We investigated coffee consumption in relation to the abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference in Korean women aged 19~64 years, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012~2016. The participants to the study were classified according to 3-in-1 coffee consumption level (none-coffee, ≤1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee, >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee) by a food frequency questionnaire. The analysis was conducted by the following age groups: <50 years and 50≤ years. The 3-in-1 coffee consumption group had significantly more smokers and more alcohol consumption frequency as compared to the none-coffee group. The energy intake from the participants in the 3-in-1 coffee consumption of ≤1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group, and >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group were 131.2 kcal/day and 123.1 kcal/day. In the 50 years or over age group, >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group was at a lower risk of abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference, compared with the non-coffee group multivariable adjustment (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.25~0.77). Our findings suggest that the 3-in-1 coffee consumption may be related to abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference in Korean females aged 50 years or over.

When purchasing products or services, consumers tend to purchase multiple value attributes through the acquisition of a product rather than physical characteristics. This study empirically analyzed the relations between consumption value, brand attitude, and purchase intention of customers purchasing fair-trade coffee, by dividing consumption values that would have significant effects on consumers’ actual purchase behavior into five levels. Among the consumption value factors of customers purchasing fair-trade coffee, the functional value, social value, emotional value, and rare value all had significant effects on brand attitude and purchase intention while the influence of situational value on brand attitude and purchase intention was not verified. These finding are partially concordant with those of preceding studies, and the consumption value of consumers purchasing fair-trade coffee has positive effects on purchase behavior; therefore, it would be necessary for companies selling fair-trade products to understand consumers’ specific values. Moreover, analysis of the influence of brand attitude on purchase intention of customers purchasing fair-trade coffee revealed that purchase intention increased when brand attitude was higher. These finding indicate that it is necessary to identify measures to increase purchase intention by targeting consumer groups with high brand attitude with intensive promotions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between frequency of coffee consumption, metabolic biomarkers, and nutrition intake in adult participants in the combined 2007~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects (2,095 males and 3,297 females) were classified according to sex and frequency of coffee consumption (≤1 time/month, ≥2 times/month and ≤6 times/week, 1 time/day, 2 times/day, 3 times/day) using food frequency questionnaires. Nutrition intake was analyzed using 24 h recall data. The 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher age, and frequency of smokers and drinkers compared to the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group in both male and female participants. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower HDL-cholesterol level, but females had a higher waist circumference compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower nutrient density of fiber, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. Females in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher nutrient density of fat and niacin, but lower nutrient density of carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, and iron compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. In males, the frequency of coffee consumption was not associated with the levels of metabolic biomarkers. In females, the frequency of coffee consumption was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and energy intake. Coffee consumption was associated with decreased diastolic blood pressure in females. These findings suggest the importance of an awareness of the association between coffee consumption and metabolic risk.

Recently, increased caffeine intake has led to an increase in caffeine addiction and withdrawal symptoms. Coffee is surreptitiously consumed in as an additive to milk and caramel. There are few studies on how coffee affects the health of modern people. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy and side effects of coffee by awareness of coffee consumption patterns among college students, who are the principal consumers. A survey was conducted from May 11 to 17, 2015 and 302 questionnaires were analyzed. The respondents were 140 men (46.4%) and 162 women (53.6%). In terms of coffee additives, 151 (50.0%) respondents chose ‘americano’ and 111 (36.8%) ‘variation’. The frequency of coffee intake and sleep time for college students was negatively correlated, with the correlation coefficient of －0.145 and significance probability of 0.019. The group that was ‘positively’ aware of the principal ingredients of coffee had a higher level of academic training than those with ‘negative’ awareness (p=0.000). Women recognized a larger number of side effects than men: 1.99 and 1.36, respectively, on average (p=0.001). ‘Time for consumption’ had statistically significant effects on the side effects of coffee consumption: consumption before/after lunch, before/after supper and before going to bed led to 0.4 times (p=0.048) and 0.3 times (p=0.023) more side effects, respectively, than consuming coffee after getting up and before/ after breakfast. Excessive caffeine intake through coffee led to limited sleep time and poorer learning concentration. The guidelines for proper coffee consumption should be created to help students consume coffee properly so that it will not affect sleep, learning concentration or adversely affect health.

This study was conducted to analyze the differences in consumer behavior of coffee product according to monthly income in franchised coffee shop's consumer in Korea. A total of 293 questionnaires were used out of the 330 that had been distributed for analysis; those that lacked reliability were excluded. Frequency, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple range test was conducted to analyze the hypotheses of the study. The findings are summarized as follows. There were significant differences in consumer behavior with regard to seeking health, eco-friendly products, product brand, and product taste as well as preferred coffee menu and coffee consumption expenditures. High income consumers rather than low income groups showed much higher score for concerning health, concerning diet, concerning calorie, concerning instant, concerning caffeine and concerning nature, organic in coffee consumer behavior. In amount spent on purchasing coffee products according to income, low income consumers rather than high income groups had much higher financial expense burden.

