Used in the ceramic tile market as a representative building material, relief ceramic tile is showing increased demand recently. Since ceramic tiles are manufactured through a sintering process at over 1,000 oC after uniaxial compression molding by loading granule powders into a mold, it is very important to secure the flowability of granular powders in a mold having a relief pattern. In this study, kaolin, silica, and feldspar are used as starting materials to prepare granule powders by a spray dryer process; the surface of the granule powders is subject to hydrophobic treatment with various concentrations of stearic acid. The effect on the flowability of the granular powder according to the change of stearic acid concentration is confirmed by measuring the angle of repose, tap density, and compressibility, and the occurrence of cracks in the green body produced in the mold with the relief pattern is observed. Then, the green body is sintered by a fast firing process, and the water absorption, flexural strength, and durability are evaluated. The surface treatment of the granule powders with stearic acid improves the flowability of the granule powders, leading to a dense microstructure of the sintered body. Finally, the hydrophobic treatment of the granule powders makes it possible to manufacture relief ceramic tiles having a flexural strength of 292 N/cm, a water absorption of 0.91 %, and excellent mechanical durability

Generally, ceramic tiles for building construction are manufactured by dry forming process using granular powders prepared by spray drying process after mixing and grinding of mineral raw materials. In recent years, as the demand for large ceramic tiles with natural texture has increased, the development of granule powders with high packing ratio and excellent flowability has become more important. In this study, ceramic tile granule powders are coated with hydrophobically treated silica nanoparticles. The effects of hydrophobic silica coating on the flowability of granule powders and the strength of the green body are investigated in detail. Silica nanoparticles are hydrophobically treated with GPTMS(3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxy silane), which is an epoxy-based silane coupling agent. As the coating concentration increases, the angle of repose and the compressibility decrease. The tap density and flowability index increase after silica coating treatment. These results indicate that hydrophobic treatment can improve the flowability of the granular powder, and prevent cracking of green body at high pressure molding.

인삼과립차의 편의성 및 기호성 증진을 위해 부형제인 젖당, 포도당 및 아라비안 검의 첨가량에 따른 과립차의 물리적 특성을 분석하였다. 젖당의 첨가량이 증가할수록, 포도당의 첨가량이 감소할수록 흡습성은 낮아지고 용해성은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 사포닌 용출량은 첨가되는 부형제의 종류 및 양에 영향을 받기 보다는 인삼농축액의 첨가량에 더 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 아라비아 검의 첨가량이 증가할수록 흡습성, 용해성은 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 색도는 큰 차이점이 없었다. 부형제 첨가에 따른 인삼 과립차의 최적 배합비는 인삼농축액 10%, 젖당 80%, 글루코즈 5% 그리고 아라비아 검의 함량이 5% 이었다.

SiAlON-based ceramics are some of the most typical ceramic materials used as cutting tools for HRSA(Heat Resistant Super-Alloys). SiAlON can be fabricated using ceramic processing, such as mixing, granulation, compaction, and sintering. Spray drying is a widely-used method for producing a granular powder of controlled morphology and size with flowability. In this study, we report a systematic investigation aimed at optimizing spherical granule morphology by controlling spray-drying parameters such as gas flow and feed rate. Before spray drying, the viscosities of the raw material slurries were also optimized with the amount of dispersant added.

