본 연구는 기혼 여성의 가사분담 어려움, 양육 어려움, 경제 수준이 추 가 출산 의향에 미치는 영향에서 사회 신뢰도의 조절효과를 검증하는 것 에 목적이 있다. 연구자료는 한국보건사회연구원에서 실시한 2021 가족 과 출산 조사 자료를 기반으로 하였으며, 연구대상은 20대~40대 기혼 여 성 2,064명이다. 연구 목적에 따른 분석을 위해 SPSS 25.0을 활용하였 으며 빈도 분석, 기술통계, 상관관계, 인과관계 분석을 진행하였다. 연구 결과 가사분담 어려움이 적을수록, 양육 어려움이 적을수록, 사회 신뢰도 가 높을수록 추가 출산에 영향이 있었다. 특히 평균중심화를 통하여 확 인한 사회 신뢰도의 조절효과로 가사분담 어려움과 사회 신뢰도의 상호 작용, 양육 어려움과 사회 신뢰도의 상호작용이 기혼 여성의 추가 출산 의향에 영향을 미쳤다. 이에 가사분담 어려움과 양육 어려움 해소, 사회 신뢰도 증진을 위한 정책 및 실천적 함의를 제시했다.

Every engineering decision in radioactive waste management should be based on both technical and economic considerations. Especially, the management of low-level radioactive waste (LLW) is more critical on economic concerns, due to its long-term and continuous nature, which emphasizes the importance of economic analysis. In this study, economic factors for LLW management were discussed with appropriate engineering applications. Two major factors that should be taken into account when assessing economic expectations are the accuracy of the results and its proper balancing with ALARA philosophy (As Low As Reasonably Achievable). The accuracy of the results depends on the correct application of alternatives within a realistic framework of waste processing. This is because the LLW management process involves variables such as component type, physical dimensions, and the monetary value at the processing date. Two commonly used alternatives are the simplified lump sum present worth and levelized annual cost methods, which are based on annual and capital costs. However, these discussions on alternatives not only pertain to the time series value of operational costs but also to future technical advancements, which are crucial for engineers. As new research results on LLW treatment emerge, proper consideration and adoption should be given to technical cost management. As safety is the core value of the entire nuclear industry, the ALARA philosophy should also be considered in the cost management of LLW. The typical cost of exposure in man-rem has ranged from $1,000 to $20,000 over the past decades. However, with increasing concerns about health and international political threats, the cost of man-rem should be subject to stricter criteria, even the balancing of costs and safety concerns is much controverse issue. Throughout the study, the importance of incorporating proper engineering insights into the assessment of technical value for the financial management of LLW was discussed. However, it’s essential to remember that financial management should not be solely assessed based on the size of expenses but rather by evaluating the current financial status, the value of money at the time, and anticipated future costs, considering the specific context and timeframe.

본 연구는 한우 암소비육에 있어서 고 에너지의 육성용 TMR(TDN 72.7%DM, CP 13.65%DM)을 육성기(8~12개월령) 및 비육기(13~24개월령)까지는 제한급여하고, 이후 비육 마무리기(25~32개월령)까지 자유 채식시켰을 때, 증체수준, 도체특성 및 경제성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 공시축은 한우 암소 35두(8개월령)를 이용하여 Control구(5두), T1(10두), T2(10두) 및 T3(10두)구로 나누어 난괴법으로 배치하였다. 공시사료는 전기간 동일한 육성용 TMR을 Control구에서는 자유채식 시켰고, T1, T2, T3구에서는 각각 체중의 1.8%, 1.6% 및 1.5%로 제한하여 24개월령까지 급여하였다. 한우 암소의 체중은 비육마무리기간에서 Control구에 비해 T1, T2 및 T3 처리구가 각각 4.9%, 3.6% 및 2.5% 높은 것으로 나타났다 (p<0.05). 일일증체량은 육성기에는 Control구와 T1구가 다른 처리구에 비해 높았으며(p<0.05), 비육마무리기의 T1 처리구가 다른 처리구에 비해 높았다(p<0.05). 건물섭취량과 TDN 섭취량은 비육마무리기간에서 T1구가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 고 에너지의 육성우용 TMR을 전 기간동안 급여함으로써 도체중과 배최장근 단면적이 일반적인 한우 암소비육 결과에 비해 현저히 증가되었다. 처리구별 도체중은 Control구에 비해 T1구가 약 11.6% 많았으며(p<0.05), 지방색과 성숙도는 Control구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 근내지방도, 육색 및 조직감은 처리구간 유의적 차이는 없었으나, 육량등급 출현율에 있어서는 Control구에서 A등급이 60%로서 다른 처리구에 비해 높았다. 육질등급에서 1++ 등급 출현율은 Control, T1, T2 및 T3구에서 각각 0%, 20%, 20% 및 0%로 나타났다. 순수익은 Control구에 비해 T1과 T2구가 각각 15% 및 13% 증가되었으나 T3구는 2% 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 한우 미경산우 비육 시, 고에너지의 육성용 사료를 육성기부터 비육기(13~24개월령)까지 체중의 1.8% 수준으로 제한 급여하는 것이 전 기간 동안 자유채식시키는 것보다 도체중이나 육질등급 증가로 경제성이 향상되어 한우암소 고급육생산 프로그램 개발에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The estimation method of economical leakage management target utilized upon planning business for improvement of revenue water ratio in South Korea is presented and applicability of methods developed in this study is assessed through application on site. With a consideration of revenue water ratio in application target area, estimation method of long-term economical leakage management target is applied. Three leakage reduction methods such as replacement of residual aged pipe, leakage investigation and restoration and water pressure management are applied with a consideration of characteristics of site. Due to difficulty of obtaining data, analysis of cost/benefit by leakage reduction methods is performed by applying method of leakages estimation equation among statistical methods. As a result of application, revenue water ratio corresponding to long-term economical leakage management target is 91.6 %.

