Hypertension is characterized by excessive renin-angiotensin system activity, leading to blood vessel constriction. Several synthetic compounds have been developed to inhibit renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). These drugs often have adverse side effects, driving the exploration of plant protein-derived peptides as alternative or supplementary treatments. This study assessed the phenolic compound and amino acid content and the antioxidant and antihypertensive activity of 5 South Korean staple crops. Sorghum had the highest phenolic compound content and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Millet grains, particularly finger millet (38.86%), showed higher antihypertensive activity than red beans (14.42%) and sorghum (17.16%). Finger millet was found to contain a large proportion of branched-chain, aromatic, and sulfur-containing amino acids, which are associated with ACE inhibition. In particular, cysteine content was positively correlated with ACE inhibition in the crops tested (r=0.696, p<0.01). This study confirmed that the amino acid composition was more correlated with the antihypertensive activity of grains than the phenolic compound content. Finger millet mainly contained amino acids, which have higher ACE inhibitory activity, resulting in the strongest antihypertensive activity. These findings underscore the antihypertensive potential of select crops as plant-based food ingredients, offering insight into their biological functions.

Reported positive ion fragmentation of phenolic acid derivatives in rice (Oryza sativa L.) were summarized based on the literature. A total of eight phenolic acids (4 derivatives of ferulic acid, 3 derivatives of sinapic acid and p-coumaric acid) were isolated and identified from rice (raw and steamed) using UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS. Results revealed that 6-O-feruloylsurose was the major component with 3'-O-sinapoylsucorse being tentatively identified in Oryza sativa L. for the first time as a new hydroxycinnamoyl derivative in rice grains. In our study, raw brown rice had the highest phenolic acid contents with Samkwang showing higher phenolic acid content than Saeilmi and Sindongjin (12.41 vs. 7.89 and 3.10 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively). Of all varieties, brown rice had higher phenolic acid contents than white rice. These contents decreased considerably when rice was steamed whereas, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid contents were increased. Additionally, contents of rice (raw and steamed) can be used as a fundamental report for new rice varieties.

Ultra-violet (UV) light is one of abiotic stress factors and causes oxidative stress in plants, but a suitable level of UV radiation can be used to enhance the phytochemical content of plants. The accumulation of antioxidant phenolic compounds in UV-exposed plants may vary depending on the conditions of plant (species, cultivar, age, etc.) and UV (wavelength, energy, irradiation period, etc.). To date, however, little research has been conducted on how leaf thickness affects the pattern of phytochemical accumulation. In this study, we conducted an experiment to find out how the antioxidant phenolic content of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) leaves with different thicknesses react to UV-A light. Kale seedlings were grown in a controlled growth chamber for four weeks under the following conditions: 20°C temperature, 60% relative humidity, 12-hour photoperiod, light source (fluorescent lamp), and photosynthetic photon flux density of 121±10 μmol m-2 s-1. The kale plants were then transferred to two chambers with different CO2 concentrations (382±3.2 and 1,027±11.7 μmol mol-1), and grown for 10 days. After then, each group of kale plants were subjected to UV-A LED (275+285 nm at peak wavelength) light of 25.4 W m-2 for 5 days. As a result, when kale plants with thickened leaves from treatment with high CO2 were exposed to UV-A, they had lower UV sensitivity than thinner leaves. The Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield on photosystem II) in the leaves of kale exposed to UV-A in a low-concentration CO2 environment decreased abruptly and significantly immediately after UV treatment, but not in kale leaves exposed to UV-A in a high-concentration CO2 environment. The accumulation pattern of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and individual phenolic compounds varied according to leaf thickness. In conclusion, this experiment suggests that the UV intensity should vary based on the leaf thickness (age etc.) during UV treatment for phytochemical enhancement.