최근 국내에서는 안전하고 고품질인 농산물에 대한 소비자의 선호도가 높아지고 있다. 고품질 농산물 생산과 환경오염을 줄이기 위해서는 화학비료와 같은 농자재의 과잉투입 문제를 해결하여야 하며 이를 위하여 변량시비에 관한 연구가 수행되고 있다. 변량시비용으로 널리 사용되는 원판식 입제 살포기의 경우 시비량이 변화함에 따라 살포패턴이 변화하는 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 시비량 변화에 따른 살포패턴 변화 요인을 찾기 위하여 이산 요소 모델링과 고속카메라 촬영을 통하여 살포기 원판 위에서 의 입자거동을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 시비량이 증가함에 따라 원판회전 반대방향으로 비산되는 입자량 이 증가하게 되고 출구방향 조절장치의 출구 시작지점에서 빠져나가지 않고 출구 끝 부분에서 빠져나가 는 입자가 증가하여 원판 위에서 회전방향으로 더 많이 이동되어 살포되므로 살포패턴에 변화를 가져오 는 것으로 파악되었다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 회전원판 위에 내부날개를 설치하여 회전 축 주 변에 낙하하는 입자를 원심력에 의해 출구방향 조절장치의 벽 쪽으로 강제 이동하도록 장치를 개선하여 원판 위 입자거동을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 시비량의 변화와 상관없이 회전축 주변의 입자가 출구방향 조절장치의 벽 쪽으로 이동하여 원판 위에서 회전하다가 조절장치의 출구 시작 부분에서 빠져나가 살포 되는 것으로 나타나 시비량의 변화에 따른 살포패턴의 변이가 줄어들 것으로 판단되었다. 차후, 균일한 살포패턴을 만들기 위해서 내부날개를 설치한 원판식 입제 살포기를 이용하여 다양한 시비조건에 따른 살포패턴 데이터를 수집 및 분석 하고자 한다.

최근 경제적 이익과 환경오염 방지를 위하여, 시비 시 적정량을 살포하는 변량시비가 이루어지고 있 다. 본 연구에서는 변량시비 시 균일한 살포패턴에 영향을 주는 요인 중 호퍼 비료적재량, 시비량, 출 구 위치 등에 따른 원심식 비료살포기의 살포패턴 변화를 조사하였다. 실험방법은 ASABE Standard S341.3에 따라 정지 및 동적 시험으로 실시하였다. 정지 시험의 결과, 호퍼 충전율이 90%(576kg)에서 50%(320kg)로 변화함에 따라 단위 면적당 시비되는 비료의 양이 2,081.63kg/ha에서 1,753.06kg/ha로 변화하는 문제점이 발견되었고, 시비량이 증가함에 따라 시비량 조절장치의 출구가 열리는 방향으로 비 료의 살포량이 증가하는 문제점이 발견되었다. 동적 시험의 결과, 트랙터의 시비량이 50% 일 때, 'Gaussian' 형태의 패턴이 나타나게 설정하고 시비량을 25%까지 감소시켰을 때 트랙 전이살포(race track mode) 방법으로 주행 시 변이계수가 3.78%에서 12.98%으로, 순차 왕복살포 (back and forth mode) 방법으로 주행 시 변이계수가 5.05%에서 28.90%으로 증가하였다. 출구방향에 따른 살포패턴 분 석에서 출구방향을 5°씩 회전시켰을 때 살포패턴도 같은 방향으로 회전하여 출구방향 제어로 살포패턴 의 제어가 가능하다고 판단되었다. 본 연구에서 나타난 결과로 보았을 때 변량시비 시 비료적재량과 시 비량의 변화에 따른 살포패턴 변화에 대한 문제점을 출구방향 및 시비량을 제어함으로써 해결할 수 있 을 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we optimized dissolution the dissolution conditions of porous amorphous powder to havehigh specific surface area. Porous metallic glass(MG) granules were fabricated by selective phase dissolution, in whichbrass is removed from a composite powder consisting of MG and 40 vol.% brass. Dissolution was achieved throughvarious concentrations of H2SO4 and HNO3, with HNO3 proving to have the faster reaction kinetics. Porous powderswere analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry to observe crystallization behavior. The Microstructure of milledpowder and dissolved powder was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. To check for residual in the dissolvedpowder after dissolution, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscory and elemental mapping was conducted. It was confirmedthat the MG/brass composite powder dissolved in 10% HNO3 produced a porous MG granule with a relatively high spe-cific surface area of 19.60 m2/g. This proved to be the optimum dissolution condition in which both a porous internalgranule structure and amorphous phase were maintained. Consequently, porous MG granules were effectively fabricatedand applications of such structures can be expanded.

