Nannophya pygmaea (commonly known as the scarlet dwarf dragonfly) was designated as an endangered species, level II, by the Ministry of Environment of Korea in 1994; it has been used as a flagship species for the protection and preservation of wetlands. Over 25 sites in Korea have been identified as the habitat of Nannophya pygmaea. However, most of these habitats have proven to be unstable, and there have been subsequent changes in the assemblage structure and organization. Most habitats changed to become grasslands or plain ground, and now only five habitats remain. Although efforts have been made to protect the Nannophya pygmaea as an endangered species, their habitat loss has increased, caused by natural succession and drought. Therefore, we need to make stronger protections in the preservation manual of level II endangered species, particularly Nannophya pygmaea, and its native habitats in Korea.

The properties of rice were studied on five rice cultivars (Ilpumbyeo, Samkwang, Goami-4, Dodamssal, and Thai rice), and employed two kinds of saccharification treatment methods (treatment : rice shape, treatment II: grinding rice shape). Thai rice showed differences in width and length when compared to other cultivars of rice, and the Goami 4 had the lowest thousand-grain weight. The Goami4 and Dodamssal each showed high contents of amylose and resistant starch, and the water absorption rate was close to maximum at 90 minutes as well as the highest level of Goami 4 at all times. The qualities of highest water-binding capacity, solubility and swelling power was most significant in Thai rice. The lowest hardness level of wet rice resulted in the lowest hydration-related characteristics. High amylose content rice, in particular, showed low sugar content and slightly increased sugar content as the saccharification process improved (treatment II). On the other hand, high amylose cultivars had the same high degree of hardness as boiled rice. From these results, the Dodamssal was found to have the lowest viscosity at all temperatures but highest viscosity during the saccharification process, suggesting it may be successfully implemented as a thickener in rice beverage processing. The purpose of this study was to attempt to provide basic data on the development of rice beverage manufacturing technology, based upon the quality characteristics related to beverage processing of rice cultivars.

최근 전북 지역은 바지락 생산량이 감소하여 2015년에 전국 생산량의 17.8%를 차지한 반면, 충남 지역은 점차 증가하여 49.1% 를 차지하였다. 갯벌은 다양한 저서생물이 서식하고 있고, 조석에 의해 물질이 유출·입되는 특성이 있기 때문에 만의 특성을 고려한 물질 수지를 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 2015년 5월과 8월에 곰소만과 근소만의 바지락 어장 지역과 외해지역의 차이를 비교하기 위해 3개의 해역(Sector , Sector , Control)으로 구분하고, LOICZ Model을 이용하여 물질수지를 산정하였다. 분석결과 바지락 성장이 활 발한 5월에 바지락 양식장이 밀집한 곰소만과 근소만 Sector 의 DIP는 각각 207.2 kg/day와 77.2 kg/day로 나타났고, DIN은 4,996.7 kg/day와 926.6 kg/day로 나타났다. 주로 양식생물의 섭식작용에 큰 원인으로 보이며, 근소만보다 곰소만에서 바지락 밀식이 이루어지는 것 으로 판단된다. 따라서 건강한 갯벌 생태계 유지와 지속적인 바지락 생산을 위해서는 밀식을 저감하기 위한 지속적인 관리가 필요하다.

An investigation of the effects of Pb for domestic anuran embryos were evaluated with the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay; Xenopus (FETAX). Depending on the species, the difference between the embryo size and the embryonic development time was determined. As a result, mortality and malformation rates were increased, malformation patterns were changed and larval body length were decreased in a dose dependent manner of the Pb. The half maximal lethal concentration (LC50) of the Bufo gargarizans, Hyla japonica, Rana nigromaculata and Bombina orientalis were 0.58, 0.49, 0.52, 0.54 mg L-1, respectively. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of the Bufo gargarizans, Hyla japonica, Rana nigromaculata and Bombina orientalis were 0.35, 0.74, 0.30, 0.29 mg L-1, respectively. The teratogenic index (TI) were 1.66 in the Bufo gargarizans, 1.81 in the Hyla japonica, 1.73 in the Rana nigromaculata and 1.86 in the Bombina orientalis, respectively. Therefore, the Pb seems likely to have a teratogenic effect in all four species’ embryonic development. The Bombina orientalis was the most sensitive to the Pb. This means that the difference between the different species, even if they have all been exposed to the same concentration of pollutants depending on the species. The result above show that the Pb acts as a teratogenic agent in the development of the four domestic frog species.