In this study, we have fabricated the phenolic resin (PR)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) blend-derived core-sheath nanostructured carbon nanofibers (CNFs) via one-pot solution electrospinning. The obtained core-sheath nanostructured carbon nanofibers were further treated by mixed salt activation process to develop the activated porous CNFs (CNF-A). Compared to pure PAN-based CNFs, the activated PR/PAN blend with PR 20% (CNF28-A)-derived core-sheath nanostructured CNFs showed enhanced specific capacitance of ~ 223 F g− 1 under a three-electrode configuration. Besides, the assembled symmetric CNF28-A//CNF28-A device possessed a specific capacitance of 76.7 F g− 1 at a current density of 1 A g− 1 and exhibited good stability of 111% after 5,000 galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) cycles, which verifies the outstanding long-term cycle stability of the device. Moreover, the fabricated supercapacitor device delivered an energy density of 8.63 Wh kg− 1 at a power density of 450 W kg− 1.

Abstract In the present study, the effect of nickel nitrate addition as a catalytic precursor for the in situ formation of Ni nanoparticles during the heating process has been investigated on the modification of microstructure and graphitization of amorphous carbon resulting from pyrolysis of phenolic resin. For this purpose, the prepared resin samples were cured in carbon substrate with and without additives at temperatures of 800, 1000, and 1250 °C. XRD, FESEM, and TEM studies were performed to investigate the phase and microstructural changes in the samples during the heating process. In addition to phase and microstructural studies, thermodynamic calculations of the reactions performed for the in situ formation of nickel nanoparticles and their effective factors during the curing process were performed. The results indicated that nickel nitrate is transformed to nickel nanoparticles of different sizes during the reduction process in a reduced atmosphere. The in situ formation of nickel nanoparticles and its catalytic effect led to the graphitization of carbon resulting from the pyrolysis of phenolic resin at a temperature of 800 °C and above. By increasing temperature, the morphology of the formed graphite changed and hollow carbon nanotubes, carbon cells, and onion skin carbon were formed in the microstructure. It was also observed that by increasing the temperature and the amount of additive, carbon nanotubes and their size are increased. A noteworthy point from thermodynamic calculations during the formation of nickel nanoparticles was that the nickel nanoparticles themselves acted as accelerators of nickel oxide reduction reactions and the formation of nickel nanoparticles. This increases the amount of amorphous carbon graphitization resulting from the pyrolysis of phenolic resin which leads to the formation of more carbon nanotubes at higher temperatures.

The aim of study to investigate the phytochemicals and biological activities the bark of Betula schmidtii. The studies consisted of the solvent extraction, followed by the isolation of phenolic components 1~3 from ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of Betula schmidtii Bark. Their chemical structures were identified as arbutin (1), ρ-coumaric acid (2) and ferulic acid (3) using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) (negative ion mode), 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), 13C-NMR, 1H-1H Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) and 1H-13C Hetero Nuclear Multiple Quantum Correlation (HMQC) spectral data. Compounds 1~3 shows the anti-oxidant effect with IC50 values of 29.74±1.52, 21.32±1.07 and 34.41±1.24 in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, respectively. Also, compounds 1~3 exhibited mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 31.14±1.07, 42.54±1.46 and 69.22±1.43 μM, respectively.

Lac 색소의 열수와 메탄올 추출물의 일부 유리아미노산과 그 유도체의 조성 및 함량, phenolic acid와 flavonoid의 조성 및 함량을 분석하고, 일부 피부미용 화장품 생리활성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 유리아미노산은 열수와 메탄올 추출물에서 각각 검출되지 않았으며, 단백질 비구성 아미노산 유도체는 열수 추출물에서 2종, 메탄올 추출물에서는 3종이 검출되었다. Phenolic acid와 flavonoids의 조성 및 함량분석에서, phenolic acid의 경우 열수 추출물에서 2종, 메탄올 추출물에서 5종이 검출되었다. 또한 flavonoids의 경우 열수 추출물에서는 검출되지 않았으나, 메탄올 추출물에서는 rutin과 taxifolin이 약간 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. DPPH radical 소거 활성은 메탄올 추출물이 40.43 ± 0.21%로 열수 추출물에서보다 약간 높게 나타났고, Tyrosinase 저해 활성은 메탄올 추출물이 열수 추출물에서 보다 약 2배 정도 높은 것으로 나타났다. HaCaT 세포주에 대한 세포독성은 모든 처리 농도에서 나타나지 않았으며, 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 세포 생장이 증가하는 경향이었다.

