편각은 판구조론 이해의 바탕이 되는 개념이며 실생활에서 지도와 나침반을 이용하여 자신의 위치를 결정할 때도 쓰이는 중요한 개념이다. 이에 제 7차 교육과정에서 사용되고 있는 6종의 지구과학 II 교과서에서 편각에 대한 설명이 어떻게 기술되어 있는지 확인하고 고등학생들이 오개념을 가질 수 있는 가능성을 조사하였다. 개념 검사지를 통해 실제로 나타나고 있는 고등학생들의 오개념을 확인하고 교과서와의 연관성을 알아보았다. 그 결과 고등학생들은 특히 자북극과 관련하여 오개념을 가지고 있었고 이는 교과서의 편각에 대한 설명 부족과 함께 잘못된 삽화와 밀접한 관계가 있었다. 따라서 편각에 대한 정확한 이해를 위해서는 비쌍극자 효과를 추가한 편각의 설명이 필요하고 이에 따른 삽화의 제시가 필요함을 확인하였다.

Red blood cells (RBCs) have been studied as models for infectious diseases, various symptoms of anemia, hemolysis, and erythrocyte aging. Although do not directly affect RBCs, other diseases may cause RBC physiological alterations that could be advanced for diagnostic aim or to convince better understanding of a certain pathological pattern. In this study, comparative RBC proteomics between healthy and abnormal conditions involve to promote aging related‐biomarker discovery. Peroxiredoxin II (Prdx II; a typical 2‐Cys Prdx) has been originally isolated from erythrocytes, and its structure and peroxidase activity have been adequately studied. Mice absent to Prdx II proteins had heinz bodies in their peripheral blood, and morphologically aged cells were detected in the dense RBC fractions, which contained markedly higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, a labeling experiment with the thiol‐modifying reagent biotinylated iodoacetamide (BIAM) in Prdx II‒/‒ mice revealed that a variety of RBC proteins were highly oxidized. To identify oxidation‐sensitive proteins in Prdx II‒/‒ mice, we performed RBC comparative proteome analysis by nano‐UPLC‐MSE shotgun proteomics with relative protein quantitative analysis. We found oxidation‐sensitive 18 membrane and 41 cytosol proteins from 32 and 85 peptides containing cysteine oxidation, and analyzed comparative expression pattern in healthy RBCs of Prdx II+/+ mice (W1), healthy RBCs of Prdx II‒/‒ mice (K1), and abnormal RBCs of Prdx II‒/‒ mice (K2). These proteins belonged to cellular functions related with RBC lifespan maintain, such as cytoskeleton, stress‐induced proteins, amino acid/nucleic acid metabolic enzymes, signal transduction, and molecular transporters. Furthermore, protein networks among identified oxidation sensitive proteins were analyzed to associate with aging consequence. Consequently, we expected that RBC proteome may provide clues to understand redox‐imbalanced diseases.

Peroxiredoxin II (Prdx II; a typical 2‐Cys Prdx) has been originally isolated from erythrocytes, and its structure and peroxidase activity have been adequately studied. Mice absent to Prdx II proteins had heinz bodies in their peripheral blood, and morphologically abnormal cells were detected in the dense red blood cell (RBC) fractions, which contained markedly higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, a labeling experiment with the thiol‐modifying reagent biotinylated iodoacetamide (BIAM) in Prdx I‒/‒ mice revealed that a variety of RBC proteins were highly oxidized. To identify oxidation‐sensitive proteins in Prdx II‒/‒ mice, we performed RBC comparative proteome analysis in membrane and cytosolic fractions by nano‐UPLC‐MSE shotgun proteomics. We found oxidation‐sensitive 54 proteins from 61 peptides containing cysteine oxidation, and analyzed comparative expression pattern in healthy RBCs of Prdx II+/+ mice, healthy RBCs of Prdx II‒/‒ mice, and abnormal RBCs of Prdx II‒/‒ mice. These proteins belonged to cellular functions related with RBC lifespan maintain, such as cytoskeleton, stress‐induced proteins, metabolic enzymes, signal transduction, and transporters. Furthermore, protein networks among identified oxidation sensitive proteins were analyzed to associate with various diseases. Consequently, we expected that RBC proteome may provide clues to understand redox‐imbalanced diseases.