This research is aimed at finding the economic antecedents of comparatively low level of customer orientation of the firms in the BRIC countries. To generate propositions regarding antecedents, the market environment and conditions for doing business, and management practices and entrepreneurial activity in BRICs are compared based on the cross country studies by the World Economic Forum, the World Bank and the Global entrepreneurship monitor consortium. Also the conclusions regarding the consumer products markets and firm market strategies in emerging countries are generated on the basis of academic literature review in comparative strategic management and expert views on management in emerging countries. The outcome of the research is a group of propositions on the economic determinants of gaps in the level of customer orientation between the developed and the emerging markets. Three potential causes of the comparatively low customer orientation related to the management practices of firms can be hypothesized. First, the level of business management sophistication in the BRIC countries is assessed to be lower compared to the developed countries. Second, the state capitalism, the dominant economic paradigm of the BRIC countries is not conducive to fostering the quality of business management. Third, local entrepreneurs enter the markets being necessity-driven and have relatively low capabilities and are less skilled in the application of the modern management practices. The development of markets in the BRIC countries also could be informative for explaining the relatively low average level of customer orientation of the emerging market companies, and one can infer three potential causes. First, the consumer markets in the BRICs are growing with a fast pace, so suppliers are more powerful than consumers. Second, the intensity of competition at the BRIC markets is comparatively low. Third, the emerging markets today are represented by the less demanding consumers, and on such markets mass marketing might be a winning strategy. Further study could potentially allow us to improve and test empirically the above formulated propositions regarding the sources of gaps in the level of customer orientation between the companies of the developed and emerging markets.

시설 배추 벼룩잎벌레의 발생밀도와 피해량을 상호 분석하고 요방제 수준 설정을 통해 신속하고 합리적인 방제체계를 확립하고자 본 시험을 수행하였다. 시설 봄배추 생육초기 벼룩잎벌레 성충 접종밀도(X)와 수량감소율(Y) 관계는 Y = 1.3475X + 2.135, R2 = 0.8699이었다. 시설봄배추 생육중기 벼룩잎벌레 성충 접종밀도(X)와 수량감소율(Y) 관계는 Y = 0.703X - 1.78, R2 = 0.966이었다. 이와 같은 결과를 토대로 시설배추 봄 재배시 접종한 성충밀도와 배추 피해지수간의 상관성을 바탕으로, 수량 감소율(gain threshold, 수익역치) 5%로 전제한 벼룩잎벌레 요방제 밀도는 배추 생육초기 발생시 10주당 2.1 마리, 생육중기 발생시 10주당 9.6마리로 분석되었다.

최근 서비스 산업이 성장하면서 창업활동이 매우 활성화되고 있다. 창업활동은 경제에 새로운 활력을 불어넣어준다는 측면에서 경제성장에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다고 알려져 있지만 어떤 과정을 통해 경제성장률을 제고시키는지에 대한 연구는 매우 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 금융시스템의 발전단계에 따라 창업활동이 경제성장에 미치는 영향이 어떻게 달라지는지 분석하였다. 분석대상을 고소득 국가군과 중간소득 국가군으로 구분하여 실증 분석한 결과 창업활동은 모든 분석 국가집단에서 경제성장에 유의한 양(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 금융시스템의 발전단계를 고려한 분석결과에 따르면, 고소득 국가군에서는 창업활동이 시장 중심 금융시스템의 발달과 연계하여 경제성장에 영향을 미치고 있었지만 중간소득 국가군에서는 은행 중심 금융시스템과 상호작용하여 경제성장에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 금융시스템의 발전단계와의 상호작용변수의 추정계수는 유의한 음(-)의 값을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 창업활동이 경제성장에 미치는 긍정적인 효과가 금융시스템의 발전에 의해 오히려 약화된다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 기존의 금융시스템 외에 창업활동을 지원하는 금융 서비스를 정책적으로 강화하는 것이 매우 중요하다고 여겨진다. 그러나 장기적인 관점에서 정책적으로 직접적인 창업자금을 조달하기보다는 시장을 이용한 자본조달 시스템을 강화하는 한편 창업 실패에 대한 안전장치를 마련하는 등의 추가적인 조치를 취하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.