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify marine bacterium with anti-methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity, and to purify the anti-MRSA compound, as well as to determine its activity and synergistic effects. Among the marine bacteria isolated in this study, the YJ-1 isolate had the strongest anti-MRSA activity. The YJ-1 isolate was identified on the basis of its biochemical characteristics and an analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The YJ-1 isolate showed over 99.2% homology with Pseudomonas stutzeri, and was designated as a Pseudomonas sp. YJ-1. The optimal culture conditions were 25℃ and initial pH 7.0. For the purification of the anti-MRSA compounds, the YJ-1 was cultured in Pa PES-II medium, and the culture filtrates were extracted by ethyl acetate, hexane, and 80% MeOH. The 80% MeOH fraction was separated by a C18 ODS column, silica gel chromatography and a reverse phase HPLC, to yield three anti-MRSA agents, the MR1, MR2, and MR3 compounds. When the MR1 compound of 250 μg mL-1 concentration was applied to the MRSA cells, over 95% of bacterial cells was killed within 48 hr. Compared with vancomycin and ampicillin, the MR1 compound showed significant anti-MRSA activity. In addition, the anti-MRSA activity was increased by dose and time dependent manners. Furthermore, the combination of an MR1 compound with vancomycin produced a more rapid decrease in the MRSA cells than did the MR1 compound alone. Taken together, our results suggest that the Pseudomonas sp. YJ-1 and its anti-MRSA compounds could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent in MRSA infections.

Shrimps infected with WSSV (White Spot Syndrome Virus) generally exhibit white spots in their inner space of carapaces as an acute clinical sign. In an effort to identify the correlation between this acute clinical sign and the condition, the index factors (RNA/DNA concentration and ratio, trypsin activity) were analyzed. A total 580 farmed Fenneropenaeus chinensis and 130 Lithopenaeus vannamei were collected from western and southern fifteen outdoor ponds in Korea. The status of the white spot pathology was divided into four stages (stage 0, stage I, stage II, and stage III), in accordance with the clinical signs as to the size and area of white spots. A significant decrease in RNA concentration and RNA/DNA ratio for multi-infected fleshy prawn (WSSV and vibrio sp.) occurred during the stage III (the whole carapace is covered with a white spot). In particular, RNA/DNA ratio was significantly lower as 1.47±0.04 than other groups. A similar trend was also found in the single infection (WSSV), but the decrease was less than the multi-infection. In the species comparison, both species were vulnerable to the multi-infection, but L. vannamei was more sensitive than F. chinensis (ANOVA, p<0.05): A significant decrease in RNA concentration and RNA/DNA ratio was first found in stage II for the former species, while it was found in stage III for the latter species. Trypsin activity was also showed a similar tendency with nucleic acid variation. Multi-infected shrimp showed drastically decrease of trypsin activity. According to the results, clinical signs of the white spot under carapace have an only physiological effect on shrimp if they covered entirely with white spots.

In the past years, few grain sorghum varieties with limited yield potential have been developed and grown in Korea. Hybrids tend to be more productive and resistive to unfavorable environmental conditions than pure line varieties. However, no hybrid cultivars are available and never have been planted for grain sorghum in Korea. The main aims of this study were to (i) verify if US x Korean and US x US hybrids increase grain yield in Korea; (ii) assess the performance of waxy hybrids in Korea and the US; (iii) estimate general combining ability and specific combining ability for the lines studied; and (iv) identify superior lines and hybrids for future use in breeding. Two distinct sets of waxy-endosperm sorghum hybrids derived from Korean landraces and US lines (Texas A&M University) were tested in the US and Korea. Compared to the parental lines, hybrids derived from US lines and Korean landraces showed yield increase that ranged from 2% to 127%. Hybrids created from US lines showed higher heterosis than US x Korean hybrids. Hybrid vigor was observed in the US and Korea, but shifts in ranks of hybrid performance occurred. The results indicate that it is feasible to develop grain sorghum hybrids adapted to Korean conditions only if delibrate selections take place in Korea. A combination of Korean and US sources could provide an acceptable germplasm base for developing Korean landrace based sorghum hybrids.