alcineurin (CN) is a calcium and calmodulin-depedent serine/threonine phosphatase. CN plays an important role in various biological processes including cell proliferation, cardiovascular, skeletal muscle development and apoptosis. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), CN plays a role synoviocyte activation and arthritis progression. The selective inhibition of CN by the over-expression of CN-binding protein 1 (Cabin1). In the present study, joint restricted transgenic mice expressing the human Cabin1(hCabin1) were generated, driven by type II collagen promoter and efficiency of these mice was investigated by experimental arthritis. These transgenic mice successfully expressed hCabin1 in joint tissue as well as other organs like the liver, the heart, and the brain. The joint specific over-expression of hCabin1 reduced the disease severity during collagen-induced arthritis. In fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from hCabin1 transgenic mice, the productions of these cytokines including, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were decreased and MMPs was also depressed in transgenic mice FLS. In addition, the expression of proapoptotic p53, p21, caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax increased in transgenic mice, indicating that hCabin1 may induce FLS death by regulating the expression of Bcl-2, p53, p21, caspase-3, casepase-9 and Bax. It is expected that these findings will provide a more knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis and a potential animal model of the choronic inflammatory conditions, including atherosclerosis and transplantation.

Successful pregnancy requires suppression of maternal immune response to the implanting conceptus, which acts as a semiallograft. During the implantation period in humans and rodents, various immune modulators are produced at the maternal-fetal interface and regulate functions of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells for protection of conceptuses from the maternal immune system. However, maternal immune responses to the conceptuses during the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy are not much understood in pigs which show true epitheliochorial type placentation. Previously, we reported that SLA-DQ molecule, a type of MHC class II molecules, is expressed in the uterine endometrium during pregnancy in a stage- and cell type specific manner, and that SLA-DQ expression is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, to understand the role of SLA-DQ and maternal-fetal immune interaction, we examined expression of CD80 and CD86, co-stimulators for T cell activation, in the uterine endometrium during pregnancy. We also measured levels of CD80 and CD86 mRNAs in the uterine endometrium of pigs carrying conceptuses derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and those from natural mating on Day 12 of pregnancy. Expression of endometrial CD80 mRNA was affected by day of pregnancy, and levels of CD80 mRNA were significantly higher on Day 15 of pregnancy than those of the estrous cycle. Expression of CD86 mRNA did not change during pregnancy. Levels of CD80 and CD86 mRNAs were not different in the uterine endometrium of pigs carrying SCNT derived conceptuses on D12 of pregnancy compared to those with conceptuses derived from natural mating. These findings suggest that CD80 and CD86 are involved in immune interactions at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in pigs.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing, non‐contagious pruritic skin disease with two phases: acute and chronic. Previous studies have shown that cathepsin S (CTSS) is a cysteine protease linked to inflammatory processes, including atherosclerosis and asthma. The possibility that this or other cysteine proteases might evoke itch or be part of a classical ligand‐receptor signaling cascade has not been considered previously. Recently, CTSS was known as a ligand for proteinase‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) associated with itching. In the present study, we showed that CTSS‐overexpressing transgenic (TG) mice spontaneously developed a skin disorder similar to chronic AD under conventional conditions. This study suggest that CTSS overexpression triggers PAR2 activation in dendritic cells (DCs), resulting in promotion of CD4+ differentiation involved in MHC class II expression. In addition, we investigated mast cells and macrophages and found significantly higher mean levels of T‐helper type 1 (Th1) cell‐associated cytokines than of T‐helper type 2 (Th2) cell‐associated cytokines in CTSS‐overexpressing TG mice. These results suggest that increasing of PAR2 expression in DCs mediated by CTSS overexpression induces scratching behavior and Th 1 cell‐associated cytokines, and can trigger chronic AD symtoms.

