For safe and successful decommissioning, it is one of the most important procedures that establishing the goal and complying with regulations of which final status of decommissioned site and building. The dose criteria for cyclotron facilities should be established and applied to reuse the site and building, since building and component of a cyclotron facility have been activated by incident secondary neutrons from radioactive isotope processes (e.g. 18O(p,n)18F, etc.). Furthermore, appropriate approaches should be applied to demonstrate compliance with the dose criteria for reliability of reuse. It is of noted that U.S. NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) has confirmed that the residual radioactivity which distinguishable from background radiation results in a TEDE (Total Effective Dose Equivalent) does not exceed 25 mrem (0.25 mSv) per year as radiological criteria for unrestricted use of not only nuclear power plants but also cyclotron facilities referred to 10 CFR Part 20.1402. In addition, U.S. NRC noted the two approaches (i.e. dose assessment methods and, DCGL and final status surveys) which can be applied for demonstrating compliance with the dose criteria of 10 CFR Part 20 and recommended DCGL and FSS approach based on advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches. In order to using DCGL and FSS approach, U.S. NRC suggested screening approach; using DandD Version 2 which assesses TEDE under ICRP 28 and site-specific approach; using all models or computational codes which approved by NRC staff. There are several foreign cases that release of cyclotron facilities after decommissioning (i.e. U.S. and Japan). U.S., for examples, there are two DCGL approach cases and one dose modeling case based on 25 mrem per year same as reactor facilities. The dose modeling case, however, which may not be really used in Korea because of its low applicability. On the other hand, Japan case did not establish any radiological criteria for site and building reuse such as DCGL and just confirm “no more contamination” which is all residual radioactivity is lower than MDC based on real survey. Japan case also may not be used in Korea since criteria of “no more contamination” is not clear and hard to apply for all sites. Considering regulations and criteria for site release and reuse in Korea, this study aims to suggest radiological criteria and the demonstration approach of compliance for decommissioning of cyclotron facilities based on Nuclear Safety Acts and NSSC notices.

Jangchungdan is located at the skirt of Namsan near Namsomundongcheon, so the buildings are arranged with many podiums. The steps for people to go up and down such podiums are placed around the buildings. The Western-style constructional methods and materials introduced by the opening of ports were used for a variety of Jangchungdan buildings with differentiated levels of podiums, for Jangchungdan memorial ceremonies, and other building materials were also installed along with the changes in clothes and lifestyles. Although Dansa was constructed in the Chinese style, it reflected the shrine plane used in Joseon Dynasty, which in turn is thought to reflect Gubonsincham, the basic concept of Gwangmu Reform, as in the case of Jangchungdan memorial ceremonies.

본 연구는 도로변 선형의 가로녹지 조성이 고밀시가지 대로와 건물 사이에 조성한 보행로 및 오픈스페이스의 미세먼지 농도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 부산시 중앙대로와 부산광역시청 건물 사이에 폭 약 70m로 조성된 오픈스페이스를 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 조사결과 가로녹지가 없는 지역의 경우 주중과 주말 모두 차도와 인접한 오픈스페이스의 농도차이가 미미하였으나, 반대로 가로녹지가 조성되어 있는 지역은 차도에 비해 오픈스페이스의 농도가 현저히 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 가로녹지가 조성된 지역은 차도와 보도 모두에서 미조성지역보다 미세먼지량이 높게 나타나고 있어 차도와 건축물 사이가 넓은 공간의 경우 가로녹지의 조성이 전체적으로 도로 밖 오픈스페이스의 미세먼지농도를 높이는 효과를 보였으며, 특히 차도보다 오픈스페이스에 미치는 영향이 더 큰 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 현상은 차량에 의해 발생한 미세먼지가 빠른 바람흐름에 의해 가로변 관목림을 통과하지만 바람흐름이 줄어든 보행공 간에서는 확산이 이루어지지 않아 발생하는 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서와 같이 넓은 오픈스페이스를 확보하고 있는 도심 도로변 지역의 경우에는 가로녹지가 오히려 바람에 의한 확산을 억제하여 하여 차량이동에 따른 부유 미세먼 지를 녹지 내부에 가두어 보도를 포함한 오픈스페이스의 미세먼지 농도를 높이는 것으로 확인되었다. 도로에서 발생하는 미세먼지를 줄이기 위한 가로녹지의 조성에 있어 도로와 건물의 거리는 매우 중요하게 작용하는 것을 확인하였다.