This study was designed to determine the effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes and early development of parthenogenesis (PA) embryos in pigs. Each IVM and IVC medium was supplemented with various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 5 mM) of MSG and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) depending on the experimental design. Immature pig oocytes were matured for 44 h and then oocytes reached metaphase II (MII) stage were electrically activated to induce parthenogenesis (PA). When immature oocytes were treated with MSG in the absence of NEAA during IVM, nuclear maturation (83.1-87.1%), intra-oocyte glutathione content, cumulus expansion, and cleavage (91.4-93.4%) of PA embryos were not influenced by MSG treatment at all concentrations. However, blastocyst formation of PA embryos was significantly increased by 5.0 mM MSG (45.3 ± 6.2%) compared to control (25.6 ± 3.4%). MSG treatment during IVM in the presence of NEAA did not show significant effect on nuclear maturation of oocytes and blastocyst formation after PA while 0.5 mM MSG (89.3 ± 1.9%) decreased (P < 0.05) cleavage of PA embryos compared to 0.1 mM MSG (94.6 ± 1.1%). When PA embryos were treated for 7 days with MSG during IVC, 5.0 mM MSG significantly decreased blastocyst formation (27.8 ± 4.9%) compared to no treatment (41.4 ± 1.9%) while no decrease in blastocyst formation was observed in 0.1 and 0.5 mM (37.4 ± 3.4% and 34.4 ± 2.6%, respectively). Our results demonstrated that 5 mM MSG in a NEAA-free chemically defined maturation medium showed positive effect on PA embryonic development while 5 mM MSG treatment during IVC was deleterious to PA embryonic development in pigs.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is found in oocytes and transmitted to offspring due to maternal obesity. Treatment of obese mothers with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitors such as salubrinal (SAL) can reverse the mitochondrial dysfunction and result in normal embryonic development. Pig oocytes have also shown ER stress mostly in metaphase II stage. ER stress in oocytes may hinder the in vitro production of pig embryos. This study investigated the effect of ER stress inhibition by SAL treatment during in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes at 1, 10, 50 and 100 nM concentrations. Firstly, we tested various concentrations of SAL. SAL at 10 nM showed higher (P < 0.05) developmental competence to the blastocyst stage (55.6%) after parthenogenesis (PA) than control (44.2%) while not different from other concentrations (49.2, 51.6, and 50.8% for 1, 50, and 100 nM, respectively). Secondly, we performed time-dependent treatment at 10 nM of SAL for IVM of oocytes. It revealed that treatment with SAL during 22 to 44 h of IVM significantly improved PA embryonic development to the blastocyst stage compared to control (40.5, 46.3, 51.7 and 60.2% for control, 0 to 22 h, 22 to 44 h and 0 to 44 h of IVM, respectively, P < 0.05). Glutathione (GSH) content is an indicator of cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a harmful effect on developmental competence of oocytes. For this, we determined the intraoocyte levels of GSH and ROS after 44 h of IVM. It was found that SAL increased intraoocyte GSH level and also decreased ROS level (P < 0.05). Finally, we performed somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) after treating oocytes with 10 nM SAL during IVM. SAL treatment significantly improved blastocyst formation of SCNT embryos compared to control (39.6% vs. 24.7%, P < 0.05). Our results indicate that treatment of pig oocytes with ER stress inhibitor SAL during IVM improves preimplantation development PA and cloned pig embryos by influencing cytoplasmic maturation in terms of increased GSH content and decreased ROS level in IVM pig oocytes.