The coffee industry has grown very fast ever since international coffee brands were launched in the 1990's. Recently, consumers have begun to focus on coffee produced ethically. This phenomenon is due to ethical-consumption consciousness, which consists of three factors, emotional value, social value and function value. Most studies on this topic have focused on consumers who purchase fair-trade coffee. Thus, this study is novel in its focus on baristas who sell fairtrade coffee in their shops as well as differences from former studies. The three factors of ethical-consumption consciousness of baristas affected the sale of fair-trade coffee, except for the function value. Therefore, the sale of fair-trade coffee could be influenced by ethical-consumption consciousness of baristas. This study shows that education of baristas can promote the sale of fair-trade coffee. However, there are limitations as it only researched coffee brands ranked in the top 5, so further studies will be required in the future.

This study was performed to investigate the consumption of coffee beverages and energy contribution ratios of coffee beverages and accompanying snacks by college students in Deajeon City and Chungnam Province in Korea. Questionnaire survey, dietary survey, and snack survey using food record method during 3-days were carried out. As a result, we found that 86.9% of male students and 75.6% of female students consumed coffee beverages usually, with no differences between the two groups. However, the frequency of coffee beverages consumed by female students out-numbered that of male students by 1 cup a day to 1-2 cups a week (p<0.05). Furthermore, male students most likely consumed coffee beverages at schools or academies, but female students consumed them at coffee shops (p<0.01). The reasons male students gave to consume coffee beverages were for scent, taste, fatigue, and to stay awake. Similarly, the reasons female students gave to consume coffee beverages were for scent, taste, habit, and to stay awake (p<0.01). Fully 58.1% of male students and 80.0% of female students ate snacks along with coffee beverages (p<0.01). Most male students substituted a coffee beverage and accompanying snack for a regular meal once a month. Female students were doing it at most 2-3 times a month (p<0.05). The mean daily dietary energy intake of male students was 1,924 kcal/d, and of female students was 1,518 kcal/d (p<0.001), which both were below the estimated energy requirements. Male students obtained 285.6 kcal/d and female students obtained 289.5 kcal/d from coffee beverages and accompanying snacks. There was a significant different in dietary intake of energy (p<0.05), calcium, and iron (p<0.001) for each ratio of reference intake between male and female students. The students who ate larger amounts of coffee beverages and accompanying snacks consumed less dietary energy, protein, calcium, and iron, respectively (p<0.05). These results show that many students consume coffee beverages regularly and obtain large amounts of energy from coffee beverages and accompanying snacks. It also shows that student's dietary nutrient intake tends to be poorer, as he or she obtains more energy from coffee beverages and accompanying snacks. Therefore, it is critical to monitor the influence of consumption of coffee beverages and accompanying snacks on the dietary nutrient intakes and health of college students, and to provide nutrition education about the proper consumption of coffee beverages and accompanying snacks based on scientific evidence.

The purposes of this study were to analyze importance and performance for coffee quality attributes based on customers according to their consumption types; and provided ideas and marketing strategies to increase sales through IPAs (Importance-Performance Analysis). University students in Incheon were conducted a survey from March 13, 2007 to March 31, 2007. As for a quality attribute with the highest importance, the survey showed 'price' was important for 「vending machine coffee」, and 'taste' was important for 「commercial coffee」, and 「coffee house coffee」. And 'thirst relief' was found to have the lowest importance for three types of coffee. As for a quality attributes with the highest performance, the survey showed 'taste' was important for 「coffee house coffee」 'price' was important for 「vending machine coffee」; and 'period of circulation' was important for 「commercial coffee」. IPA results for coffee quality attributes also showed quality attributes that should be improved quickly for each type of coffee: 'hygiene', 'safety', 'period of circulation', and 'package' were for 「vending machine coffee」; 'price' and 'freshness' were for 「commercial coffee」; and 'price' and 'period of circulation' were for 「coffee house coffee」.

The purposes of this study are : (a) to investigate the attitude to various coffee and tea of women, (b) to analyze the characteristics of each classified group according to eating frequency, and (c) to abstract the factors which can influence the consumption of coffee and tea. Questionnaires were hand delivered to 1,200 women residing in Seoul. A total of 1012 was usable: resulting in 84% response rate. Statistical data analysis was completed using SAS Package program for the one way-analysis of variance(ANOVA), Duncan's multiple comparison test, factor analysis and analysis of covariance (ANOCOVA). (a) Instant coffee was most consumed(22.1 times a month), green tea in tea bag(8.7), Donggulre tea(8.3), Coffee (72) in order of frequency. Among Korean traditional tea Donggulre tea(8.3) and Yuja tea (2.0) were most prefered but still a minute quantity of Korean traditional tea was enjoyed. (b) Coffee and Black tea was regarded unhealthful but habitual, delicious and familiar beverage. Green tea was regarded good for health but not so habitual, practical and familiar. The consumer awareness can be grouped into 3 clases : Healthy factor, Habitual Practical factor, Familiar factor. (c) The sociodemographic characteristics of women influenced the beverage consumption. Women in their 30s and 40s consumed much of instant coffee and coffee. 10s and 20s consumed much of canned coffee. Working women drank much of instant coffee and green tea in tea bag. Women in highest income group(≥ 4,000,000 won/month) consumed much of coffee. (d) The factors which influenced the eating frquency of those beverages were various. The eating frequency of instant coffee was influenced by the age, familiar factor and habitual practical factor. And coffee were influenced by income level, habitual practical factor. The frequency of green tea in tea bag was influenced by habitual practical factor and familiar factor, green tea was influenced by healthy factor and habitual practical factor, Donggulre tea was influenced by habitual practical factor.