This study is the compared seismic performance that are difference between the performance of structures on various site classes and beam-column connection. this analysis model was designed the previous earthquake load. To compare the performance levels of the structure was subjected to nonlinear static and nonlinear dynamic analysis. Nonlinear analysis was used to The Perform 3D program. Nonlinear static analysis was compared with the performance point and Nonlinear dynamic analysis was compared the drift ratio(%). Analysis results, the soft site class of the displacement was more increase than rock site classes of the displacement. Also The smaller the displacement was increased beam-column connection stiffness.

The principal hygienic problem caused by livestock industry is the odor exposed to farm workers. This study was performed to assess air cleaner efficiency for reducing odor through on-site evaluation. The concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, which are major odorous compounds generated from livestock building, were monitored by realtime direct recorder. The odor mixture was measured by air dilution method applying human noses of five panels. Their reduction efficiencies were represented by difference between initial concentration exhausted by non-treatment and concentration measured after treatment of respective control mechanism (water, germicide and plasma ion) of air cleaner. Mean levels of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were 1.84 (SD:0.22) ppm and 76.83 (SD:1.37) ppb for non-treatment, 1.23 (SD:0.09) ppm and 59.07 (SD:2.68) ppb for wet scrubber (water), 1.08 (SD:0.03) ppm and 58.55 (SD:1.62) ppb for wet scrubber (germicide), and 0.96 (SD:0.03) ppm and 53.66 (SD:1.37) ppb for plasma ion, respectively. Mean dilution factors of odor mixture were 100 for non-treatment, 66.9 for wet scrubber (water), 144.2 for wet scrubber (germicide), and 66.94 for plasma ion, respectively. Based on the results obtained from on-site evaluation, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide showed the mean reduction efficiency of 40% and 25.7% compared with non-treatment process of air cleaner, respectively. In the case of odor mixture, the highest dilution factor was observed at wet scrubber (germicide) compared with other control mechanism of air cleaner.

‘북사’명 토기 출토 건물지는 사비도성의 南北道路에서 동쪽으로 약 30m 정도 떨어진 지점에 자리하고 있다. 이 건물지의 북쪽 1.5m 거리에는 인공으로 조성된 샘이 하나 있고, 여기에서 북쪽 2m 거리에는 동서방향으로 석축이 지나고 있다. 이 석축은 사비도성의 북쪽 경계를 표시하는 석축이다. ‘북사’명 토기 출토 건물지는 절반 정도만 조사 되었다. 규모는 남북 너비가 7.7m이고, 동서 길이는 4m만이 확인되었다. 동서 길이가 제대로 확인되지 않았지만 전체적으로 볼 때 남향의 건물이었음을 알 수 있다. 이 건물지는 소형의 독립가옥 형태를 하고 있는데, 지붕에 와당을 사용하고 있으며, 주변에서 祭器로 사용된 듯한 특수한 토기들이 다량 출토되었다. 그런 점에서 祭祀를 거행한 신성한 장소였던 것으로 추정된다. 사료에 의하면 백제는 사비도성내에 始祖 仇台廟를 모시고 1년에 4차례 제사를 지냈다고 한다. 그런 점에서 ‘北舍’명 토기 출토 건물지가 바로 그 始祖 仇台廟가 아닐까 생각된다.

Balhae(698~926) was the ancient state which opened the Nambuk-guk period with the Unified Silla. But Balhae architecture began to included in the history of Korean architecture only about 15 years ago, such as the books written by Yun Jang-seop or Ju Nam-cheol. I discussed four issues related to Balhae architecture in this paper. First, I criticized the excavation report of 24 stones remains at Jiangdong in Duhua city, and I asserted the ondol site belonged to different period. Second, I also interpreted that the building found on the tombs no.13 and no.14, in the Longhai burial area in Helong city must be a wooden stupa. Third, Balhae played some important roles in the history of ondol. It developed Koguryeo ondol in terms of structure, gave an opportunity to the ruling class to adopt ondol for the first time, and passed the heating system down to the Jurchen, the ancestor of the modern Manchurian. Fourth, the Russian-Korean joint research team excavated seven building sites in Koksharovka 1 fortress from Russian territory these four years, and it is reasonable to assume the fortress was the center of Anbyeon-bu, one of 15 local government districts in Balhae. I guess this buildings were the royal shrine built by resisters after the fall of Balhae, and the vessel stands found there must be used for ancestral memorial ceremony inside them.