Turmeric is known for its ability to enhance immunity via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Salmonella enterica species contain a large number of pathogenic serotypes that are adapted to a broad range of vertebrate hosts. Our previous study revealed that bioprocessed polysaccharides from the liquid culture Lentinus edodes fungal mycelia containing turmeric (BPP-turmeric) is able to alter chicken macrophage responses and increases chick survival against Salmonella enterica infection. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effects of BPP-turmeric on the porcine macrophage 3D4/31 cell line infected with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) or S. Enteritidis. Our experimental analyses demonstrated that BPP-turmeric (i) does not alter phagocytic and killing activity of 3D4/31 against either Salmonella serotypes, but that it (ii) represses mRNA transcription of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α in response to Salmonella infection. Collectively, these results imply that BPP-turmeric has an immunomodulatory effect that represses pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in porcine macrophages, suggesting that it may protect swine from salmonellosis via controlling Salmonella-induced hyperinflammation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the lesions of a mouse collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model using fluorescence bioimaging and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and to compare it with histopathological examination. Twelve mice were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (G1) as control, group 2 (G2) as fluorescence probe control and group 3 (G3) as collagen antibodyinduced arthritis. The mice of G3 intravenously received anti-type II collagen 5-clone antibody cocktail (2 mg/mouse) on day 0 and intraperitoneally received lipopolysaccharide (50 μg/mouse) on day 3. On the while, the mice of G1 and G2 received 0.9% saline in equal volumes at equivalent times. Fluorescence bioimaging and micro-CT analysis were carried out to assess arthritis. Treatment with the collagen antibody cocktail increased the paw thickness of mice compared to those in both the control and probe-treated groups. Fluorescence bioimaging using a near infrared imaging agent showed high intensity in the joints of collagen antibody- treated mice, whereas those of control mice showed no signal. Micro-CT analysis of the knee joints of collagen antibody-treated mice showed rough and irregular articular appearance, whereas those of control mice showed normal appearance. Histopathological examination of the knee joints of collagen antibody-treated mice revealed destruction of cartilage and bony structure, synovial hyperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells. No cartilage destruction or inflammation was observed in control or probe control mice. Taken together, it is concluded that analyses of fluorescent bioimaging made it possible to evaluate CAIA lesions, comparable with those by micro-CT and histopathological examination in mice.

The new businesses started by the companies usually results in being unsuccessful. The main reasons for that are either aiming targeting wrong customers, unsatisfaction of customers’ requesting quality standards, or taking wrong actions against the competitors in the market. Therefore, companies should aim the targets for the newly developing products based on the fulfilling values for the customers when they start the new businesses, and should take good cares for risk managements at the each step of the new business to prevent the failure in advance. In addition to that, the companies starting new businesses not only need to take the customers attributes (CA) into account, but they also should apply the new technologies as one system to initiate a new business to satisfy the basic wants of the customers. This article suggests the New Product Development Pursuing Model using the Indicative Planning methodology and the Quality Management tools. The New Product Development Pursuing Model would be completed by the following steps as below; 1. Drawing the CTQ (Critical To Quality) for setting up the new product development objectives by : i) using the VOC (Voice Of Customers) obtained by the QFD (Quality Function Deploypment) if the market is mature, ii) applying AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to information in the QIS (Quality Information System) if the market is unmature to get enough need information of the customers. 2. Risk Management in NPD : The NPD pursuing model consisted of the IP (indicative planning) is suggested not by the process of top-down-way mandatory planning process, but by the tools used in the administrative science and economic fields, namely by governance. The companies could apply innovative methodology for new products development processes to fulfil the customers satisfaction in the fields, through the CA (Contingency Approach) of the NPD (New Product Development) process.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is one of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and found mainly in the chloroplasts. Many studies have been reported that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mammalian oocytes were reduced by supplementation of ALA in in vitro maturation (IVM) medium. Based on these reports, we expected that ALA acts as an antioxidant during IVM of porcine oocytes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of ALA supplementation during IVM in porcine oocytes. The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were incubated in IVM medium containing 200 μM H2O2 or H2O2 with 50 μM ALA for 44 h. Nuclear maturation stage of oocytes was evaluated using aceto-orcein method. For measurement of oxidative stress state, intracellular ROS and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured using carboxy-DCFDA and cell tracker red, respectively. In results, oocytes in metaphase-II (MII) stage development was significantly reduced in H2O2 group compared to non-treated control group (61.84±1.42% and 80.00%, respectively; p<0.05) and it was slightly recovered by treatment of ALA (69.76±1.67%; p<0.05). The intracellular GSH levels was decreased in H2O2 groups compared with control groups, but it was enhanced by ALA treatment (p<0.05). On the contrary, H2O2 treatment increased intracellular ROS level in oocytes and H2O2-induced ROS was decreased by treatment of ALA (p<0.05). Our findings suggested that ALA treatment under oxidative stress condition improve oocyte maturation via elevated GSH and reduced ROS levels in oocytes. Therefore, these results suggest that ALA have an antioxidative ability and it could be used as antioxidant in in vitro production system of porcine embryo.

