To replace hazardous methyl bromide (MB) post-fumigation on imported fruits, due to insufficient ventilation process in industrial practice, alternative fumigation with liquid ethyl formate (EF) with N2 application, which is multi benefits to safe to workplace and environment, has been developed by APQA. Although EF was found to be shown proven efficacy to invasive external feeders such as mealybugs and scales on export and imported fruits and vegetables, there was still some conflicts to accept one of the phytosanitary disinfestation method somewhere because of on reliable and confirmative studies on between MB and EF in terms of efficacy to mealybugs on perishable commodities. In here, we evaluated comparative efficacy of EF and MB to target citrus mealybug, which was seems to be hard control pest, based on the current disinfestation guideline of them in Korea. The potential benefits of using liquid ethyl formate (EF) for future quarantine use could provide for safer workplace involved on and post-fumigation such as cold and packing storages, cost-effectiveness as well as meet the environmental friendly solution.

Recently, fruit vinegar made from fruit wine has been famous due to its health function and nutrition. Therefore, there are many fruit vinegar products manufactured by major big food companies and small company as well as one person through the internet shopping mall. In this study, 4 type citrus fruits vinegar (grapefruit, tangerine, orange, lemon) were investigated to find out the quality of vinegar for consumers’ wise selection. Commercial vinegar which are commonly produced by fermenting mixture of brown rice vinegar with fruit extracts were analyzed that sugar content, pH, acidity, turbidity, DPPH assay, FRAP assay, TPC and manufacture method. Among all samples, 4 tangerine vinegar acidity were suit with standard quality (4~29%) by MFDS. pH scale of all vinegar was from 2.76 to 3.48 and lemon vinegar was lowest. Average sugar content (brix%) was lowest at tangerine vinegar as 17.4. In the DPPH radical scavenging activity, there was no significant difference at all samples. In the TPC study and FRAP assay, lemon vinegar showed the highest value, while grapefruit, tangerine, and orange vinegar were not significantly different. From the result, product type, and qualities and suitability as vinegar product of various citrus fruits vinegar were observed and it was found that although product name is ‘vinegar’, some vinegar products were not suit with standard quality (acidity%).

The purpose of this study is to develop the growth prediction model that can predict growth and development information influencing on the production of citrus fruits. The growth model was developed to predict the floralleaf ratio, number of fruit sets, fruit width, and overweight fruits depending on the main period of growth and development by considering the weather factors because the fruit production is influenced by weather depending on the growth and development period. To predict the outdoor-grown citrus fruit production, the investigation result for the standard farms is used as the basic data; in this study, we also understood that the influence of weather factors on the citrus fruit production based on the data from 2004 to 2013 of the outdoor-grown citrus fruit observation report in which the standard farms were targeted by the Agricultural Research Service and suggested the growth and development information prediction model with the weather information as an independent variable to build the observation model. The growth and development model for outdoor-grown citrus fruits was assumed by using the Ordinary Least Square method (OLS), and the developed growth prediction model can make a prediction in advance with the weather factors prior to the observation investigation for the citrus fruit production. To predict the growth and development information of the production of citrus fruits having a great ripple effect as a representative crop in Jeju agriculture, the prediction result regarding the production applying the weather factors depending on growth and development period could be applied usefully.

본 연구에서는 감귤류 중 온주밀감, 레몬, 한라봉의과 피추출물(PE)에 대한 항염증 효과를 조사하였다. 감귤류 세 품종 과피추출물(PE)에 대한 murine macrophage cell line Raw 264.7세포를 배양하여 세포독성, NO생성량, 세포내 염증관련 단백질 발현 양상을 분석하였다. 그 결과 CUP, CHP, CLP 처리구의 경우 2 mg/mL 이하의 농도에서는 세포생육을 저해하지 않았다. LPS (100 ng/mL)를 처리한 세포의 NO생성량을 LPS를 처리하지 않은 대조구와 비교했을 때 상당량이 증가했음을 알 수 있었고, 추출물을 농도별로 처리했을 때 농도가 증가할수록 NO생성량은 감소하였다. 각 처리구에서 각 1 mg/mL 농도에서는 CUP > CHP > CLP 순 으로 NO 저해활성이 강하게 나타났다. Western blot의 결과상으로는 CUP와 CHP의 iNOS 단백질 저해활성이 비슷 한 강도로 나타남을 확인하였다. COX-2 효소의 저해활성은 CUP > CHP > CLP의 순으로 나타났다. 따라서 CUP, CHP, CLP 처리구는 모두 항염증 작용을 가지고 있으며, 또한 CUP 처리구가 세 개의 추출물 중에서 가장 저해활성이 강하였다.

