주요 선진국들은 저출산 및 고령화에 따른 인구구조 변화로 인해 중장 기적으로 노동시장의 변화를 겪고 있다. 해당 시장들은 인력공급제약 심 화를 겪으며, 경제 전반 성장률 저하 우려하고 있다. 노동인구 확보의 주 요한 대안으로 외국인력 유치가 부각되고 있으며, 이에 주요국들은 이민 정책을 통해 사회구조 변화에 대응하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 일본의 인 구구조 변화 및 경제현황, 이에 대응한 최근 이민정책의 변화를 분석하 였다. 일본은 첫째, 이민정책 도입 과정에서 배타적 정책방향성을 띤 차 별·배제 모형을 지향했다는 점, 둘째, 1950~1960년대 선진경제를 형성하 였으나, 특정 시기마다 저기술 노동력을 집단으로 유입할 수 있는 계기 가 발생하였으며, 2000년대 이후 급격한 노동력 부족과 인구구조의 변화 가 발생하였다는 점, 셋째, 일본은 한국과 유사하게 OECD 국가 중 제조 업이 강조되는 경제 구조를 띠고 있어, 경제적 측면에서 국제노동력 유 입이 필수적이라는 점의 특징이 있다. 이에 본 논문이 제시한 일본 이민 정책의 역할 분석은 한국 이민정책에 시사점을 주며, 정책방향성을 제시 할 수 있다.

This study investigated the noise reduction effect according to the structure of the sound-absorption and insulating materials in order to maximize the noise reduction effect in various noise environments. For this purpose, the transmission loss according to the change in hole size of the performated plate in sound-absorption and insulating board was predicted using an CAE model. The sound-absorption and insulating board was modeled and the computation of the transmission loss was performed after applying the physical properties and boundary conditions. The pure sounds of 32Hz to 4,000Hz were generated, and the analysis was performed by changing the diameter and pitch of the perforated plate. It was confirmed that the influence of the diameter and pitch of the perforated plate is closely related to the structure that make up the sound-absorption and insulating material. In order to effectively reduce the variously changing noises, it is believed that a method of improving transmission loss for each frequency band of interest is needed by changing the structure of the sound-absorption and insulating material so that the diameter and pitch of the perforated plate can be changed.

In this study, numerical analysis was performed for the purpose of analyzing the flow characteristics and performance according to the change in the inflow hydrogen temperature and differential pressure of the receptacle of the hydrogen charging system. The pressure distribution and turbulent kinetic energy in the filter area were analyzed by changing the outlet pressure condition under the inlet hydrogen temperature condition, and the flow velocity change at the outlet was compared and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, as the differential pressure decreased, the flow rate at the outlet of the receptacle decreased by up to about 70% at the 2.86 MPa condition compared to the 1.86 MPa condition, and the mass flow rate decreased by about 56.5% at the maximum. It was found that the standard CV performance was not satisfied when the differential pressure at the inlet and outlet was 1.12 MPa or less under the 363K temperature condition.