동아시아 지역 신석기시대 다원커우 (大汶口)문화의 대표적 유물인 삼 족기는 다른 문화권에서는 볼 수 없는 ‘새 모양의 몸체에 세 개의 다리’ 가 달려 있는 독특한 형태의 그릇이다. 본 논문은 이 특별한 삼족기의 형 태에 대하여 그 근원을 고찰 한 것이다. 중국의 미학자 리쩌허우는 그의 저서 『미의 역정』에서 이 삼족기가 세 개의 다리를 가진 것에서 ‘자연계를 모방하지 않은 인류 최초의 형식 창 조’라고 한 바 있다. 그러나 본 논문은 이 삼족기가 새의 모양인 것에 주 목하여 새 혹은 그와 비슷한 대상을 모방했을 가능성과 그 창조의 근원 이 될 수 있는 고대인들의 특별한 관념에 대하여 고찰 하였다. 삼족기의 특징인 세 개의 다리 형식은 북방의 몽골 유목민에서 전래되 어 동북 지역의 훙산 (紅山)문화에서 체계화된 숫자 3에 대한 특별한 관 념에서 비롯된 것으로 보인다. 삼족기는 이 관념이 인근 지역으로 확산 되면서 광범위한 지역에서 시대를 이어가며 제작 되었던 그릇의 한 형식 으로 다원커우 삼족기만의 특징이라 할 수는 없다. 그러나 새 모양의 형태는 다원커우 삼족기만의 특징으로 다원커우문 화의 초기부터 가지고 있었던 새토템의 영향으로 추정된다. 다원커우문 화는 동이족이 이룩한 문화로 고대의 저서 『한시외전 (韓詩外傳)』·『좌 전 (左傳)』·『회남자 (淮南子)』·『산해경』 등에 의하면 초기의 태호족 시기부터 새토템을 가지고 있었으며, 중기의 소호족 시기에 태양 숭배 사상이 더해져서 태양새토템으로 발전하였고, 여기에 숫자 3에 대한 특 별한 관념이 더해져서 세 발 달린 까마귀인 삼족오를 숭배하는 삼족오 신앙을 가졌던 것을 알 수 있다. 관념으로서의 삼족오신앙이 형상으로 표현됨으로써 처음에는 <팽이형토기>에 태양을 실어 나르는 새를 상징 하는 평면적인 도상으로 나타났으며, 이후 입체적인 형태의 <태양신조형 (太陽神鳥型)토기>로 표현되었고, 마침내 삼족오를 닮은 새 모양의 몸 체에 세 개의 다리가 달린 제사용 도기 규 (鬹)가 제작되었는데 이것이 바로 다원커우문화의 삼족기라 할 수 있다. 그러므로 다원커우문화의 새 모양 삼족기는 리쩌허우가 말한 ‘자연계 를 모방하지 않은 인류 최초의 형식 창조’라기 보다는 다원커우인들의 관념 속에 숭배의 대상으로 존재했던 ‘삼족오를 형상화한 관념 대상의 모방’으로 보는 것이 타당할 것이다. 또한 중국의 중원에서는 수·당나라 이후로 이미 사라진 삼족오 도상 이 우리나라에서는 삼국시대에 볏이 뚜렷한 세 발 달린 봉황의 모습으로 더욱 화려하게 발전하여 우월한 민족성을 나타내는 표상으로 널리 사용 되었고 솟대 등의 상징물로 현대까지 계속 사용되고 있는 것은 다원커우 와 우리나라가 하나의 동이족 문화권임을 유추할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data for ecological management and landscape improvement of recreation forest by surveying and analysing the vascular plants around Gosan recreation forest, Jeollabuk-do. The vascular plants were summarized as 520 taxa including 117 families, 315 genera, 455 species, 5 subspecies, 48 varieties, 11 forms and 1 hybrid. The endangered plants were 2 taxa including Saururus chinensis and Abeliophyllum distichum. The rare plants were 10 taxa including Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Epimedium koreanum, Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana, Alangium platanifolium and so forth. The Korean endemic plants were 12 taxa including Clematis trichotoma, Philadelphus schrenkii, Indigofera koreana, Weigela subsessilis and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 49 taxa including 5 taxa of grade V, 4 taxa of grade IV, 12 taxa of grade III, 6 taxa of grade II and 22 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were 40 taxa including Rumex crispus, Euphorbia supina, Aster novibelgii, Centaurea cyanus, Eragrostis curvula and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola. The invasive alien plants are required to be constantly removed, as they may adversely affect nearby natural vegetation disturbances, natural landscape changes, as well as visitors.

