Salivary gland adenocarcinoma(AdCa NOS) is one of the major causes of mortality among malignant salivary gland tumors. New therapeutic measure are needed to improve the outcome for patients with AdCa NOS because current therapy does not significantly improve survival rates. Transglutaminase 2(TGase 2) was implicated in forming cross-linked protein polymer, apoptosis and matrix interaction. And also TGase 2 expression is up-regulated in proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. shRNA which has emerged as an effective method to target specific genes for silencing has provided new opportunities for cancer therapy. But there has been rarely reported using shRNA-TGase 2 transfection in AdCa NOS. The purpose of this study were to examine the specific inhibition of TGase 2 mRNA and protein expression by siRNA transfection of TGase 2 through RT-PCR and immunoslot blotting, and to study proliferation, migration and invasion assay of SGT cell line from AdCa NOS. Cell cycle analysis showed that the downregulation of shRNA-TGase 2 caused the accumulation of cells in the sub-G0/G1 phase. In migration assay, suppressing shRNA-TGase 2 inhibited the capacity of the cells to migrate compared to parental cells. In invasion assay, cells transfected with shRNA-TGase 2 decreased in invasion when compared to SGT and vector transfected cells. shRNA-TGase 2 expressing plasmids efficiently downregulated TGase 2 mRNA and TGase 2 protein expression. It suggested that the shRNA-TGase 2 targeting system against TGase 2 could have a therapeutic potentiality for malignant salivary gland tumors, especially in inhibiting and/or preventing cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

Transglutaminase (TGM2) belongs to a family of cross-linking enzymes responsible for catalyzing Ca2+-dependent acyl-transfer reactions between the substrate proteins. TGM2 is a cytosolic protein that has also been observed in the nucleus and can be expressed to the cell surface or extracellular matrix. Despite ubiquitous expression, its functions are poorly understood and still need to be elucidated. Moreover, there is no clear data regarding the role of transglutaminase in mammalian oocytes. So, in this study, we have patterned the transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and anti-N epsilon gamma glutamyl lysine (AB424) activity in heat stressed mouse oocytes. We have collected mouse oocytes from the (6–9 weeks old) mouse and in vitro matured for 20 h. Immunocytochemistry was performed to checked the transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and anti-N epsilon gamma glutamyl lysine (AB424) activity after 6 h of heat stress (HS) at 39.1 ℃. Both TGM2 and AB424 expression were significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to control when oocytes were subjected to HS at 6 h of IVM at 39.1 ℃. Our hypothesis is that TGM2 and AB424 activity may be correlated with the cellular regression and also involvement in apoptosis. We hope that, our study will help to elucidate the normal function of mouse oocyte and also identification of the principal proteins as well as the pathogenic mechanism of altered physiology. These results suggest that the nuclear accumulation of the transglutaminase may play an important role in nuclear remodeling during folliculogenesis and early embryonic development

Transglutaminase2 (TGM2) is a multi-functional calcium dependent enzyme that affects angiogenesis, apoptosis, differentiation, attachment, and changes in the extracellular matrix. However, its function in periodontal tissue has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the TGM2 expression and the modulation of inflammatory mediators in inflamed periodontal ligament (PDL) cells induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-1β and the Tumor necrosis factor-α. The expression of TGM2 was increased in the inflamed periodontal tissue and PDL cells. Over-expressed TGM2 in the PDL cells increased expression of MMP1, MMP3, IL-6, CXCL8, and PTGS2. Conversely, inhibition of TGM2 activity using LDN27219, a TGM2 inhibitor, resulted in decreased expression of MMP1, MMP3, IL-6, and CXCL8. The mRNA expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and quantified by qRT-PCR. Protein levels were also confirmed by immunofluoroscence staining. These results suggest that TGM2 plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory mediators which exacerbate tissue damage in inflamed periodontal tissue.

본 연구에서는 다수확 품종인 벼 품종들의 이화학적인 특성을 조사하여 가공적성이 우수한 품종을 선정하고, TG를 첨가하여 쌀 스폰지케이크를 제조함으로써 로프 볼륨과 조직감 등 품질향상을 위해 실험을 수행하였다. 아밀로오스 함량은 품종간 18.5~20.2% 범위로 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 물결합력은 품종 중 보람찬이 높아 제빵 제조에 적절하였으며 물결합력과전분손상도는 서로 정의 상관을 나타냈다. 품종들의 호화특성은 트랜스글루타미나제를 첨가하지 않은 쌀가루보다 첨가된쌀가루에서 향상되었다. 쌀 스폰지 케이크의 부피와 견고도는부의 상관관계를 가졌고, 0.2% TG 첨가 시 밀가루와 유사한부피를 나타냈다. 스폰지케이크의 경도는 무첨가 보다 TG 첨가 시 변화가 적어 노화가 억제되었고, 0.2% 첨가 시 물성개선에 적절하였다. 관능검사 결과 보람찬 품종이 외형, 조직, 맛과 전체적인 평가에서 우수하였다.

