Riptortus pedestris is a polyphagous species and an important pest of soybean. We investigated the phenology of R. pedestris at 14 locations - Jeonju, Naju, Goheung, Namhae, Milyang, Gunwi, Andong and 7 areas of Jeju. Commercial pheromone monitoring traps were used. The traps were baited with lures containing a 1:5:1 ratio of myristyl isobutyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2 hexenoate and (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate. There was difference the first adult catch and nymph emergence among locations. To develop spring emergence distribution pattern, we used the trap data from each location. Spring emergence by sampling date was cumulated and analyzed relative to the Julian date using Weibull distribution function.

We analyzed the variation in occurrence time and intensity of attacks by the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) on several crops. We found similar occurrence patterns of C. suppressalis in different crops. Overwintering larvae showed no difference in pupal period and weight compared to the non-overwintering ones. However, the larval period was reduced to 19.1 days in Miscanthus field, in contrast to that in the paddy fields. Efficiency of the emergence trap was confirmed to be greater than that of the delta trap for capturing C. suppressalis adults. It is necessary to adjust the control period because of the advancement in occurring time of C. suppressalis in recent years. The larvae of C. suppressalis experience favorable environmental conditions for overwintering in Miscanthus fields. The results of this study provide important inputs for the development of environment-friendly control methods.

The adult activity of M. alternatus caught in a pheromone trap showed a bimodal form consisted of the first peak in mid to late June and the second peak in mid to late September in Jeju area, Korea. The two peaks were separated apparently between mid and late August, showing a valley. The pine trees without oleoresin flow were abundant during early July to early August, and declined thereafter, which did not match with the valley of adult activity curve. Thus, the hypothesis that dying pine trees attract much strongly M. alternatus adults than that of pheromone lures may not fully explain the bimodal pattern, because the first adult activity peak occurred during the peak period of dying pine trees and it declined with decreasing dying pine trees. The accumulated degree-days showed that the emergence of the 2nd generation adults could occur before the second peak when the diapause ecology of M. alternatus was not considered. The voltinism of M. alternatus can affect basically the control strategy of this pest. Consequently, further studies are required to find out clearly the voltinism of M. alternatus in Korea.

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) is considered as a serious agricultural pest, which damaged to the many crops including sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). We investigated weekly occurrence of the Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) using pheromone trap at six study fields of three regions, Jeonnam, Korea. A total of 41,895 individuals were collected from 18th July to 23th September in 2013; Yeongamgun was collected the highest individuals (17,519), and following the Muan-gun (12,709) and Haenamgun (11,667). The seasonal occurrence of S. Litura was increased from July to September, and peak occurrence timing was in late-September. There were a positive correlation between field area and number of individuals (P=0.02, r=0.89), and a negative correlation between field area and density (p=0.02, r=-0.89). As a PCA (principal component analysis) result, adults occurrence pattern were closely related to the temperature and relative humidity during larva stage.

As an indicator of skin health, acidified skin surface pH ranging from 5 to 7 is crucial for maintaining skin barrier. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between skin pH and dietary pattern (DP) as well as nutrient or food intake in 48 healthy middle aged adults. Skin pH was measured in the skin surface of the inner arm, and blood lipid profile was analyzed. Dietary intake data were obtained using 1 day 24 hour recall method, and DP was extracted using factor analysis. Results revealed that skin pH ranged from 5.15 to 6.88 in all subjects. There was no significant difference in skin pH between males and females. When subjects were grouped by tertile of skin pH, the food intake of fruit, and the nutrient intake of omega 6 fatty acid, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin C, β-carotene, and riboflavin in the first tertile group with skin pH ranging from 5.15 to 5.68 were significantly higher than in the third tertile group with skin pH ranging from 6.26 to 6.88. There was no difference in blood lipid profile between the first and the third tertile group. Among 5 DP extracted by factor analysis, DP5 characterized by a high intake of nuts and fruits as well as a low intake of beverages and alcohol was inversely correlated with skin pH after adjusting for gender and age. DP5 was positively correlated with nutrient intake of carbohydrate, fiber, potassium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, β-carotene, thiamine, and riboflavin but negatively correlated with sodium after adjusting for gender, age, smoking, and energy intake. Therefore, acidified skin pH could be maintained by these DP and nutrients.

The study concentrates on the status of ecological environment development in Shenyang, uses the remote sensing images and social statistics in different periods as the data base, establishes a dynamic monitoring system and model of urbanization and ecological security. Through the identification and quantitative analysis of ecological security dynamic monitoring information, with the support of spatial information technology, we have formed a key technology system which combines ecological security warning with ecological security structure optimization. Moreover, the spatial database of ecological key elements in Shenyang city was constructed. The vertical pattern, horizontal pattern and ecological function of urban ecological system is organically combined, which provides the basic data for the layout and regulation of green space and water system. With these efforts, a key technology system is formed, including the warning of urban ecological security- the space regulation of economic development- the optimization of urban ecological security pattern - the regulation of urban elements' spatial layout. The research results provide scientific and accurate data base for ecological planning and regulation in Shenyang City , carry out effective ecological security monitoring and management for the development of Shenyang, protect the ecological integrity of the system as well as the healthy development of the economy in Shenyang City during the urbanization process .