이 논문에서는 뒷채움이 부실한 묻힌기초 위에 세워진 건축물의 지반증폭계수에 대한 기초묻힘으로 인한 저감계수를 산정하기 위한 연구를 비선형 의사 3D 수평지진해석이 가능한 P3DASS 유한요소 프로그램으로 수행하였다. 지반은 30m 두께로 균질하고탄성과 점성이 있는 등방성 지반으로 단단한 암반 위에 놓인 것으로 가정하였고, 기초는 반경이 10-70m인 등가원형 강체기초로 기초묻힘은 0, 10, 20, 30m인 경우를 고려하였다. 지진해석은 노두에서 실측한 7개 지진기록의 유효지진가속도를 0.1g로 조정한 후 연약지반밑 암반에서의 지진기록을 생성하여 수행하였다. 연구 결과에 의하면, 매우 연약한 지반에 깊게 묻힌 뒷채움이 부실한 소형기초인 경우를제외하고는 지반증폭계수가 기초묻힘비가 깊어 질수록 점진적으로 감소하고 기초크기에 따른 편차는 크지 않은 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 뒷채움이 부실한 묻힌기초의 지반증폭계수를 설계기준에 주어진 지표면기초의 지반증폭계수에 곱해서 구할 수 있는 표준저감계수를전단파속도와 지반종류에 따라 제안하였다. 이 표준저감계수는 지반의 평균전단파속도에 따라 보간하여 사용할 수도 있다.

이 논문에서는 연약지반에 세워진 건축물의 지진해석을 위해서 기준의 지반증폭계수에 대한 기초묻힘으로 인한 저감계수를 산정하는 연구를 비선형 의사 3D 지진해석이 가능한 P3DASS 유한요소 프로그램으로 수행하였다. 지반은 30m 두께로 균질하고 탄성과 점성이 있는 등방성 연약한 지반으로 암반 위에 놓인 것으로 가정하였고, 기초는 반경이 10-70m인 등가원형 강체기초로 기초묻힘은 0, 10, 20, 30m인 경우를 고려하였다. 지진해석은 노두에서 실측한 7개 지진기록의 유효지진가속도를 0.1g로 조정한 후 연약지반 밑 암반에서 지진기록을 생성하여 수행하였다. 연구에 의하면 매우 연약한 지반에 소형기초가 깊게 묻힌 경우 외에는 지반증폭계수가 점진적으로 감소하고 기초크기에 따른 편차도 크지 않은 것으로 평가되어 기초반경 별로 구한 저감계수에 대한 평균에 표준편차를 더한 저감계수를 기초묻힘에 따른 표준저감계수로 산정하였다. 지반증폭계수에 대한 표준저감계수를 실용화와 KBC 등의 기준을 위해 지반의 평균전단파속도와 지반종류에 따라 제안하였다.

In this study, I investigated the function and the setting characteristics of 日type plan building ruins in the Hoe-amsa monastery site, that’s renovated by Zen priest Na-ong(1320-76) in the later Goryeo Dynasty(918-1392), through the comparative research between China, Japan, and Goryeo in that time. The ruins of 日type plan building, located in the east side of Buddha hall ruins, is the ruins of Jungryo(衆寮). It was called as Jeondanrim(旃檀林), and the name can be seen from the record(天寶山檜巖寺修造記) of Yi-saek(李穡, 1328-96). It’s name and the composition of plan is very similar to the Jungryo of Chinese and Japanese Zen monastery in 13th-14thcentury. And from it, we can see that, the priest Na-ong tried to introduce institution of Chinese Zen monastery, which he experienced during the time of study in China. But, the location of Jungryo in Hoe-amsa monastery is deferent from the Zen monastery of China and Japan, and it can be said as the setting characteristics of Hoe-amsa monastery in Goryeo Dynasty.

The examples of developing a building site after the Woongjin period are mainly found in temple sites, tile-roofed building sites of unidentified features, and palace remains including the pavilion site with the river in the front(임류각지) inside the Castle of Gongsan, Gongjoo,. In case of the Hanseong period, a glimpse of the features has been gained in Poongnab mud castle and Mongchon mud castle, but the excavated relics are not yet enough to make some data out of them. After the Woongjin period of Baejae, the earth-ramming development method was used mostly to construct a building site, which is divided into horizontal and slant raising of the ground level. Both are used simultaneously, but there are the significant differences in the way of raising the ground level between them. Particularly, in case of the Wanggoong-ri relics in Iksan, the ground level was raised in a narrow line slantly, which is differentiated from other slant raising of the ground level, and its time of construction also is after that of others. In addition, the board-building development method used for narrow space is usually found in the remains since the seventh century. However, there are not enough the relics of Baekjae to reveal the whole aspect of building site development. It should be studied later through the subsequent excavation and research.