 ,  , Silver-grey or dark brown scaring, or dark brown discolored damages caused by the yellow tea thrip, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) have occurred on citrus fruits cultivated in the open field in east-south area orchards of Jeju Island since 2007. The weekly population of yellow tea thrips adults caught with a yellow sticky trap increased gradually from early May and peaked in late August, 2009. In 2010 and 2011, the most population was in early October. The yellow tea thrips of some species usually dominated from July in open citrus fields, and seven generations, at least, had occurred from May to late October 2009 by a yellow sticky trap survey. In 2009, S. dorsalis larva were observed from July and with peaks from late August to mid September and early October on citrus fruits. The damage symptoms appeared in the mid September. In 2011, the population peaks were in early July and late September, and the symptoms increased continually from mid July to late October. The symptoms were silver-scars or initial dark discolorations and then gradually changed to dark-brown discolorations or dark-brown scars. The percent of damaged fruits were 0.9%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 2.7% in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively, by survey in 64 typical orchards in Jeju Island. We are the first to report symptoms of the yellow tea thrip (Scirtothrips dotsalis) on citrus fruits.

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant effects of 4 citrus fruits including Hallabong,Cheonhyehyang, Cheonggyeon, and Jinjihyang. In this study the citrus fruits were separated in three parts of peel, pulp segment membrane (PSM), and pulp and extracted with methanol, then concentrated using a rotary vacuum evaporator. Total polyphenol contents ranged 23.497~42.341 mg/g in peel, 13.285~21.872 mg/g in PSM and 6.333~11.627 mg/g in pulp of the citrus fruits. The total polyphenol contents were highest in the peel and PSM of Jinjihyang and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. 1,1-diphenyl-2picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were highest in the peel and PSM of Jinjihyang and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. 2,2’-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities were also highest in the peel and PSM of Jinjihyang and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. Reducing powers were highest in the peel of Cheonggyeon, in the PSM of Jinjihyang,and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. There were significant correlations in between total polyphenol contents and the radical scavenging activities, and reducing power each other. These results indicate that the 4 citrus fruits (Hallabong, Cheonhyehyang, Cheonggyeon, and Jinjihyang) evidently have antioxidant capacities and their peel parts have the highest antioxidant activities.

Analytical method for synephrine and octopamine in citrus fruits, drinks containing citrus fruit, and human urine was developed using gas chromatography / mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Silylation with MSTFA, acetylation with MBTFA, and trimethylailylation with MSTFA followed by tritluoroacetylation with MBTFA were compared. The selective derivatization of aynephrine and octopamine was optimized with two derivatizing reagents ; MSTFA and MBTFA. The ion at mlz 267 was monitored to characterize the benzyl group of the both compounds. Synephrine was detected in the concentrations of 0.46-1.88 ug/g for citrus fruits and 1.2-8.1 ug/ml for drinks. The urinary excretion data of aynephrine showed the highest concentration at the period of 8-20 hours after drinking orange juices and total amounts of its urinary excretion calculated as a parent compound was 11-14% of a dose during 48 hours. Octopamine was not detected in citrus fruits, drinks, and human urine.

