한국의 사찰에는 전통이 오래되었든 그렇지 않든 경판이나 책자가 전 해지고 있으며, 그 가운데 대표적인 책자의 하나가 경중왕(經中王)으로 신앙 되는 『법화경』이라고 할 수 있다. 『법화경』의 ‘수지(受持)ㆍ독송(讀 經)ㆍ송경(誦經)ㆍ해설(解說)ㆍ서사(書寫)의 오종법사(五種法事) 사상은 불 교의 전통 의례 문화를 산출하는 역할을 하였는데, 수지하여 독송하고 송 경하며 해설하고 서사하는 신앙 문화는 한국불교의 법석의례(法席儀禮)로 서 17세기 중엽을 지나면서 영산작법(靈山作法)→영산재(靈山齋)라는 독 특한 한국불교의 대표적인 무형문화로 발전하였다. 영산재는 망자의 칠칠재(七七齋)를 위해 『법화경』을 독송하고 명부의 시왕(十王)에게 권공하는 의례가 핵심이라고 할 수 있는데, 혼령을 모시 는 시련(侍輦)의식, 혼령을 맞이하여 법문하는 대령(對靈)의식, 혼령을 목 욕하는 관욕(灌浴)의식, 저승돈을 만드는 조전(造錢)의식, 옹호도량(擁護 道場)를 청하는 신중작법(神衆作法)의식, 괘불탱화를 모시는 괘불이운(掛 佛移運)의식, 영산작법의식, 재승(齋僧)의 식당작법(食堂作法)의식, 명부권 공(冥府勸供)의식, 혼령에게 제사를 올리는 관음시식(觀音施食)을, 끝으로 봉송(奉送)의식 순서로 진행된다. 영산재에는 전통의 소리인 범패와 신업 공양(身業供養)이라는 작법무(作法舞)가 동반된다. 한국의 사찰에 『법화경』이 소장 전승되고 있다고 하는 것은 오종법사 를 봉행하고, 아울러 세계 인류의 無形遺産인 영산재와 같은 전통의 불 교문화를 설행(設行)하기 위해서임을 의미하는 것이라고 할 수 있다.

Copy number variation (CNV) is one of structural variation types that shows various numbers of copies in segments of the DNA. This study aimed to identify the association between copy number variation regions (CNVRs) and carcass traits in Hanwoo. We analyzed a total of 571 Hanwoo steers with the four carcass traits (marbling score (MS), backfat thickness (BF), carcass weight (CW), loineye muscle area (LMA)). PennCNV program was used to identify the CNVs and CNVRuler program was used to analyze the association between CNVRs and carcass traits. A total of 1,659 CNVRs were identified in the whole genome of Hanwoo. These 1,659 CNVRs divided into 415 Gain, 1082 Loss and 162 Gain/Loss events. A genome wide association analysis between the CNVRs and the carcass traits was performed using CNVRuler program. The number of significant CNVR at a threshold of p<1×10-4 was 2, 7, 2 and 1 loci for MS, BF, CW and LMA, respectively. We performed gene ontology (GO) analysis for the genes in the significant CNVRs using DAVID. ABCA2 and EDF1 were related to regulation of lipid metabolic process. C8G, TRAF2 and STAB2 were related to immune. CHST11 was related to developmental growth. Our results may provide an important resource for molecular breeding research in Hanwoo.