The green peach aphid(Myzus persicae) and sweet-potato whitefly(Bemisia tabaci) biotype Q are serious pests in hot pepper and cucumber. To optimize the formulation type of Clothianidin 1.8% granule, coated and extruded granule formulation types were tested against green peach aphid in hot pepper and sweetpotato whitefly in cucumber. Clothianidin 1.8% granules were incorporated in soil before transplant of hot pepper and cucumber. At recommend dose(540g ai/ha), the efficacy of Clothianidin 1.8% coated and extruded granules were 83.3% and 94.4% and continued until 50 days and 70 days against green peach aphid, respectively. Against sweet-potato whitefly, the efficacy of Clothianidin 1.8% coated and extruded granules were 65.7% and 96.3% at 32 days in cucumber, respectively. Clothianidin 1.8% extruded granule was safe on crops (hot pepper, cucumber, melon, cabbage etc.) at 540g ai/ha (recommend dose) and 1080g ai/ha. The results suggested that Clothianidin 1.8% extruded granule is promising as a best insecticide against green peach aphid and sweet-potato whitefly, because of the high efficacy and low phytotoxicity.

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 is the main target for inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in swine. Here, we report a novel strategy forthe large-scale production of a CSFV E2 subunit vaccine that demonstrates a high immunogenic capability in the larvae of a baculovirus-infected silkworm, Bombyx mori. We constructed a recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) that expressed recombinant polyhedra together with the N-terminal 179 amino acids of CSFV E2 (CSFV E2ΔC). BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae expressed an approximately 44-kDa fusion protein that was detected using both anti-polyhedrin and anti-CSFV E2 antibodies. Electron and confocal microscopy both demonstrated that the recombinant polyhedra were morphologically normal and contained CSFV E2ΔC. The CSFV E2ΔC antigen produced in BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae reached 0.68 mg per ml of hemolymph and 0.53 mg per larva at 6 days post-infection. Mice that were immunized with the granule form of recombinant polyhedra or the soluble form of the fusion protein elicited CSFV E2 antibodies, which indicated that the recombinant polyhedra carrying CSFV E2ΔC were immunogenic. The virus neutralization test showed that the serum from mice that were treated with recombinant polyhedra or the soluble form of the fusion protein contained significant levels of virus neutralization activity. These results demonstrate that the present strategy can be used for the large-scale production of CSFV E2 antigen and that the recombinant polyhedra containing CSFV E2ΔC as a granule antigen can be used as a potential subunit vaccine against CSFV.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Alphaherpesviridae, is the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease in pigs. Glycoprotein B (gB) of PRV, a major constituent of the viral envelope, consists of 916 amino acids. We continuously combined three gB epitopes, E1 (aa 62-129), E2 (aa 217-282), and E3 (aa 543-737). The DNA fragment containing the PRV gB epitopes was fused with polyhedrin gene in order to generate recombinant baculovirus that expresses the recombinant polyhedra with PRV gB epitopes under the control of the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus polyhedrin promoter. Recombinant baculoviruses were injected into fifth-instar B. mori larvae. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses revealed that recombinant polyhedra constitute polyhedrin and PRV gB epitopes, and that the recombinant PRV gB epitopes showed cross-reactivity against antiserum of PRV gB produced from pig. To examine the immunogenicity of recombinant PRV gB epitopes, we injected into mice as model animals. ELISA results indicated that antibody production is increased in a similar manner in the injection of recombinant polyhedra with PRV gB epitopes, either injected recombinant polyhedra as a granule form antigen without adjuvant or injected recombinant polyhedrin as a soluble form antigen with adjuvant. Taken together, these data show that PRV gB epitopes were produced as a granule form antigen by fusing recombinant polyhedra in baculovirus-infected silkworm larvae and displayed the immunogenicity in mice, indicating the efficacy of the granule form antigen as a PRV gB vaccine.

The accumulated knowledge of the influence of solar granulation on spectral lines, i.e. their asymmetry, provides a key to analyze stellar spectral line asymmetries. In this paper, a simple line synthesis using a simple 'model' of granulation was calculated. By adjusting the properties of the granule model, the observed imprints of convection on spectral lines can be reproduced. Since we depict convective flows using a continuous function rather than using a few components of flows (cf. Gray and Toner 1985, 1986; dravins 1990), we were able to identify which components of convection are important in line bisector shapes. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: Firstly, the intensity contrast (i.e. temperature fluctuation), and the area coverage of up- and down-flows are the two important factors which determine the line bisector shapes. Secondly, on the contrary to the assumption of other studies, the effect of horizontal flows is non-negligible. This exercise provides a qualitative understanding of the effect of convection on spectral lines. This knowledge serves as a guideline for understanding the characteristic difference in convection for stars on either side of the 'Granulation Boundary' (Gray 1982; Gray and Nagel 1989).