이 연구는 임도 개설 전·후 년차별로 식물상과 식생의 변화를 분석하고 관리 방안을 제공하기 위하여 전북 무주군 설천면 미천리에 소재한 민주지산 임도를 대상으로 임도 개설 전년도인 2012년부터 임도 개설 후 2022년까지 7차례에 걸쳐 수행되었 다. 임도 개설 조사구간 내의 식물군락은 북서사면에서 신갈나무군락, 남서사면에서 굴참나무군락과 일본잎갈나무군락으로 구분되어 남서사면과 북서사면에서 군락의 차이를 보였다. 임도 개설 전·후 년차별로 식물상의 변화는 임도 개설 전인 2012년 도 총 66분류군(44과 59속 51종 13변종 2품종)에서 2015년도에는 207분류군(71과 153속 176종 27변종 4품종)으로 141분 류군이 증가하였고, 2022년도에는 278분류군(78과 172속 242종 1아종, 31변종 4품종)으로 212분류군이 증가하였다. 특히 임도절토사면과 임도연접사면부의 조사구에서는 년차적으로 높은 식피율과 새로운 분류군의 증가를 보였는데, 이는 임도 개설에 따른 광량의 급격한 증가와 귀화식물 및 1년생 초본류의 유입으로 인해 일어난 현상으로 사료된다. 임도 개설 10년후 연차적으로 조사된 식생 조사 결과를 보면, 임도 개설 초년도에는 식피율과 종수가 빠른 속도로 증가하다가 일정 기간이 경과 하면 식피율과 출현 종수는 줄어들고 안정된 숲이 형성되어 우점종의 비율이 증가하였다. 특히 임도연접사면에서 관목층 과 초본층을 살펴보면, 임도 개설 직후 몇 년간은 초본층의 식피율이 현저히 증가하다가 시간이 경과 할수록 초본층의 피도는 감소하고, 관목층의 피도가 현저히 증가하였다. 그리고 임도산지사면에서는 초본층과 관목층의 피도는 현저히 감소하고, 아교목층과 교목층의 피도가 증가하였다.

The study used the whole-life carbon assessment method to conduct a thorough carbon-neutral evaluation of a standard steel structure. To further assess carbon emissions, 11 design-changed models were evaluated, with changes made to the span between beams and columns. The results of the carbon emission assessment showed savings of approximately 13.1% by implementing the stage of the beyond life cycle. Additionally, the evaluation of carbon emissions through design changes revealed a difference of up to 42.2%. These findings confirmed that recycling and structural design changes can significantly reduce carbon emissions by up to 48.6%, making it an effective means of achieving carbon neutrality. It is therefore necessary to apply the stage of beyond life cycle and structural change to reduce carbon emissions.

유역 내 산림은 생태계 유지에 있어 중요한 역할을 맡고 있으며 생태네트워크 체계를 구성하는 주요 기반 환경이다. 그러나 지난 수십여 년간 행해진 무분별한 개발사업으로 인해 산림 파편화 및 토지이용 변화가 가속화되었으며 본래의 기능을 상실하게 되었다. 산림 생태계를 파악하는 데 있어 산림의 구조적 패턴은 생태적 과정과 기능에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 변화패턴을 파악하고 분석하는 것은 중요한 인자라 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 금강 상류 댐 유역을 대상으로 FRAGSTATS 모델을 통해 시계열적인 토지피복변화에 따른 산림 경관의 구조적 변화를 분석하였다. 토지피복 변화탐지를 통한 금강 상류 댐 유역 내 토지피복변화는 1980년대부터 2010년대까지 산림 33.12㎢(0.62%), 시가화건조지역 67.26㎢ (1.26%) 증가하였고 농업지역 148.25㎢(2.79%) 감소하였다. 유역 내 산림 경관분석결과 No sampling 분석에서는 경관백분 율(PLAND), 면적가중근접지수(CONTIG_AM), 평균 중심지 면적(CORE_MN), 인접지수(PLADJ)가 증가하였고 패치 수(NP), 경관형태지수(LSI), 응집지수(COHESION)가 감소하였다. Moving window 분석을 통해 구조적 변화패턴을 파악한 결과, 경상북도 상주시, 충청북도 보은군, 전라북도 진안군 내 산림 경관은 상대적으로 잘 보전되어 있었으나 충청북도 옥천군, 영동군 그리고 충청남도 금산군 사이의 경계부와 전라북도 무주군과 장수군 인접 지역의 산림 경관에서는 파편화가 진행되고 있었다. 결과를 토대로 추후 해당 지역의 산림 관리전략 수립 시 파편화 지역을 대상으로 조림사업을 수립할 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구를 통해 산림 경관의 파편화가 예상되는 지역을 도출할 수 있었으며, 유역 산림의 건전성 평가 및 관리계획 수립을 위한 기초자료로써 활용될 가능성을 기대할 수 있다.