제주 자생 감귤의 기능성 측면에서 육종자원의 탐색과 유과의 활용성을 높이기 위한 기초자료 수집 차원에서 자생감귤 10종류의 유과를 7월 1일에 수확하여 추출물의 생리활성을 조사하였다. 총 페놀 함량은 열수 추출물의 경우 지각(151.3mg·L-1)과 진귤(128.8mg·L-1)에서 많게 나타났으며, 에탄올 추출물에서는 병귤(209.3mg·L-1), 동정귤(204.2) 및 인창귤(178.4mg·L-1)에서 많았다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 열수 추출물에서는 지각(187.1mg·L-1)과 당유자(159.7mg·L-1)에서 많았으며, 에탄올 추출물에서는 지각(289.8mg·L-1)과 당유자(282.6 mg·L-1)에서 많았다. 전자공여능에서 IC50 값은 인창귤에서 높았는데, 열수 추출물은 122.7mg·L-1, 에탄올 추출물은 314.3mg·L-1로 우수하였다. 자생 감귤 유과 추출물 1,000 mg·L-1에서 아질산염 소거능은 열수 추출물의 경우 12.4-43.4%, 에탄올 추출물은 78.0-80.1%를 나타내었다. Tyrosinase의 활성 저해는 열수 추출물보다는 에탄올 추출물에서 높게 나타났으며, 감귤 종류별로는 동정귤, 홍귤, 빈귤 추출물에서 높게 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 자생감귤 유과를 이용한 제품 개발에 대한 자료 제공과 더불어 개발을 촉진하는 데 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

This study, the changes in physicochemical properties and hesperidin content of Jeju-processed citrus fruits according to the harvest date were evaluate. The soluble-solid content, pH, and soluble solid-acid ratios gradually increased , but titratable acidity slightly decreased with a delay in the harvest date. The color index, lightness, yellowness, and turbidity slightly decreased whereas the redness slightly increased with a delay in the harvest date. The hesperidin content slightly decreased with a delay in the harvest date. Hesperidin, which is the major cause of juice cloudiness, decreased with a delay in the harvest date. These results suggest that later-harvested fruit juice is bound to be less cloudy.

본 연구에서는 제주도 자생 감귤 17종에 대하여 탈색소효과(depigment effect)를 연구하였다. B16 멜라닌 생성세포(B16 melanoma cell)를 이용하여 tyrosinase 및 멜라닌 생성억제 효과를 연구한 결과 대조군 대비하여 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 3종의 미성숙 온주밀감(immature Citrus unshue), 팔삭(Citrus hassaku), 진지향(Citrus sinensis × reticulata)을 도출하였다. 또한, 이와같이 도출된 감귤 추출물을 이용하여 멜라닌 세포 생성(melanogenesis)에 영향을 미치는 tyrosinase, DOPAchrome tautomerase (TRP-2)와 DHICA oxidase (TRP-1) 단백질 발현을 실험한 결과 tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 단백질 발현이 감소함을 나타내었다. 특히 이들 중 미성숙 온주밀감은 tyrosinase와 TRP-1 단백질 발현에서 유의적으로 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 본 연구 결과로써 미성숙 온주밀감은 모든 실험에서 우수한 효과를 나타내어 UV에 의해서 야기되는 피부 색소 침착을 방지할 수 있는 물질로서 기대할 수 있다.

New HPLC method was developed for determination of some flavonoids such as naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, rutin, quercitrin, naringenin, hesperetin and apigenin and their contents in citrus juice and citrus peel from citrus varieties Brown in Cheju. Detection was at 280nm and reverse phase -Bondapak C-18 column was used. Water/methanol/acetic acid as the mobile phase was better than water/acetonitrile/acetic acid. Flavonoids were more stable in 20% n,n-dimethylformamide in methanol(20% DMF) than methanol and pH 12 adjusted by 1N-sodium hydroxide solution. Standard flavonoid solutions were injected three times consecutively and the reproduciability was 0.236 to 3.550%, Correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9946 to 0.9999. The exiraction efficiency of hesperidin from citrus peel was evaluated with different extraction method such as reflux, ultra-sonicating method, using three solvents (aqueous solutions with pH12 adjusted by 1N-sodium hydroxide, methanol and 20% DMF), respectively. The reflux for 4 hour in 20% DMF was the most efficient of the tested methods and solvents, and recovery percentage were 78.0∼130.0%. Flavonoids were determined in citrus juice. Naringin was 68.2mg/100 in Natsudaidai, Hesperidin were 85.6mg/100 in Sankyool and Neohesperidin was 25.3mg/100 in Dangyooja. Flavonoids were determined in citrus peel. Naringin was 110mg/g in Dangyooja, Hesperidin was 242mg/g in Hungjin and Neohesperidin was 87.9mg/g in Dangyooja.