The purpose of this study is to inquire original design and character of dancheong in Yeongnamnu Pavilion which features unusual portraits of twisting dragons and four heavenly creatures. Its artistic value and originality can be found in the portraits of four heavenly creatures which are painted on the interior seonjayeon(fan shape rafter) and in the unique design of crossbeam meoricho(flower decorations on each side of pillars). Yeongnamnu’s crossbeam meoricho is janggu-meoricho type(meoricho with hourglass figure) with full-shape lotus and half-shape flower decorations. And it can be said that, dragon portrait painted on the border of lotus and flower decorations in green and yellow is a very unique style of dancheong, for the reason that it has scarcely been used before and ever since. The portrait of four heavenly creatures painted on each corner of seonjayeon is also found to be unique in design, for the reason that the design has rarely been used throughout history, with only two exceptions in mural tombs of Goguryeo and folding screen in Injeongjeon Hall of Changdeokgung Palace . With its unique and authentic feature along with its rarity in number, the portrait of four heavenly creatures painted on Yeongnamnu can be considered as quite symbolic and important.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to detect road cavities using multi-channel 3D ground penetrating radar (GPR) tests owned by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. METHODS: Ground-penetrating radar tests were conducted on 204 road-cavity test sections, and the GPR signal patterns were analyzed to classify signal shape, amplitude, and phase change. RESULTS : The shapes of the GPR signals of road-cavity sections were circular or ellipsoidal in the plane image of the 3D GPR results. However, in the longitudinal or transverse direction, the signals showed mostly unsymmetrical (or symmetrical in some cases) parabolic shapes. The amplitude of the GPR signals reflected from road cavities was stronger than that from other media. No particular pattern of the amplitude was found because of nonuniform medium and utilities nearby. In many cases where road cavities extended to the bottom of the asphalt concrete layer, the signal phase was reversed. However, no reversed signal was found in subbase, subgrade, or deeper locations. CONCLUSIONS: For detecting road cavities, the results of the GPR signal-pattern analysis can be applied. In general, GPR signals on road cavity-sections had unsymmetrical hyperbolic shape, relatively stronger amplitude, and reversed phase. Owing to the uncertainties of underground materials, utilities, and road cavities, GPR signal interpretation was difficult. To perform quantitative analysis for road cavity detection, additional GPR tests and signal pattern analysis need to be conducted.

Graphene has shown exceptional properties for high performance devices due to its high carrier mobility. Of particular interest is the potential use of graphene nanoribbons as field-effect transistors. Herein, we introduce a facile approach to the fabrication of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) arrays with ~200 nm width using nanoimprint lithography (NIL), which is a simple and robust method for patterning with high fidelity over a large area. To realize a 2D material-based device, we integrated the graphene nanoribbon arrays in field effect transistors (GNR-FETs) using conventional lithography and metallization on highly-doped Si/SiO2 substrate. Consequently, we observed an enhancement of the performance of the GNRtransistors compared to that of the micro-ribbon graphene transistors. Besides this, using a transfer printing process on a flexible polymeric substrate, we demonstrated graphene-silicon junction structures that use CVD grown graphene as flexible electrodes for Si based transistors.

본 연구는 주남저수지를 대상으로 빠르게 확산되고 있는 연꽃군락의 분포와 고니류의 활동범위를 파악하여 연꽃군락 의 확산과 고니류 월동지 이용패턴의 관계를 확인하고자 수행하였다. 연꽃의 확산 시기와 더불어 전반적인 낙동강 하구 일원의 고니류 개체수 변화추이를 살펴본 결과 연꽃의 확산과 주남저수지 월동개체수의 관련성은 뚜렷하지 않았 다. 주남저수지 내 연꽃군락의 분포는 2013년에 비해 2014년도에 수면 대비 비율이 13.2%에서 19%로 확산이 지속되었 으며, 고니류 개체는 연꽃군락 내부와 경계부 100m이내와 외부로 구분하였을 때 1차(2013년 12월 17일) 조사는 내부가 외부보다 약 3.1배 높은 밀도로 관찰되었으며, 3차(2014년 1월 29일)는 약 5.5배, 4차(2014년 12월 3일)에는 약 7.5배로 모두 연꽃군락 내부 관찰밀도가 매우 높았다. 2014년 1월 12일 2차조사는 탐방객이 집중하는 휴일 조사로 이러한 경향은 나타나지 않았다. 이는 고니류의 먹이활동 가능지역과 연꽃군락의 적정 생육공간이 일반적으로 수심 1m 남짓한 유사지역이라는 데에서 기인할 수도 있다. 그러나 연꽃군락의 증가가 고니류의 개체수 감소로 이어지지 않고 오히려 연꽃군락 중가와 함께 고니류가 지속적으로 증가하는 것으로 보았을 때 최소한 상충관계로 작용하지는 않음을 확인할 수 있었다.