In this study, the quality safety limit period of seven types of bakery bread was analyzed, and their use-by date was calculated. For evaluating product quality, storage conditions were set as 5, 15, 25, and 35oC for 50 days, and moisture, microorganisms, sensory characteristics, and dominant bacteria were examined. The quality and safety standards followed the Korea Food Code and Korean industrial standards (KS). The results showed that all products stored at 5oC satisfied the standard for bacterial count for day 50, but the sensory quality was below the standard level. Samples stored at 15oC showed high variability from 3–39 days. At 25oC, a quality safety limit period of 2–20 days was set, and one sample was found to have the same shelf life. Bread stored at 35 °C had the shortest quality safety limit period. Considering a safety factor of 0.87, a use-by date period of 1.7–13.1 days was calculated. Therefore, setting the use-by date according to the product type is necessary, even for the same product category. Among the bread products sold in bakeries, those managed as room temperature products (1–35oC) can be distributed and stored in a temperature range of up to 35oC. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of setting a quality retention period based on the product characteristics and carefully considering the safety factor.

PURPOSES : Because a driving simulator typically focuses on analyzing a driver’s driving behavior, it is difficult to analyze the effect on the overall traffic flow. In contrast, traffic simulation can analyze traffic flow, that is, the interaction between vehicles; however, it has limitations in describing a driver’s driving behavior. Therefore, a method for integrating the simulator and traffic simulation was proposed. Information that could be controlled through driving experiments was used, and only the lane-change distance was considered so that a more natural driving behavior could be described in the traffic flow. METHODS : The simulated connection method proposed in this study was implemented under the assumption of specific traffic conditions. The driver’s lane-changing behavior (lane-changing distance, deceleration, and steering wheel) due to the occurrence of road debris was collected through a driving study. The lane-change distance was input as a parameter for the traffic simulation. Driving behavior and safety were compared between the basic traffic simulation setting, in which the driver's driving behavior information was not reflected, and the situation in which the driving simulator and traffic simulation were integrated. RESULTS : The number of conflicts between the traffic simulation default settings (Case 1) and the situation in which the driving simulator and traffic simulation were integrated (Case 2) was determined and compared for each analysis. The analysis revealed that the number of conflicts varied based on the level of service and road alignment of the analysis section. In addition, a statistical analysis was performed to verify the differences between the scenarios. There was a significant difference in the number of conflicts based on the level of service and road alignment. When analyzing a traffic simulation, it is necessary to replicate the driving behavior of the actual driver. CONCLUSIONS : We proposed an integration plan between the driving simulator and traffic simulation. This information can be used as fundamental data for the advancement of simulation integration methods.

본 연구에서는 육계사에 차열 페인트와 히트펌프의 적용에 따른 내부 온도 변화를 분석 하였다. 이를 위하여 환기율, 환기 방법, 시간별 환기 변화에 따른 실험 조건을 설정하였으며 육 계사 외부 및 내부 기온을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 차열 페인트를 도포한 육계사에서는 최대 1－2°C 실내 기온 상승을 억제하 는 효과가 나타났으며 히트펌프를 가동한 육계사에서는 외기 온도의 영향을 제일 적게 받는 환기율 0%일 때 내부 기온 감소 가 제일 크게 나타났다. 계사 내부의 온도가 외기 온도보다 높 을 경우에는 환기율을 높게 설정하여 환기팬을 이용한 냉방이 더욱 효과적이나 계사 내부 온도가 외기 온도와 유사하거나 낮을 경우에는 히트펌프를 이용하는 것이 가장 효과적일 것으 로 판단된다. 히트펌프 가동 시 외기 온도의 영향이 적은 환기 율을 0%로 설정하였을 때 내부 기온이 가장 큰 폭으로 감소하 였으나 실제 육계사에서는 분진, 이물질, 암모니아 등을 고려 하여 최소환기율 정도로 환기율을 설정한 후 히트펌프를 가동 하는 것이 가장 효율적일 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 실험 기 간이 짧아 데이터가 많지 않으며 실제 육계가 사육되고 있는 환경에서 실험을 진행한 것이 아니라는 한계가 있다. 향후 후 속 연구로 실제 닭이 사육되고 있는 환경에서의 히트펌프 효 과 분석과 히트펌프의 전력사용량, 냉방부하, 환기팬 가동시 간 등 다양한 환경인자를 포함한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으 로 판단된다.