그래뉼은 중간 매개체의 도움 없이 미생물의 자가 고정화에 의해 형성된 미생물 응집체로 충격부하에 강하고, 높은 생물량 및 높은 침전성을 갖는 등 여러 장점을 바탕으로 폐수의 생물학적 처리 공정에 이용되고 있다. 그리고 낮은 강도의 초음파 조사를 이용하여 반응조 내 미생물의 활성도를 증가시켜 반응조 성능을 증대시키는 연구들이 보고되고 있다. 따라서, expanded granular sludge blanket (EGSB)를 이용한 선행연구를 통해, 저강도 초음파가 그래뉼 활성 및 수소발생에 미치는 긍정적인 영향을 확인하였다. 저강도 초음파(0.1 w/mL, 1 sec per 1 min) 처리로 수소 발생량이 65% 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는, 저강도 초음파 처리가 그래뉼의 형태학적 변화에 미치는 영향에 대해서 실험을 진행하였다. 저강도 초음파 처리와 재순환 적용 유무로, 4가지 반응조를 구성하고 연속 실험을 진행하여 각각의 반응조에서 그래뉼 샘플을 채취하였다. 각각의 그래뉼 샘플들은 기존의 분석 방법과 다르게 CMEIAS 프로그램을 이용하여 이미지 분석을 하여 그래뉼의 크기 및 형태를 파악하였고, VP-SEM을 이용하여 그래뉼 표면의 변화를 관찰하였다. 기존의 그래뉼 입도 분석은 많은 시간과 인력, 비용이 들어간다는 단점이 있어 무료 프로그램인 CMEIAS를 이용하여 새로운 방식으로 이미지 분석하였다. 이미지 분석 결과 저강도 초음파 처리와 재순환 적용이 각각 그래뉼 크기를 5% 증가됨을 확인하였고, 동시에 적용할 경우 그래뉼 크기가 20% 증가됨을 확인하였다. VP-SEM 결과 저강도 초음파 처리가 그래뉼 표면에 거친 형태를 매끄럽게 변화시키고 공극을 형성시키는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서, 저강도 초음파 처리와 재순환 적용은 그래뉼의 형태학적 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐 반응조 성능 향상에 영향을 미쳤을 것이라고 사료된다.

알루미늄은 낮은 비중을 가지는 금속으로 철에 비하여 상대적으로 가볍고 비강도가 크므로 건축물의 외장 재료로 많이 사용되고 있다. 알루미늄의 경우 다른 금속에 비해 산화되기 어렵고 낮은 융점으로 인해 사용이 끝난 알루미늄 재료의 경우 녹여서 재활용이 가능하다. 건축물 외장 재료로 사용되는 복합 패널의 경우 철, 동, 강 등의 금속과 알루미늄이 결합된 구조로 되어 있고 알루미늄을 분리할 경우 쉽게 재활용이 가능한 장점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 복합 패널에서 사용되고 있는 알루미늄을 재활용하기 위해서는 결합된 소재들을 분리하는 단계가 필요하다. 알루미늄 복합 패널은 건축물 철거 시 발생하는 폐자재로 일정한 형태가 없고 크기가 다르므로 일반적인 재활용 장비에서 처리하기에는 어려운 상황이다. 일반적으로 대부분의 재활용 업체에서는 가열하거나 수작업을 통해 알루미늄을 분리하고 있지만 가열방식에서는 유해가스 배출로 인한 환경 문제와 수작업을 통한 높은 인건비 비용에 대한 문제점이 나타나고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 형태의 복합 패널 폐자재(스크랩)를 효율적으로 재활용할 수 있는 설비 및 방법을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 개발된 장비를 통해 복합 패널을 일정한 크기로 분쇄하고 파쇄된 복합물에서 알루미늄과 폴리에틸렌을 분리하여 최종적으로 분리된 알루미늄을 일정한 크기의 그래뉼 입자로 만들었다. 구조해석을 통해 장비의 안전성을 검증하고 일정한 크기 및 순도를 가진 알루미늄 그래뉼 입자가 생성되는지를 확인하였다. 최종적으로 생산된 알루미늄 그래뉼 입자의 순도 및 크기를 분석하여 건축용 복합 패널 스크랩의 알루미늄 재활용성에 대한 평가를 분석하였다.