In vitro production of porcine embryos, including in vitro maturation of oocytes followed by in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture, may result in live offspring, but it is still associated with great inefficiencies. In mammalian oocytes, acquisition of meiotic competence coincides with a decrease in general transcriptional activity at the end of the oocyte growth phase. In this study, we investigated the expression and sub‐cellular localization of CDK9, a RNA polymerase II CTD kinase during pig oocyte growth. Localization and expression of components involved in mRNA and rRNA transcription were assessed by immunocytochemistry in growing and fully‐grown oocytes. In addition, meiotic resumption, germinal vesicle breakdown and nuclear transcription were analyzed in oocytes cultured in presence of a potent CDK9 inhibitor, flavopiridol. Our analyses, demonstrated that CDK9 became co‐localized partially with phosphorylated Pol II CTD and mRNA splicing complexes. Surprisingly, CDK9 was co‐localized with Pol Ispecific transcription factor, UBF, and gradually localized in nucleolar peripheries at the final steps of oocyte growth. Treatment with flavopiridol resulted in arrest in meiotic resumption, germinal vesicle breakdown as well as a decline in global transcription. All together, this data suggest that CDK9 has a dual role in both Pol I‐ and Pol II‐dependent transcription in pig oocyte growth.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparison of production efficiency of oocytes and OPU (ovum pick‐up) derived embryos of Hanwoo with Holstein. The OPU session of each species (6 cows) was carried out from the Hanwoo (106 sessions) and Holstein (114 sessions) at intervals of 3 4 days (2 times per week) for 3 months. Cumulus‐oocyte‐complexes (COCs) retrieved were classified into 4 grades by the status of oocyte cytoplasm and cumulus cells. The COCs collected were matured in vitro in TCM‐199 supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 mg/ml FSH and 1 mg/ml estradiol‐ 17β in 5% CO2 and over 99% humidity for 24 h. After 24 h co‐incubation with post‐thaw sperm, the presumed zygotes were cultured in CR1aa medium with 4 mg/ml BSA for 3 days and then changed CR1aa medium with 10% of FBS for another 3 4 days. The Mean number of aspirated follicles and collected oocytes were not significantly different between Hanwoo and Holstein spacies (10.4±0.42 vs. 11.4±0.41 and 7.5±0.38 vs. 6.1±0.37 per session). But the collection rate of oocytes from aspirated follicles were significantly higher in Hanwoo (72.8%) than that in Holstein (53.6%) (p< 0.05). Furthermore, the average number of good quality oocytes (Grade I and II) was 5.9±0.28 and 4.1±0.27 (Mean±SD), and the cleavage rate and the development rate to blastocysts was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Hanwoo (40.0%) than Holstein (21.6%). The OPU derived embryos of Hanwoo were transferred 83 times into 52 recipients and then 42 calves were produced from 44 pregnancy recipients. In conclusion, the efficiency of OPU derived embryo was significantly different between Hanwoo and Holstein species. In vitro culture system for OPU derived embryo production should be optimized for industrialization and the improvement of livestock.