우리나라 저작권법상 ‘복제’의 범위와 관련하 여 ‘일시적 복제’의 인정여부에 관한 견해의 대립 은 한⋅미 FTA의 체결로 인하여 저작권법이 개 정되면서 ‘일시적 복제’를 ‘복제’로 명문으로 인정 함에 따라 입법적으로 해결되었다. 또한 ‘일시적 복제’를 저작권법에서 명문으로 ‘복제’로서 인정 함과 동시에 컴퓨터에서 저작물을 이용하는 경우 에 발생하는 일시적 복제에 대하여는 저작재산권 이 제한되는 것으로 규정하여 저작권자와 이용자 의 이해관계를 조화시키고자 하였다. 이와 관련하여 최근 컴퓨터프로그램저작물의 복제권 침해를 주장한 사건에서는 컴퓨터프로그 램의 설치 이후 그 ‘실행’ 과정에서 컴퓨터의 램 (RAM)에서 일시적 복제의 발생여부 및 이와 관련된 저작재산권 제한사유의 적용여부가 쟁점이 되었다. 제1심과 항소심의 결론이 일치하지 않는 데, 이는 컴퓨터에서 저작물을 이용하기 위하여 등장한 디지털 저작물의 실행원리와 밀접하게 연 관되어 있다. 한편, 미국에서는 일찍이 미국 저작권법상 저 작물의 성립요건 중의 하나인 ‘고정’ 요건과 관련 하여 ‘수록 요건’ 및 ‘시간 요건’을 논함에 있어 서, 컴퓨터의 램(RAM)에서 발생하는 일시적 복 제에 관한 논의가 발달되었다. 구체적으로 MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc. 사건 이후 형성되어 상당히 오랜 기간 동안 램(RAM) 에서 일어나는 일시적 복제와 관련하여 복제권 침 해를 인정하는 강력한 논거가 된 RAM Copy Doctrine 및 이를 비판하는 견해가 대립하고 있다. 이와 같은 미국의 논의는, 디지털 저작물의 보 급이 확산됨에 따라 컴퓨터에서 저작물을 이용하 는 빈도수도 비례하여 증가하는 현재 대한민국 사회에서 저작권자와 이용자의 상호 대립하는 이 해관계의 조화를 목적으로 하는 우리나라 저작권 법을 해석 및 적용함에 있어서도 살펴볼 가치가 있다.

Since the Bovine sequencing and HapMap projects, there have been millions of genetic variations particularly including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available throughout the cattle genome. While cataloguing substantial amounts of SNPs, copy number variation (CNV) has recently become getting great attention as an another form of genetic variation which is extensively distributed across the cattle genome. As it has been well known that CNVs can account for substantial proportions of phenotypic variance in other species including human, CNVs are highly expected to explain genetic variations of diverse economically important traits in cattle. Currently, two main approaches such as hybridization-based microarray and massively parallel sequencing-based method have been successfully applied to detect CNVs throughout the cattle genome. Although there is obvious difference of capabilities to detect genome-wide CNVs at fine scales between different platforms applied, all currently completed investigations exhibited that CNVs are extensively spread throughout the cattle genome as observed in other species. Despite these successes, there are still severe lacks of researches to identify multiple levels of CNVs from diverse cattle or multiple individuals, suggesting that there are a number of CNVs remained undiscovered. Furthermore, there are almost few investigations available to elucidate how each CNV is associated with traits of interest in cattle, so such functional study should be followed along with saturating most of potential CNVs on cattle genome.

The Bunhuangsa stone pagoda, constructed in AD. 634, National Treasure no. 30, has been named as 'brick-copied pagoda' since the Japanese-ruling period by scholars. It is said that the Chinese brick pagoda was its precedent model, however the Bunhuangsa Pagoda is the oldest of all the Chinese-style brick pagodas except one, the Sungaksa Pagoda. The Chinese pagoda cannot have been a precedent model to copy due to its complex detail of wood vestige, as the Bunhuangsa pagoda is simple form without ornament. Domestic brick pagodas cannot have been a precedent model to copy as well, because all the domestic brick pagodas are younger than the Bunhuangsa Pagoda. Therefore, the terminology 'brick-copied pagoda' is a fallacy; it is rather that later brick pagoda copied the precedent the Bunhuangsa stone pagoda. The Bunhuangsa Pagoda is simply a piled-up pagoda of thick or thin, big or small slates of stone, facing only one smooth side and therefore needing nothing to relate to brick. The originality of the pagoda is more related to simple piled-up Indian stone stupa rather than Chinese brick pagoda. The roof form of its gradually stepped projection comes from the harmika of the summit of Indian stupa. Contrary to general history, old Silla Dynasty imported Buddhism directly from India by sea. From written national history and by temple foundation history, the Indian Buddhism evangelist possibly made influence to the erecting of temple and pagoda. The original wrong terminology has made a harmful effect gradually to the naming of mass-styled stone pagoda of only carved stepped-roof form after brick-copied pagoda. The false term 'brick-copied pagoda' should be discarded, which comes with superficial observation based on toadyism to China and colonialism to Japan. Instead of the fallacious term, this paper suggests multi-storied ‘piled-up pagoda with slate stone.'