This study aims to analyze the cost of climate change damages to laver and sea mustard aquaculture, which are considered to be highly vulnerable to climate change in Korea. For this purpose, the correlation between aquaculture production and climate factors such as water temperature, salinity, air temperature, and precipitation was estimated using a panel regression model. The SSP scenario was applied to predict the changes in production and damage costs due to changes in future climate factors. As a result of the analysis, laver production is predicted to decrease by 18.0-27.2% in 2050 and 20.6-61.6% in 2100, and damage costs are predicted to increase from 29.7-50.8 billion KRW in 2050 to 35.7-116.1 billion KRW in 2100. Sea mustard production is projected to decrease by 24.5-37.2% in 2050 and 24.0-34.5% in 2100, with similar damage costs of 41.1-61.8 billion KRW and 41.1-58.6 billion KRW, respectively. These damage costs are expected to occur in the short term as damage caused by fishery disasters such as high temperatures, and in the long term as a decrease in production due to changes in aquaculture sites. Therefore, measures such as strengthening the forecasting system to prevent high-temperature damage, developing high-temperature-resistant varieties, and relocating fishing grounds in response to changes in aquaculture sites will be necessary.

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute is developing a radionuclide management processes as a conditioning technology to reduce the burden of spent fuel disposal. The radionuclide management process refers to a process managing radionuclides with similar properties by introducing various technology options that can separate and recover radionuclides from spent fuels. In particular, it is a process aimed at increasing disposal efficiency by managing high-heat, high-mobility, and high-toxic radionuclides that can greatly affect the performance of the disposal system. Since the radionuclide management process seeks to consider various technology options for each unit process, it may have several process flows rather than have a single process flow. Describing the various process flows as a single flow network model is called the superstructure model. In this study, we intend to develop a superstructure model for the radionuclide management process and use it as a model to select the optimal process flow. To find the optimal process flow, an objective function must be defined, and at the fuel cycle system level multiple objectives such as effectiveness (disposal area), safety (explosure dose), and economics (cost) can be considered. Before performing the system-level optimization, it is necessary to select candidates of process flow in consideration of waste properties and process efficiency at the process level. In this study, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to analyze changes in waste properties such as decay heat and radioactivity when the separation ratio varies due to the performance change for each unit process of the radionuclide management process. Through this analysis, it is possible to derive a performance range that can have waste properties suitable for following waste treatment, especially waste form manufacturing. It is also possible to analyze the effect of waste properties that vary according to the performance change on waste storage and management approaches.

완공된 건물과 달리 시공 중인 건물은 설계단계와 다른 하중 작용 및 콘크리트 강도 미발현 등 다양한 요인에 의해 설계단계에서 검 토한 하중을 초과하는 하중이 작용하여 건물의 안전성에 문제가 생길 위험이 있다. 또한 시공 중인 건물에 지진이 발생할 경우 더 큰 피해가 발생할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 전형적인 다양한 규모의 5층, 15층, 25층, 60층 예제모델을 작성하고 골조완성도에 따 른 시공단계 모델을 통해 시공 중인 건물의 지진하중의 영향을 분석하였다. 시공 중인 건물의 시공기간은 완공단계 이후의 사용기간 에 비해 매우 짧으므로 설계단계와 동등한 수준의 지진을 적용하는 것은 과도한 하중이 적용될 수 있으므로 시공단계 모델에 재현주 기 50~2,400년의 지진을 적용하여 지진하중을 검토하고 부재단면성능을 분석하였다. 그 결과 설계단계를 초과하는 하중의 여부 및 구조적 안전성 확보가 가능한 수준의 지진재현주기를 검토할 수 있었다. 또한 각 예제모델의 시공기간을 가정하여 시공기간에 따른 지진재현주기를 선정하고 선정한 재현주기의 설계 적절성을 확인하였다.