Chinese language is a kind of language developing with the growth of Han nationality. In history, Chinese language and Chinese character, symbol of words recording, have greatly impacted on countries all over the world. Chinese language plays an important role in Korean and Japanese language.Saussure said: “language is a system of signs that express ideas”. Lenin said: “The language is the most important tool”. For human communication Chinese, as a major tool of thinking and communication, records the splendid history and culture of Chinese nation, accumulates abundant communication experience and forms the complete language system of signs with its own features. Along with the advancing of Chinese national power, upgrading of international status and the expanding of the international exchange, Chinese language has been listed as one of working languages by the UN. More governments and nongovernmental give more attention to the Chinese language and more and more people are keen on learning Chinese.From scientific development point, according to principles of “cognitive rules, regulation of Chinese language and discipline of education”, the thesis adopts effective approaches for comprehending basic knowledge of modern Chinese characters encouraging students to experience the language practice and to cultivate the ability of using language In addition, the article puts forward the experiments on “literacy, reading and correction”. to contribute to “student orientation, un-separated words while learning character, non-disjunction when studying words, studying language while learning characters and vice versa.” This is to “putting knowledge into practice”, “learning efficiently and reading as soon as possible”， so as to improve the level of learning the knowledge and to breakthrough scientific phase of the education of Chinese characters and Chinese language.Results of education experimental research on Chinese character and Chinese language:Case: I rapid reorganization of Chinese characters.Case: II correcting words mistakes.Chinese language, as the important carrier of Chinese culture heritage, will become one of the most developed languages, which is used by the largest amount of people. Let’s share the beauty and civilization brought for human by Chinese language.

Successful pregnancy requires well-coordinated interactions between the maternal uterus and the developing embryo in pigs. In pigs, implantation begins around Day 12 of pregnancy. During this period, conceptus undergoes a dramatic morphological change and secretes various factors such as estrogens, interleukin-1 beta (IL1B), and interferons. Estrogens produced by conceptuses act as the signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy, and the mechanism of estrogen action is explained by the endocrine and exocrine theory. The uterine endometrium becomes receptive to the conceptus by changing cell adhesion molecules, polarizing epithelial cells and increasing secretory activity. Some changes of uterine activity are affected by the ovarian hormone, progesterone, but the presence of conceptus in the uterus also induces changes of endometrial functions, including most importantly maternal recognition of pregnancy. Many factors, such as hormones, cytokines, enzymes, extracellular matrix proteins, and transport proteins are reported to be present at the maternal-fetal interface and function in the establishment of pregnancy in pigs. However, understanding of the cellular and molecular events occurring in the endometrium is not complete. In recent studies we made some progress on understanding of expression and function of genes involved in maternal-fetal interaction for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in the uterine endometrium in pigs. Firstly, we found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was present at the maternal-and fetal interface at the time of implantation and LPA receptor 3 was uniquely expressed in the endometrium during early pregnancy. Secondly, we observed that salivary lipocalin (SAL1), a lipid-binding protein, was uniquely expressed in the uterine endometrium at the time of embryo implantation, and its expression was regulated by IL1B. Furthermore, expression of IL1B receptors are regulated by estrogen and IL1B, and IL1B functions in expression of genes related to prostaglandin synthesis and transport. Thirdly, we found that calcium regulatory molecules TRPV6 and S100G were dynamically regulated in the uterine endometrium during pregnancy, suggesting that regulation of calcium ion concentration may important for the embryo implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy. Finally, we observed that an MHC class II molecule, SLA-DQ, is expressed in the uterine endometrium at the time of conceptus implantation and its expression is essential for successful pregnancy, indicating that appropriate maternal-fetal immune interaction is required for the maintenance of pregnancy. Further analysis of these molecules will provide insights into the cellular and molecular basis of maternal-and fetal interaction during pregnancy in pigs.

Grapholita molesta, G. dimorpha and C. sasakii as “internal feeders” are important apple pests in Korea. Three species overwinters around and in apple orchards. New young larvae of three species bore into new shoots or fruits and then feed inside apple. When mature larvae escape from fruits they make holes that reduces the commercial value of fruit. Therefore, understanding the phenological distribution of three species is critical to establish the precise management system for reducing three species population. The study was conducted to investigate the adult emergence of G. molesta, G. dimorpha and C. sasakii using pheromone traps and to forecast the cumulative proportion of each population. This study is second part of consecutive experiment. Data collection was carried out on three commercial apple orchards and one experimental orchard of Giran in 2010 and 2011. The experimental process was same in the study of plum. More than 50% of G. molesta male was occurred in spring season (within 500 degree-days), 2010 and 2011. The adult emergence of G. dimorpha and C. sasakii was linear and sigmoidal pattern in each year. The phenology of C. sasakii was explained well by nonlinear functions and the equation 3, 6, 8 and 11 were selected based on AICc and BIC. The selected equations were validated by the data of present year (2011) in each region. The performance of G. molesta and G. dimorpha was analyzed well by bimodal functions. The importance of phenological model is discussed to develop and maintain a more precise system for multiple pest management on apple orchard.