 ,  , This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, on welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L. var) in the early transplanting stage. The changes of welsh onion biomass, yield loss, and T. tabaci density were investigated according to the inoculation periods of T. tabaci. In the early transplanting stage of welsh onion, the yield loss (%) increased with increasing inoculation periods: 17.0, 53.3, 38.4, and 80.8% yield loss in 5, 10, 15, and 20 d inoculation periods, respectively. The relationship between Cumulative Insect Days (CID) of T. tabaci and yield loss (%) of welsh onion was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL of T. tabaci on welsh onion was estimated to 30 CID per plant based on the yield loss 12% (an empirical gain threshold 5% + marketable rate 93% of welsh onion). ET was calculated to 24 CID, which corresponds to 80% of EIL. Until a more defined EIL-model is developed, the present results should be useful for T. tabaci management in early growth stage of welsh onion. The effect of T. tabaci attack on the yield of welsh onion in late growing season (120 days after transplanting) was also examined. The yield of welsh onion increased at a low population density of T. tabaci and decreased at higher densities, showing a typical over-compensatory response.

This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci on welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L. var). The changes of welsh onion biomass and T. tabacci density were investigated after introductions of T. tabacci at different densities and days: By the results of the experiment in the early welsh onion cultivation periods (30d after transplanting), the biomass of welsh onion significantly decreased with increasing the initial inoculated density of T. tabacci. The relationship between cumulative insect days (CID) and yield loss (%) of welsh onion was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL and ET of T. tabacci on welsh onion were estimated at 24 and 20 CID per plant, respectively. By the results of the experiment in the late cultivation periods of welsh onion (about 120d after transplanting), the welsh onion biomass was also significantly different inoculation thrips densities to welsh onion. The EIL and ET were calculated as 35 and 28 thrips per welsh onion plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for T. tabacci management during the cultivations of welsh onion.

Economic injury level was estimated for the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci on greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculantum cultivar pinktop). In the greenhouse, seedling tomato transplanted at mid-April and inoculated B. tabaci at late-April with the densities of 0, 1, 3, 9, 27, 54, 108 and 216 per plant. Only 108 and 216 inoculation densities increased until mid-July. Total weight of fruits was not showed the differences by initial whitefly density; however, the total weight of marketable fruits decreased significantly among plots by higher initial whitefly density. The rates of yield loss increased with increasing whitefly density, resulting in 8.3, 14.0, 29.7, 29.7, 25.7, 40.4, and 69.4% reduction in each of the plots, respectively. The relationship between initial whitefly densities and yield losses was well described by a linear regression, Y= 18.09X+6026.5, R2=0.8504. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per plant which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 17.

This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of Cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae L. on cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var). The changes of cabbage biomass and M. brassicae density were investigated after introduction of larval M. brassicae (2nd instar) at different densities: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 larvae per plant at 40 d after planting for an open field experiment, and 0, 2, 5, 8 and 12 larvae per plant at 25 d after planting for a glass house experiment. In the field experiment, the yield loss of cabbage was not significantly different among treated-plots at 30 d after the larval introduction, showing an over-compensatory response of cabbage plants to M. brassicae attack. In the glasshouse experiment, however, the biomass of cabbage at 15 d after the larval introduction significantly decreased with increasing the initial introduced number of M. brassicae, resulting in 38.3, 36.7, 21.7, 23.3 and 16.7g in above treated-plots, respectively. The relationship between cumulative insect days (CID) and yield loss (%) of cabbage was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL of M. brassicae on cabbage was estimated at 44 CID per plant based on the yield loss 14%, which take into account of an empirical gain threshold 5% and marketable rate 91% of cabbage. Also, ET was calculated at 80% of the EIL: 35 CID per plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for M. brassicae management at early growth stage of cabbage.