디지털사회는 단순히 디지털기기의 활용이 증대되는 것을 의미하는 것이 아니라, 디지털화된 지식정보의 사회적 영향력이 심화되는 사회이다. 디지털 콘텐츠의 유형이 다양해지고 이용환경이 복잡해짐에 따라 이를 규율하는 법제도적 변화가 요구되고 있다. 관련 산업의 발전을 통한 사회, 경제, 문화적 발전을 도모하고 개별 이용자들의 창의성을 극대화하여 발전 동력으로 재 투여될 수 있도록 하는 선순환 구조를 구축하기 위해 여러 가지 제도적 지원 및 사회전반의 디지털 저작권 인식의 제고가 필요하다. 극대화된 정보화기반을 이용하여 권리자들이 납득할 수 있는 실효성 있는 보상체계를 마련하고 이용자들이 보다. 용이하게 합법적 저작물이용에 가담할 수 있도록 하는 적극적 노력이 지속적으로 이루어져야 한다. 변화된 기술적 환경과 이에 따른 저작물 소비자들의 이용행태를 긍정적인 방향으로 유인할 수 있도록 디지털 저작권 거래소거래 인증, 권리인증, 이용허락인증, 공정이용법리 등을 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 사회적으로 변화된 환경을 기회로 삼고 모두 발전하는 방향으로 인식을 공유하고 노력하는 전향적 태도가 요구된다.

Work-related injurieshave become the issue in the twentieth century. Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common work-related injuriesand the most frequent from of work-related i11-health (more than 50％ of total work-related injuries (BLS 1990)). The workers at copy shops have complained of pain in their back, legs, and shoulders. Most of them work for more than 8 hours a day. They have claimed that their pains were associated with repetitive and continuous work over a long term. The purpose of this research is to suggest an ergonomically comfortable redesign of the copy machine. This study was performed by conducting a survey of copy shop workers who have complained of job-related physical pain, and analyzing their working postures. The copy machine was ergonomically modified to reduce the workers' pain. The VIS10N 3000 software was used to analyze the posture. The analysis showed significant difference in the ranges of back and neck motion (p<0.05).

본 논문은 초음파 검사 및 판독에 사용되는 CRT, LCD 모니터에서 영상검사와 판독 시 적절한 시각화에 대한 최적의 주변 조도 수준을 제안하고자 하였다. 평가자들은 4그룹 20명(Ultra-sonographer 20명(4 groups; ultra-sonographer 1~5 years 5명, ultra-sonographer 6~10 years 5명, ultra-sonographer 11~15 years 5명, ultra-sono grapher 16~20 years 5명)을 대상으로 하였으며, 문항수는 32문항이었다. 평가방법은 10, 25, 100 Lux 3가지 주변광 조도에서 초음파 soft copy 영상을 1문항 당 30초간 영상 평가하였으며, 평가 결과를 6점 척도로 1 점=Normal (Definitely no lesion), 2점=possibly not a lesion, 3점=probably not a lesion, 4점=possibly a lesion, 5 점=probably a lesion, 6점=Definitely a lesion으로 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 주변광에 따른 초음파 영상들에 대한 병변 감지에 사용되는 소프트 카피(soft copy) 영상 판독 ROC분석 결과는 10 Lux에서 높은 민감도, 특이도, 곡선하면적 결과를 나타내었다. 주변광 조도로 10 Lux를 이용한다면 초음파(ultrasound) 소프트 카피(s oft copy) 영상의 병변 탐지에 있어 최적의 효과를 얻을 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 추후 연구 자료를 기초로 하여 초음파 영상 검사실 및 판독실의 주변광 조명밝기를 설계하면서 기초자료로 제시될 것으로 생각한다.