덕적군도는 인천시 옹진군 서남쪽 약 82km 지점에 있는 덕적도를 비롯한 소야도, 문갑도, 선갑도, 선미도, 백아도, 굴업도, 울도 등으로 구성되어 있으며, 대체로 해안선의 굴곡이 심하고 곳곳에 소만입이 발달해 있다. 도서생물 지리학적으로 섬은 육지와 전혀 다른 혹은 독립된 생태적 특징을 가진다. 도서지역에서는 한정된 공간과 먹이자원의 한계가 있는 특성상, 종의 침입에 대한 저항성이 내륙보다 상대적으로 낮기 때문에 안정화 단계의 종 군집이 유지되지 않고, 여러 종들이 불안정한 군집을 이루며, 정착과 소멸을 반복하는 등의 변화가 심한 구조를 갖는 과정에서 종 다양성이 높게 나타나는 경향(Webb and Vermaat, 1990)이 있다. 본 연구는 덕적군도 도서지역의 곤충상을 파악하여 덕적군도 주변 섬들의 곤충상 비교를 통해, 도서지역의 곤충 다양성에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고, 덕적군도의 주요도서인 백아도, 굴업도, 지도 및 선갑도의 곤충상을 판단하여 보다 객관적인 자료를 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 조사는 총 4회에 걸쳐 덕적군도 도서를 대상으로 정량조사 및 정성조사를 병행 실시하였다. 조사결과 덕적군도 내의 4개 도서에서 총 11목 71과 272종이 확인되었다. 조사 기간이 여름에만 한해 있던 것을 감안하면 실제 서식종은 더 많을 것으로 판단된다. 법적 보호종은 굴업도에서 멸종위기야생동물II급에 해당하는 애기뿔소똥구리와 왕은점표범나비 2종이 확인되었으며, 백아도에서 멸종위기 야생동물II급에 해당하는 물장군이 확인되어 총 3종이 확인되었다.

Recently, biological systematic studies have contributed for understanding of evolutionary histories of living organisms. In this talk, I present how evolutionary histories are inferred from the phylogenetic relationships. Two case studies in the Cimicomorpha (Heteroptera) are presented: 1. Inferring ancestral character states of the plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae); 2. Revealing evolutionary history of the Cimicoidea based on correlated evolution between habitat selection and morphological characters (Heteroptera: Cimiciformes). Case I: The first comprehensive cladistic analysis of Miridae, the plant bugs, is presented based on analysis of 3935 base pairs of mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) DNA for 91 taxa in seven subfamilies. Data were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML), parsimony, and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. Divergence time estimates indicate that the radiation of the Miridae began in the Permian; most genus-level radiations within subfamilies began in the late Cretaceous, probably in response to the angiosperm radiation. Ancestral feeding state reconstructions based on Bayesian and parsimony inference were largely congruent and both reconstructed phytophagy as the ancestral state of the Miridae. Furthermore, the feeding habits of the common ancestors of Mirinae + Deraeocorinae, Bryocorinae + Cylapinae + Isometopinae + Orthotylinae, and the remaining taxa excluding Phylinae, were inferred as phytophagous. Therefore, at least three shifts from phytophagy or polyphagy to predation occurred within the Miridae. Case II: The diverse habitat types and discrete morphological characters of cimicoid species provide a unique opportunity to study correlated evolution. Phylogenetic relationships within Cimicoidea were determined using Bayesian analyses of molecular data, allowing the generation of testable hypotheses of correlated evolution. An investigation of the correlation between habitat selection and morphological characters revealed that a dead plant habitat was correlated with the filiform antennal type. Furthermore, molecular dating analysis was used to examine divergence times within the Cimicoidea. Transitions to live plants from dead plants for most cimicoid clades started right after the mid–Cretaceous, coinciding with the radiation of the angiosperms. Using contingency analyses, I determined that evolutionary changes in morphological characters were dependent on habitat selection. Based on these results, I propose evolutionary historical hypotheses for the Cimicoidea.