Yogurt contains many microorganisms that are beneficial to human health, and is a probiotic that supplies many nutrients such as calcium and protein. It is difficult to safety preserve for a long time because it possesses a high content of water. To address this problem, powdered “instant” yogurt has been developed, but it has flaws low flowability and solubility. Therefore, yogurt was granulated using a fluidized bed granulator to increase flowability and solubility. The fluidized bed granulator was designed by using response surface methodology (RSM), whose variables were feeding rate (FR), atomization air pressure (AP) and product temperature (PT). After being granulated, the yogurt was analyzed for yield and lactic acid bacteria count. The maximum yield of yogurt granules was 79.42%, at FR of 0.54 mL/min, AP of 2.64 kPa, and PT of 58.18℃, and the colony count for lactic acid bacteria was more than 6 log10 CFU/g. Therefore, spherical granulation of yogurt using a fluidized bed granulator could be used for making convenient probiotic products with improved flowability and solubility.

This study was done in order to monitor the quality properties of the granule using Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) extracts. In order to prepare the granule depending on operational parameters such as content of Bokbunja extract (X1, 0.4∼1.2 g), sugar content (X2, 6∼10 g) and citric acid content (X3, 0.1∼0.3 g), a response surface methodology was applied to monitor the optimum recipes on the organoleptic properties and Hunter's color. The optimum recipe on the organoleptic color showed extract content of 0.96 g, sugar content of 7.05 g and citric acid content of 0.232 g. The optimum recipe on the organoleptic flavor showed extract content of 0.86 g, sugar content of 6.04 g and citric acid content of 0.215 g. The optimum recipe on the organoleptic taste showed extract content of 0.92 g, sugar content of 6.39 g and citric acid content of 0.251 g. The optimum recipe on the overall palatability showed extract content of 0.86 g, sugar content of 6.65 g and citric acid content of 0.272 g. The response surface of the Hunter's color b value was similar to the response of the overall palatability; therefore, the optimum conditions accepted by the consumers were 0.8 g Bokbunja extract content and 0.6 g sugar content in the Hunter's color a value of 6.0.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality and anti-oxidant characteristics of different granule tea variants (WSMGT: granule tea prepared from sea mustard hot water extract; ASMGT: granule tea prepared from sea mustard autoclave extract; WSTGT: granule tea prepared from sea tangle hot water extract; and ASTGT: granule tea prepared from sea tangle autoclave extract) from sea tangle and sea mustard powder. The Color of WSTGT showed the highest L*, b* values, and the lowest a* value. The water absorption binding agents in ASMGT were higher than those in WSMGT, WSTGT. and ASTGT. Binding agents on water absorption in ASMGT were higher than those of WSMGT, WSTGT, and ASTGT. The alginic acid content of ASMGT was highest. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of ASMGT and ASTGT were highest. The electron donating ability and ferrous ion chelating activity in WSTGT greatly increased compared to those in the other granules tea variants. These results suggest that pressure extraction can be used in functional foods.

We investigated the expression patterns of a granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI = Waxy) gene at different developmental stages of storage and non-storage organs in Amaranthus cruentus. GBSSI transcripts were strongly expressed in the middle and mid-late stages of seed development and thereafter expression decreased. In addition, this gene was expressed in all non-storage organs tested (the leaf, stem, petiole and root) and showed a tendency to increase during plant development. Therefore, our results indicate that the amaranth GBSSI gene exhibits late expression in the perisperm, and that it is expressed in both storage and non-storage tissues. We also investigated the genetic diversity of GBSSI among 37 strains of amaranth grains originating from New World. A comparison of the GBSSI coding sequence revealed an extremely high level of sequence conservation, and a single nucleotide polymorphism between the sequences of non-waxy (Type I) and waxy (Type II) phenotypes was detected. This indicates that a G–T polymorphism in exon 10 (a nonsense mutation) was a unique event in the evolution of the GBSSI gene in amaranth grains.