Recently, Regulations on ships exhaust gas are being strengthened. Nations around the world are trying to various efforts in many aspects to decrease ship emission gas. As part of these efforts, the shipping industry is working towards establishing green system that reduce the emission gas emitted in port. In this study we measured exhaust emission gases such as by fuel change using A-Ra Training Ship in Port. When sailing, we found that was 3.6% to 6.6% higher when using LRFO compared to using MGO, and during departure and arrival, the load changes were significant. As a result, was on average 29.8% higher and was 42% higher during departure, while was on average 19.5% higher and was 17.4% higher during arrival, with almost no difference in the other components.

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has a low thermal conductivity, high thermal expansion coefficient, and excellent mechanical properties; thus, it is used as a thermal barrier coating material for gas turbines. However, during long-time exposure of YSZ to temperatures of 1200oC or higher, a phase transformation accompanied by a volume change occurs, causing the YSZ coating layer to peel off. To solve this problem, YSZ has been doped with trivalent and tetravalent oxides to obtain coating materials with low thermal conductivity and suppressed phase transformation of zirconia. In this study, YSZ is doped with trivalent oxides, Nd2O3, Yb2O3, Al2O3, and tetravalent oxide, TiO2, and the thermal conductivity of the obtained materials is analyzed according to the composition; furthermore, the relative density change, microstructure change, and m-phase formation behavior are analyzed during long-time heat treatment at high temperatures.

PURPOSES : To efficiently manage pavements, a systematic pavement management system must be established based on regional characteristics. Suppose that the future conditions of a pavement section can be predicted based on data obtained at present. In this case, a more reasonable road maintenance strategy should be established. Hence, a prediction model of the annual surface distress (SD) change for national highway pavements in Gangwon-do, Korea is developed based on influencing factors. METHODS : To develop the model, pavement performance data and influencing factors were obtained. Exploratory data analysis was performed to analyze the data acquired, and the results show that the data were preprocessed. The variables used for model development were selected via correlation analysis, where variables such as surface distress, international roughness index, daily temperature range, and heat wave days were used. Best subset regression was performed, where the candidate model was selected from all possible subsets based on certain criteria. The final model was selected based on an algorithm developed for rational model selection. The sensitivity of the annual SD change was analyzed based on the variables of the final model. RESULTS : The result of the sensitivity analysis shows that the annual SD change is affected by the variables in the following order: surface distress ˃ heat wave days ˃ daily temperature range ˃ international roughness index. CONCLUSIONS : An annual SD change prediction model is developed by considering the present performance, traffic volume, and climatic conditions. The model can facilitate the establishment of a reasonable road maintenance strategy. The prediction accuracy can be improved by obtaining additional data, such as the construction quality, material properties, and pavement thickness.

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the core concept of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) psychotherapy through the experience of psychotherapists by presenting an in-depth analysis of the formation and change process of their irrational beliefs. Methods: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with four REBT counselors selected through an intentional sampling process, and then analyzed and interpreted through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results: After an in-depth analysis of the meaningful statements of the study participants, six themes and fifteen sub-themes were extracted. The six themes were ‘self-hindering thoughts’, ‘environments that amplify irrational beliefs’, ‘war and struggle for the self’, ‘realization of life strategies’, ‘my big self (I) that consists of countless smaller selves (i)’, and ‘life is a continuous self-therapy’. Conclusion: The results showed that REBT psychotherapists form their irrational beliefs through the overall evaluations of justification, exaggeration, and people that arise from important interactions with others, including their parents, and further reinforce these beliefs through internal and external compensation. These irrational beliefs led to evaluative judgment and self-discrepancy and negatively influenced the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects as well as their presence. These irrational beliefs internalized and transformed the rational beliefs that were confirmed through a debate on the separation between problems and people and, distancing, repeated self-talks, expanded from self-acceptance to others, and persisted through self-treatment methods