This study was conducted to estimate the economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, on Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var). The changes of biomass of Chinese cabbage and M. persicae density were investigated after introduction of M. persicae at different density (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 per plant, inoculated at 10d after planting). The densities of M. persicae largely increased from the above initial densities to 0, 92.3, 177.4, 406.9, 440.4, and 471.3 aphids per plant at 18d after the initial inoculation, respectively. The biomass of Chinese cabbage significantly decreased with increasing the initial inoculated density of M. persicae: 602.0, 264.2, 262.0, 109.3, 151.0, and 67.3 g in above plots with different initial densities, respectively. The relationship between cumulative aphid days (CAD) and yield loss (%) of Chinese cabbage was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL of M. persicae on Chinese cabbage was estimated 25 CAD per plant based on the yield loss 13%, which take into account of an empirical gain threshold 5% and marketable rate 92% of spring Chinese cabbage. Also, ET was calculated at 80% of EIL: 20 aphids per plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for M. persicae management at early growth stage of Chinese cabbage.

이 연구의 목적은 초등학교 고학년의 진로준비행동에 영향을 미치는 변인들(경제수준, 진로결 정자기효능감, 부모지지, 진로성숙)에 근거하여 이들의 군집유형을 도출하고, 각 군집별로 진로준 비행동에 유의한 차이가 있는지를 분석하는 것이다. 연구대상은 서울시 초등학교에 재학중인 고학 년(5, 6학년) 590명이며, 수집된 자료는 군집분석, 두 독립집단 t 검증, 일원변량분석, 교차분석 등 을 이용하여 분석되었다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 네 개의 상이한 군집유형이 도출되었다. 군집 1은 모든 변인들이 평균보다 낮은 ‘관심대상형’, 군집 2는 모든 변인들이 평균보다 높은 ‘이상 형’, 군집 3은 진로결정자기효능감과 진로성숙이 부모지지보다 상대적으로 높은 ‘진로결정자기효 능감-진로성숙 우위형’, 군집 4는 부모지지가 진로결정자기효능감과 진로성숙보다 상대적으로 높 은 ‘부모지지 우위형’이다. 둘째, 군집유형 간 진로준비행동에 차이가 있는지를 분석한 결과, 군집 유형 간에 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 이상형, 진로결정자기효능감-진로성숙 우위형, 부모지지 우위 형, 관심대상형 순으로 진로준비행동이 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 초등학교 고학년의 진로준 비행동을 촉진하기 위하여 군집유형의 특성을 고려한 맞춤형 진로교육의 필요성을 시사한다.

This research is devoted to the development of methods general and standard methodological approaches and approbation those for the evaluation of economic potential and level of concentration of the regions of Kazakhstan. This paper presents the results of development of the authors on the selection and justification of the methodological approaches for quantitative evaluation of the economic potential (the degree of territorial differentiation of the profile) and concentration of regions. In this study, we used scientific methods: method of analysis the main trends of economic development, and method of evaluation of concentration of the region. Based on the analysis of foreign techniques developed and tested methodical approaches to the assessment of the economic potential (index and coefficient methods). Proposed methodological approaches to the assessment profile of the territory and developed a system of indicators, which includes an aggregated index of spatial concentration, which accurately reflects the concentration of production in the region. This study shows the results of the analysis of the potential regional disparities and trends of economic development of Kazakhstan. By using, the proposed methodology shows the possibility of their use; we calculated the indicators of integrated assessment of the economic potential and indicators of spatial concentration.

최근 노인 학대 인식의 날을 맞이하여 보건복지부는 1년간 전국의 65세 이상 노인 6745명을 대상으로 학대실태조사를 하였다. 결과를 보면, 전체 노인의 14%가 학대를 받은 경험이 있었으며, 그 중 정서 학대가 67%, 방임이 22%, 경제적 학대가 4.3%로 나타나 노인 문제에 대한 국가 차원에서의 관심이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 노인들을 대상으로 신체활동 유무·부적 정서·경제적 수준과 정신건강간의 관계를 살펴보고자 한다. 수도권에 거주하는 65세 이상의 남녀 142명으로부터 얻은 자료를 토대로 타당도, 신뢰도, 카이제곱, Pearson 상관관계, 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 신체활동 무 보다는 신체활동 유에서 간이정신진단검사-90-개정판의 9가지 요인들과 유의한 상관관계가 더 많이 나타났으며, 경제수준과 불안과는 부적상관, 부적정서와 신체화, 대인예민증, 우울증, 불안, 적대감, 편집증, 전체심도지수는 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 정신건강수준을 알 수 있는 변수들 간 상대적 영향력에 대한 평가에서는 부적정서, 신체활동유무, 경제수준 순으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 볼 때, 노인들의 정신건강을 위해서는 일상생활 속에서 느끼는 부적정서를 최소화하고 신체활동 권장을 통하여 스트레스, 불안, 고독감, 외로움 등을 해소할 수 있는 생활환경을 조성하는 것이 필요하다.