The building site was presumed as the Howonjeokwon or the Dasiwonji established at the traffic route among western inland areas in old Pyeonghaegun. The groundwork was composed inclination terrace of two steps. The upper step was the territory of the main house of ceremony․ symbolic+lodging function and the down step was divided in the territory of both Ikrang-chae of boarding and lodging management function and the territory of Haengrang-chae․pavilion of rest․reception․management. The building composition by each territory formed space differentiation with the line of flow according to the thorough rule of court rank. The arrangement composition set the strong center axis in tandem, and it was the building arrangement interpreting the territory and the rule of court rank by function as the relationship of master and servant and was the building type emphasizing on the whole unity with the geometric symmetry structure. The Dasiwonji and the Hyeeumwonji had the common point which is the traffic architecture of semi-governmental management reinforcing the boarding lodging function in the place which a visitor stayed. The Haeeumwonji and Dasiwonji had the difference in the size, but was the same in the composition system of construction. The external space and the system of the line of flow decided from the functional territory separation and the hierarchical rank as thorough as the geometric arrangement focusing on the whole unity. Namely, it was the strict and unusual system of the line of flow depended on the thorough rule of court rank than the efficient approach or arrangement of the line of flow. After being established to be the Howonjeokwon at the end of Koryeo, it disappeared at the time of the invasion of Japanese pirates when it was the time of the King Woo in Koryeo. It is presumed that it was continued until both wars, Imjin․Byeongja, ago after changing its name to the Dasiwon, being restored to the small size at the end of Koryeo-at the early of Choseon.

The vascular plants of the studied area in this site was listed as 231 taxa; 68 families , 166 genera, 202 species, 26 varieties, 2 forms and 1 cultivar. Naturalized plants was listed as 22 taxa; 9 families , 17 genera , 20 species , 2 varieties and naturalization rate was 9.5% of all 231 taxa vasccular plants. The planted plant in this site were recorded 23 taxa (Ginkgo biloba，Cerdrus deodara, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Pseudosasa japonica, Salix preudolasiogyne, Magnolia denudata, Eucommia ulmoides，Hibiscus syriacu，etc.) and cultivated plants were recorded 26 taxa (Sorghum bicolor, Colocasia antiquorum var‘ esculenta, Spinada oleracea, Ridnus communis, Malva verticillata, Solanum tuberosum, Cucumis sativus, Chrysanthemum coronarium ver. spatiosun. The plants community of this site were classified to 6 communities, they were Pinus densif]ora community. Castanea crenata community. Robinia pseudoacada community. Phyllostachys bambusoides community. Pinus rigida community. Quercus acutissima community.

There are two main halls in the Main Palace of the Koryo Dyansty in the 11th and 12th century. One, named Hoekyongjeon, was served only for special ceremony ; hundred Buddhist priests' sermons or receiption of Chinese emperor's letters. The other one, Kondukjeon, was used as ordinary throne hall. The ordinary throne hall was built when the palace was erected at the beginning era of the Koryo Danasty, while the special ceremony hall built after the reconstruction in the 11th century. The throne hall was located at northwest side of the special ceremony hall. Audience chamber and King's bedroom were located at west and northwest side of the throne hall. The basic layout of the Palace showed unsymmetrical shape. It seemed mainly effected by its undulating terraine. The acess road from main gate to the throne hall showed zigzag way, by following a stream penetrating the site obliquely, It could be said that the Main Palace of the Koryo Danasty achieved its originality on the aspect of unsymmetrical layout and zigzag acess road, which was not found in the former palaces.

본 연구는 현지(on-site) 빗물관리에 필요한 지붕면 누적유출용적 예측을 위한 경험식을 제안하였다. 건축물 지붕면은 좁은 면적으로 인해 기존 유출해석 기법의 적용이 어려운 것으로 파악되었으며, 지붕면 유출조건을 고려한 강우깊이(D)-누적유출용적(V)간의 이론적 관계식을 수립하였다. 2005년부터 2007년까지 2년간 실제 강우량과 지붕면의 유출용적을 측정하여 이론적 관계식으로 계산된 누적유출용적과 실측 누적유출용적 자료를 비교 검토하였다. 실측자료의