The chemical informs about 70 individual phenolic compounds were constructed from various lettuce samples based on literature sources and analytical data. A total of 30 phenolic compounds including quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, quercetin 3-O-(6''-O- malonyl) glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl)glucoside, chlorogenic acid and chicoric acid as major components were identified in 6 lettuce samples from Korea using UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS on the basis of constructed library. Among these, quercetin 3,7-di-O-glucoside(m/z 627 [M+H]+), quercetin 3-O-(2''-O-malonyl)glucoside(morkotin C, m/z 551 [M+H]+), quercetin 3-O-(6''- O-malonyl)glucoside methyl ester(m/z 565 [M+H]+), 5-O-cis-p-coumaroylquinic acid(m/z 339 [M+H]+) and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester(m/z 369 [M+H]+) were newly confirmed from the lettuce samples. In total content of phenolic compounds, 4 red lettuce samples(2,947.7~7,535.6 mg/100 g, dry weight) showed higher than green lettuce(2,687.3 mg) and head lettuce(320.1 mg).

Macro-porous carbon foams are fabricated using cured spherical phenolic resin particles as a matrix and furfuryl alcohol as a binder through a simple casting molding. Different sizes of the phenolic resin particles from 100– 450 μm are used to control the pore size and structure. Ethylene glycol is additionally added as a pore-forming agent and oxalic acid is used as an initiator for polymerization of furfuryl alcohol. The polymerization is performed in two steps; at 80oC and 200oC in an ambient atmosphere. The carbonization of the cured body is performed under Nitrogen gas flow (0.8 L/min) at 800oC for 1 h. Shrinkage rate and residual carbon content are measured by size and weight change after carbonization. The pore structures are observed by both electron and optical microscope and compared with the porosity results achieved by the Archimedes method. The porosity is similar regardless of the size of the phenolic resin particles. On the other hand, the pore size increases in proportion to the phenol resin size, which indicates that the pore structure can be controlled by changing the raw material particle size.

The aim of this study was to compare the two in vitro culture systems callus and adventitious root by investigating the biomass and phenolic compounds in calli and adventitious roots induced from four different explants (leaf, root, petal, and ovary) in Camellia japonica. The biomass of calli and adventitious roots was examined after 4 and 8 weeks of cultivation, respectively, and 22 phenolic compounds were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biomass of the ovary-derived calli (2.0 g･mass-1) was 1.5-fold that of the leaf-derived calli. The dry weight (DW) was highest in ovary-derived calli; however, the highest dry matter content was obtained from leaf-derived calli. Differences in the investigated characteristics depended on the callus origin. In adventitious roots, the highest biomass was achieved in the leaf-derived adventitious root system; its fresh weight was 2.3-fold (89 mg･ea-1) higher, and its DW was 1.8-fold (16 mg･ea-1) higher than those of ovary-derived adventitious root system. Active cell division was detected in petal-derived lines in both the calli and adventitious roots. Results of the HPLC analysis revealed that the total content of 22 phenolic compounds was highest in ovary-derived calli and ovary-derived adventitious roots. Our experiments confirmed that the calli and adventitious roots of C japonica have different cytological characteristics and bioactive compounds depending on the explant origin. In addition, callus culture was a more suitable system than adventitious root for producing phenolic compounds when the duration of the culture period and biomass were considered.

참나무 단목원목으로 재배한 P. linteus KACC93057P (PLHS)2년산 자실체 60%에탄올 추출물의 총 페놀함량은 19.05±0.32 mg GAE/g로 다른 비교구 버섯 종에 비하여 4배에서 10배이상의 높게 나타났다. 125 μg/mL농도에서 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 62%와 100%를 나타냈으며 FRAP 환원력은 0.7μMFeSO4/g 으로 비교 구 버섯종 보다 2에서 10배이상의 유효활성이 검출 되었다. PLHS 자실체 ethyl acetate분배 추출물의 HPLC분석에서 styrylpyrone 계열의 화합물 davallialactone, hispidin, hypholomine B와 phenylpropanoid 계열의 화합물인 caffeic acid가 동정 되었다.