게르하르트 리히터(Gerhard Richter, 1932∼ )는 1960년대 중반부터 자신이 수집하거나 직접 촬영한 사진, 인쇄물 삽화, 스케치로 구성한 <아틀라스 Atlas>를 제작하고 있다. 리히터는 자신의 거대한 트라우마인 나치 정권과 2차 세계대전의 흔적부터 가족과 아이들의 따뜻한 추억까지 <아틀라스>에 저장해왔다. 처참했던 과거를 의도적으로 망각 하려는 기억 위기에서 잠재된 기억을 소환해내려는 아카이브 열병이 모순적으로 발생했 고 <아틀라스>가 시작되었다. <아틀라스>는 리히터의 기억을 저장하는 매체로서 존재 하지만 망각과 기억 사이, 해체와 결합 사이, 은폐와 폭로 사이를 넘나들며 이중적인 특징을 보이고 있다. 모호하고 이중적인 형태로 담겨 있지만 <아틀라스>에 분명히 존재하고 있는 리히터의 기억과 트라우마의 흔적들은 리히터가 살아온 복잡한 역사의 소용돌이 속에서 구축한 자신만의 생존 방식이라 볼 수 있을 것이다.

This study investigated in the vascular plants of high value ecological conservation Unjangsan (Mt.), Jeollabuk-do, Korea. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 604 taxa including 107 families, 343 genera, 530 species, 5 subspecies, 58 varieties and 11 forms. The rare plants were 12 taxa including Paeonia japonica (VU), Syringa patula var. kamibayshii (LC), Cynanchum inamoenum (VU), Schpolia japonica (LC), Scrophularia koraiensis (DD) and so on. The Korean endemic plants were 16 taxa including Pseudostellaria coreana, Clematis trichotoma, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Ajuga spectabilis, Cirsium setidens and so on. In the specific plants by floristic region were 60 taxa, a degree I were 29 taxa (Sisymbrium leteum, Ilex macropoda, Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus, Cirsium pendulum, Veratrum versicolor and so on), 21 taxa of a degree II (Morus cathayana, Phellodendron amurense, Euonymus pauciflorus, Angelica tenuissima, Heloniopsis koreana and so on), 8 taxa of a degree III (Rhynchosia acuminatifolia, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Cynanchum inamoenum, Schpolia japonica, Scrophularia koraiensis and so on), Wisteria floribunda (Planted) of a degree IV and Prunus yedoensis (Planted) of a degree V. The naturalized plants were 42 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus, Poa pratensis and so on. Naturalization rate (NR) was 6.9% of all 604 taxa of vascular plants and the invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus. This study is to identify the main plant distribution and protecting valuable plant populations Unjangsan areas in Jeollabuk-do is located in the inland performing will want to take as the basis for designating an ecological and landscape conservation areas.