The β-carotene biofortified transgenic soybean was developed recently through Agrobacterium -mediated transformation using the recombinant PAC (Phytoene synthase-2A-Carotene desaturase) gene in Korean soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Kwangan). GM crops prior to use as food or release into the environment required risk assessments to environment and human health in Korea. Generally, transgenic plants containing a copy of T-DNA were used for stable expression of desirable trait gene in risk assessments. Also, information about integration site of T-DNA can be used to test the hypothesis that the inserted DNA does not trigger production of unintended transgenic proteins, or disrupt plant genes, which may cause the transgenic crop to be harmful. As these reasons, we selected four transgenic soybean lines expressing carotenoid biosynthesis genes with a copy of T-DNA by using Southern blot analysis, and analyzed the integration sites of their T-DNA by using flanking sequence analysis. The results showed that, T-DNA of three transgenic soybean lines (7-1-1-1, 9-1-2, 10-10-1) was inserted within intergenic region of the soybean chromosome, while T-DNA of a transgenic soybean line (10-19-1) located exon region of chromosome 13. This data of integration site and flanking sequences is useful for the biosafety assessment and for the identification of the β-carotene biofortified transgenic soybean.

The β-carotene biofortified transgenic soybean was developed recently through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using the recombinant PAC (Phytoene synthase-2A-Carotene desaturase) gene in Korean soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Kwangan). GM crops prior to use as food or release into the environment required risk assessments to environment and human health in Korea. Generally, transgenic plants containing a copy of T-DNA were used for stable expression of desirable trait gene in risk assessments. Also, information about integration site of T-DNA can be used to test the hypothesis that the inserted DNA does not trigger production of unintended transgenic proteins, or disrupt plant genes, which may cause the transgenic crop to be harmful. As these reasons, we selected four transgenic soybean lines expressing carotenoid biosynthesis genes with a copy of T-DNA by using Southern blot analysis, and analyzed the integration sites of their T-DNA by using flanking sequence analysis. The results showed that, T-DNA of three transgenic soybean lines (7-1-1-1, 9-1-2, 10-10-1) was inserted within intergenic region of the soybean chromosome, while T-DNA of a transgenic soybean line (10-19-1) located exon region of chromosome 13. This data of integration site and flanking sequences is useful for the biosafety assessment and for the identification of the β-carotene biofortified transgenic soybean.

Copy number variations (CNVs) are considered major sources of genetic variation, and CNVs may influence phenotypic variation and gene expression. To detect CNVs, rice seeds were exposed with 100～400 Gy of gamma-ray (GA, 60Co), cosmic-ray (CR) by Russia ISS, and 30 and 40 Gy of ion beam (IB, 220 Mev carbon ion). After the exposed rice seeds were cultured in 1/2 MS medium for 14 days, they were used for array-based Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis using Agilent’s RICE CGH array. As a results, the highest number of CNVs (Gain 808 and Loss 24,080) were detected in the CR treatment, whereas GA100 (100 Gy of GA) was identified the least CNVs. Compared individual chromosome, the chromosome 8 and 11 were identified the highest CNVs, the chromosome 3 had the least CNVs. Most of identified CNVs existed in the range of 10～500kb. In particular, the same CNV locations among different types of ionizing radiation were observed in chromosome 12, and these CNVs contained the commonly 5 amplified genes, containing retrotransposon protein, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3, heavy metal transport/detoxification protein domain containing protein, and 2 unknown proteins. Other studies were reported that Ty1 (Long Terminal Repeat-retrotransposon family 1) transcription and retrotransposition were induced by different environmental stresses such as ionizing radiation, UV-light exposure, DNA damage and nutrient starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results also show that retrotransposon protein (LOC_Os12g34016) was specifically amplified by different types of ionizing radiation.