction to enhance system reliability. Future work will focus on applying these diagnostic techniques under varied operating conditions and integrating machine learning for advanced predictive models, aiming to support the development of stable, long-life PEMFC systems for stationary energy applications.

This paper reviews ordinal decision tree algorithms for ordinal classification, exploring theoretical foundations, key algorithms (MDT, QMDT), specialized splitting criteria (Ordinal Gini, Weighted Information Gain), and ensemble methods. It discusses applications in healthcare and social sciences, highlighting interpretability and flexibility while acknowledging overfitting and instability. As implications for future research, this study points out advantages such as interpretability and flexibility, and limitations such as overfitting and instability.