Today, the weather is changing continually, due to the progress of global warming. As the weather changes, the habitats of different organisms will change as well. It cannot be predicted whether or not the weather will change with each passing day. In par

The civil consciousness for reducing odor by increasing the flow rate with the Gulpo river which has been played a major water course in Incheon area were investigated with the survey of odor related questions for the citizens neighboring the river. The citizens suferred from odors generated from the river and factories has shown that the increase of the flow rate had good effect for reducing odors from the results of survey.

In this study, optical emission spectroscopy was used to monitor the plasma produced during the RF magnetron sputtering of a BaTiO3 target. The intensities of chemical species were measured by real time monitoring with various discharge parameters such as RF power, pressure, and discharge gas. The emission lines of elemental and ionized species from BaTiO3 and Ti targets were analyzed to evaluate the film composition and the optimized growth conditions for BaTiO3 films. The emissions from Ar(I, II), Ba(I, II) and Ti(I) were found during sputtering of the BaTiO3 target in Ar atmosphere. With increasing RF power, all the line intensities increased because the electron density increased with increasing RF power. When the Ar pressure increased, the Ba(II) and Ti(I) line intensity increased, but the Ar+ line intensity decreased with increasing pressure. This result shows that high pressure is of greater benefit for the ionization of Ba than for that of Ar. Oxygen depressed the intensity of the plasma more than Ar did. When the Ar/O2 ratio decreased, the intensity of Ba decreased more sharply than that of Ti. This result indicates that the plasma composition strongly depends on the discharge gas atmosphere. When the oxygen increased, the Ba/Ti ratio and the thickness of the films decreased. The emission spectra showed consistent variation with applied power to the Ti target during co-sputtering of the BaTiO3 and Ti targets. The co-sputtered films showed a Ba/Ti ratio of 1.05 to 0.73 with applied power to the Ti target. The films with different Ba/Ti ratios showed changes in grain size. Ti excess films annealed at 600˚C did not show the second phase such as BaTi2O5 and TiO2.

최근 가정용 방향제 시장의 성장과 더불어 향과 감성을 접목하는 차별화 전략이 주목을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 방향 제품 시장에서 가정용 방향 제품으로 선호되는 오렌지향과 솔잎향에 대하여 방향 제품의 감성적 효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 실험 1에서는 가정에서의 휴식 환경을, 실험 2에서는 공부방 환경을 조성하여 방향 제품의 감성적 효과에 대하여 심전도와 뇌파 반응을 통하여 파악하였다. 실험 1과 실험 2에 총 18명의 대학생들이 방향제가 없는 환경, 오렌지향, 그리고 솔잎향이 비치된 환경의 순서로 총 3회에 걸쳐 실험에 참여하였다. 실험 1에서는 실험참여자들의 심전도 변화를 기록하여 부교감 신경계의 활성화 정도를 분석하였고, 실험 2에서는 태스크를 수행하는 동안 발생되는 뇌파를 기록하여, 집중과 관련된-Sensory Motor Rhythm 파 및 Mid Beta파-뇌파 발생의 비율을 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 솔잎향 제품의 경우 거실환경에서의 긴장 완화 및 공부방 환경에서의 집중력 증가, 즉 편안한 집중에 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 한편 실험 2에서는 사칙연산 문제와 도형 문제에 따라 실험참여자들이 좌뇌와 우뇌를 서로 다른 정도로 활용함을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이는 기존의 연구에서 공간지각능력 및 창의적 사고와 관련이 있다고 밝혀진 우뇌 활동을 활성화하기 위하여 도형 문제 학습을 활용할 수 있음을 시사한다.