Clematis patens는 미나리아재비과 으아리속에 속하는 다년 생 숙근초로 꽃잎화한 꽃받침을 가지고 있는 점이 특징이며 흰색, 분홍색, 자주색, 보라색, 등 다양한 화색이 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 C. patens ‘The President’에서 flavonoid 생합성 경로에 관여하는 유전자 중 delphinidin 계열 anthocyanin 색 소 합성을 유도하는 F3'5'H(ClF3'5'H)를 분리 동정하였으며, 화색 및 발달 단계별 ClF3'5'H 유전자의 발현 패턴을 분석하 였다. 또한 클레마티스 화색별 anthocyanin의 함량을 알아보 았다. 그 결과, 기존 보고된 Aconitum carmichaelii의 F3'5'H 유전자의 아미노산 서열과 79% 일치하여 높은 상동성을 갖는 것을 확인하였으며, ClF3'5'H 유전자의 발현 패턴은 흰색을 띠 는 클레마티스에서는 ClF3'5'H 유전자의 발현량이 많지는 않 았으나 다른 발달 단계에 비해 완전 개화한 단계에서 발현이 강했다. 분홍색을 띠는 클레마티스에서는 모든 발달 단계에서 ClF3'5'H 유전자의 발현이 검출되지 않았으며, 자주색과 보라 색을 띠는 클레마티스에서는 개화 직전 및 완전 개화 단계에 서 발현하였다. 이 결과로부터 클레마티스의 다양한 화색과 클 레마티스의 F3'5'H 유전자 발현과의 상관관계가 시사되었다.

Identification of specific marker proteins in cells is useful for isolating cells and determining their cellular characteristics and functions. Based on our previous study showing that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) can be used as a marker for porcine spermatogonia, the expression pattern of MMP-9 was determined in both pre- (5-month old) and post-pubertal (11–month old) bovine testes. Histological analysis revealed that spermatogonia were located near the basement membrane in both testes, while spermatozoa were not detected in the 5-month old pre-pubertal bovine testes and epididymides. Mature spermatozoa were observed in the 11-month bovine testes and epididymides, and MMP-9 expression in 11-month old bovine testes was lower than 5-month old testes, according to reverse transcription-PCR and real-time-PCR data. To determine the specific expression sites of MMP-9 in the bovine testes, immunohistochemistry was performed. Expression of MMP-9 was observed in cells near the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules in both 5- and 11-month old testes. Furthermore, MMP-9 positive cells expressed protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and deleted in azoospermia (DAZL) that are already known as bovine spermatogonial stem cells markers. In the present study, MMP-9 expression was identified in both pre- and post-pubertal bovine spermatogonia expressing PGP9.5 and DAZL, and located near the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. Thus, MMP-9 can be used as a marker for bovine spermatogonia, and may provide useful platforms for understanding the interaction between germ cells and extracellular matrix during spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules.

본 연구에서는 야생동물위치추적기(WT-300)을 이용하여 국내에 월동․번식하는 흰뺨검둥오리의 하루 동안 서식지 이용과 이동거리를 파악하여, 우리나라 수조류 서식지 보호․관리의 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 대상지역은 경기도 안성천, 충청남도 봉선저수지, 전라북도 만경강, 동진강, 전라남도 해남군 등 5개 하천과 저수지로 흰뺨검둥오리 20개체 에 위치추적기를 부착하였다. 흰뺨검둥오리는 월동기에 내륙수를 47.3%의 비중으로 가장 많이 이용하였으며, 다음으로 논, 해양수, 내륙습지, 연안습지 등이었다. 내륙수는 시간에 관계없이 꾸준히 이용하였다. 논은 야간에 주로 이용하였고, 내륙습지, 연안습지, 해양수의 경우 주간에 주로 이용하였다. 서식지 이용률 변화는 16시와 18시, 06시와 08시에 가장 컸다. 전체 평균 이동거리는 0.75±0.27㎞/2hours이었으며, 누적 이동거리는 8.95㎞이었다. 06시에서 08시, 16시에 서 18시에 이동한 거리는 2㎞이상으로 가장 길었다. 그 외 시간에는 1㎞미만의 이동거리를 보였다. 장거리를 이동한 시간은 서식지 이용률의 변화 폭이 가장 큰 시간과 일치하였다.