A patient complaining of severe pain in the right submandibular area showed a huge sialolith in radiogram. During the operation, the submandibular gland was much indurated, and large amount of pus was discharged out at an incision of the salivary gland. The removed salivary gland contained a huge sialolith in the major excretory duct of submandibular gland, which had an intact grayish-white surface in ovoid shape. In the histological examination its excretory ducts were extensively dilated without extravasation of saliva, and the involved salivary gland was almost destroyed by the granulomatous r eaction. Most of a cinar cells were d isappeared and r eplaced by ductal cells filled with exudative materials. The microsections of sialolith showed typical laminar structures of calcification containing amorphous basophilic material in the center, in which a lot of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms were found. In the center of sialolith numerous microorganisms were admixed with mucinous materials which were strongly positive for the antibody of mucin-1, and formed multiple colonies. In the periphery of the bacterial colonies proline rich proteins (PRPs) were condensely localized, and followed by the consistent positive reaction of transglutaminase 4 (TGase-4). These data suggest that the sialolith of this study is formed from the primary nidus of bacterial colony aggregated with salivary mucin-1 and PRPs by the crosslinking reaction of TGase-4.

It is not yet clear to know how normal human osteoblasts(NHost) from oral and maxillofacial area deposit, stabilize, and configure their extracellular matrix on dental biomaterial surfaces. Therefore it is necessary to design biomaterials with improved biocompatibility that will promote earlier bone differentiation and mineralization. There is now increasing evidence that TGase 2 may play a role in the initiation and regulation of the mineralization processes and serves to cross-link osteocalcin and osteopontin, which are predominant substrates for TGase 2 expressed during bone mineralization. But it is still unclear as to which TGase 2 is expressed by NHost in vitro bone formation. The purpose of this s tudy was t o determine the level of TGase 2 expression associated with collagen I , osteopontin and osteocalcin in NHost cell lines from oral and maxillofacial area in vitro. We will investigate whether TGase 2 has an active role in the biocompatibility of dental biomaterials during differentiation and mineralization of NHost. NHost cell lines were cultured under DMEM with 10% FBS at 37ﾟC and 5% CO2. Collagen quantification, mineralization and calcium assay, ALP activity assay, and RT-PCR analysis during bone differentiation and mineralization were done. ALP levels showed higher activity under AA+hGP t han under AA. I nhibition o f T Gase 2 by cystamine showed d ecreased Ca++ concentration, c ollagen I deposition and ALP level during 11 days of differentiation. TGase 2 mRNA expression of NHost was constant during mineralization stage. TGase 2 enzyme activity was increased during differentiation. Osteopontin mRNA expression during mineralization was higher than that of osteocalcin and collagen I . It suggested that TGase 2 associated with collagen I, osteocalcin and osteonectin might play a role in the differentiation of NHost from oral and maxillofacial area, but a little involved in mineralization.

Transglutaminase 2(TGase 2) expression is modulatecl by π>JF- a in various carcinoma. The role of TGase 2 ancl TNF- a expression in salivaIY gland tumors is not clear yet. Establishecl SGT cellline has been used to study the pathogenesis of salivaIY gland adenocaI‘cinoma on a cellular level in vitro. 까le pupose of this study were to examine n버NA expression of TGase 2 and TNF- ain SGT cellline comparecl to other tumor celllines, ancl to apply these results to the paùlogenesis of salivary gland tumor. After SGT, SCC-15, HN 4, and HeLa tumor celllines were culturecl under preconfluency, ancl 3 clays after postconfluency, the cells were harvested for total RNA extraction and cDNA preparation. RT-PCR for semiquantitative mRNA analysis was done. 까le obtained results were as follows. 1. TGase 2 and π>JF- amRNA expression was not induced by confluency in all the celllines 2. TGase 2 and π'JF- amRNA expression was variable but markeclly enhanced 비 SGTcellline 3. TGase 2 n버NA expression appeared to be associated with that of π>JF- ain SGT cellline From the aboving res ults, mRNA expression of TGase 2 and TNF a should play an important role in the pathogenesis of SGT cellline originated ti'om ductal cell.

Established SGT cell line from human submandibular gland adenocarcinoma was used to study the TGase expression on a cellular level in vitro. Transglutaminase 2(TGase 2) is assoacitated with apoptosis, GTP binding protein, and cell marix interaction. The role of TGase 2 in salivary gland tumors is not clear yet. The pupose of this study were to examine the TGase expression of SGT cell line compared to other tumor cell lines, and to apply these results to the pathogenesis of salivary gland tumor. TGase enzyme assay of SGT, SCC-15, HN 4 and HeLa tumor cell line was 3 times repeated, and calculated. Immunoslot blot for semiquantitative protein analysis was done. The obtained results were as follows. 1. SGT cell line showed the highest TGase 2 enzyme activity(about 6-16 folds) irrespective of pre or postconfluency. 2. HN 4 cell line showed the highest TGase 1 enzyme activity(about 2-3 folds) irrespective of pre or postconfluency. 3. Under postconfluency TGase 1 induction was not induced, but slightly increased in all tumor cell lines. 4. TGase enzyme activity in all tumor cell lines was accompanied with TGase protein formation. From the aboving results, the higher TGase 2 expression of SGT cell line suggested that they would come from submandibular ductal cells and have a important role in the pathogensis of salivary gland tumors.

단백질을 연결시키는 효소인 transglutaminase는 모발에서 다양한 효과를 나타낼 수 있는 가능성이 있는데 이중에는 모발의 단단함을 증가시키는 작용도 포함된다. 여러 transglutaminase 효소 중 Streptomyces mobaraensis로부터 분리된 미생물 유래 효소를 손상된 모발에 사용한 후 인장강도를 평가한 결과 초기에 비해15.64%까지 증가되는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 효과는 transglutaminas가 샴푸를 사용하여 세정하는 과정에서의 모발 손상을 복구시킬 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 transglutaminase를 이용해 모발 표면의 특성을 개선시킴으로써 모발의 윤기를 증가시키고 표면의 마찰력을 감소시키는데 유용하게 이용될 수 있었다.