Introduction: To analyze the impact of marketing losses on efficiency in transacting banana in Kurnool district of SRZ in Andhra Pradesh and to assess the opinions of the farmers on the constraints in transacting banana. Research back ground, Materials and Methods: The study relies exclusively on primary information obtained from the banana farmers of Kurnool District. Purposive sampling procedure was followed for the selection of the study area. Top two mandals in the district and top two villages in each mandal are selected in accordance with the area under cultivation of banana. Probability proportion to size was followed regarding the selection of sample farmers and accordingly 60 marginal, 37 small and 23 other farmers were selected and thereby, the total sample size was 120. Result and Discussion: Three marketing channels were identified in the marketing of banana in Kurnool district viz., Producer → Local-exporter → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer (Channel-I), Producer → Wholesaler → Cart-vendor → Consumer (Channel-II) and Producer → Juice-holder → Consumer (Channel-III). With the inclusion of marketing losses in the price spread analysis of banana in all the three channels, the marketing costs of all the intermediaries were increased and thereby, the farmer’s share in consumer’s rupee and Net Marketing Margins of the agencies are on the decline. So, without inclusion of marketing losses, the farmer’s share in consumer’s rupee and Net Marketing Margins of all the agencies are overvalued. The higher the marketing losses, the more is the negative impact on farmer’s net selling price, net marketing margins of the intermediaries and marketing efficiency. The sample farmers are facing major problems in marketing of banana like frequent price fluctuations, unorganized marketing and lack of transportation facilities on priority basis. Suggestions: It is suggested to educate the farmers regarding the optimum maturity index for harvest, use of mechanical harvesters, proper placement of fruits during storage and ripening, better packaging and cushioning technologies to absorb shocks during transportation, strengthening of storage facilities and transport facilities, encourage co-operative marketing etc., to promote marketing efficiency of banana in the study area.

This study investigated Extremely Low Frequency-Magnetic Fields (ELF-MF) exposure levels among housewives for a 24-Hour activity pattern to identify related factors for the exposures. To achieve the objective of the study, we surveyed ELF-MF levels using EMDEX II in a living environment from January to December 2016. We also made subjects write a Daily Activity Pattern in order to identify durations for staying and related information in the environment of exposures. Subjects showed that they spent the longest time in sleep and at home, at 487.5 minutes (KOSIS: 479.0 minutes) and 472.1 minutes (KOSIS: 428.0 minutes), respectively. Furthermore, the 24- hour time-weighted average (TWA) of 54 housewives was 1.24 ± 3.48 mG (GM: 0.52 mG). The ELF-MF exposure levels for all Multiuse Facilities were far below the recommended standards of EMF Guideline Korea and ICNIRP. Thus, these results will provide useful data for the determination of ELF-MF management and reduction methods in living environments.

3세대 방사광가속기는 기초 및 응용과학분야의 최첨단연구에 활용하여 우리나 라 기초과학 연구의 활성화에 기여한다는 목적으로 운영되고 있으며, 그 구축 및 운영을 위 해 2016년까지 30년에 가까운 기간 동안 총 7,879억 원 가량이 투입된 거대연구시설이다. 3세 대 방사광가속기 정책과 관련하여 가속기의 필요성이나 효과성에 대해 다양한 평가가 있어 왔지만 대체로 현재 시점의 성공적 결과를 강조하며 향후 정부의 지속적 지원 필요성을 피력 하거나 정책적 개선방안을 포괄적인 차원에서 제시하는 연구들이 주를 이루며, 이 사업이 시 기별로 어떠한 정책적 평가를 받았는지 살펴보고 그 결과가 어디에서 기인하는지 체계적으 로 분석한 연구는 전무하다. 본 연구에서는 3세대 방사광가속기 사업을 시기별로 구분하여 평가하되, 분석기준으로 정책활동의 다섯 가지 기준을 고려하였다. 장기간 진행되는 대형연 구시설 정책을 시기별로 나누어 살펴봄으로써 방사광가속기 및 유사 대형연구시설의 구축과 운영에 있어서 요구되는 정책활동의 원리와 관련된 정책적 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다.