In this study, the QA/QC test for the combined application of DNPH cartridge – HPLC/UV method was investigated in the collection and analysis of formaldehyde in air using three types of DNPH cartridge samplers made by three independent manufacturers. For these experiments, gaseous standards of formaldehyde (FA) were prepared at 7 concentration levels that fell in the range of 44.1~3400 nmol/mol. According to our analysis, the levels of cartridge blank (0.13 ~ 0.26 ng) are found to be fairly high to require routine check up for each experiment. The recovery patterns of FA were highly comparable between different cartridge products, when standard gases are supplied in the concentration range up to 177 nmol/mol. All 3 types of DNPH cartridge exhibited highly similar recovery rates at concentrations below 1.7 ㎛ol/mol, while the maximum recovery was attained from the product B. The overall results of our study suggest that one should calibrate the samples in the optimal range of recovery with routine check up of blank values.

This study investigated the indoor air concentrations and the harmful effects on health by hazardous pollutants in the normal classrooms and special classrooms of 132 elementary, middle, and high schools located in 13 sites in Chungnam from February 2006 to June 2007. The results obtained from this investigation are as follows. As the results of the survey on the indoor air quality, volatile organic compounds were higher in normal classrooms(251.67㎍/m³) than special classrooms (181.59㎍/m³), and formaldehyde was significantly higher in special classrooms (34.22㎍/m³) than normal classrooms (24.61㎍/m³). With regards to the differences of pollutant distribution among elementary, middle, and high schools, volatile organic compounds were the highest in elementary schools (210.79㎍/m³) followed by middle schools (207.79㎍/m³) and high schools (195.96㎍/ m³), and formaldehyde was the highest in high schools (36.03㎍/m³) followed by elementary schools (29.84㎍/ m³) and middle schools (29.16㎍/m³). With regards to the mean concentration of pollutants by school building age, VOCs were the highest in less than 1 year old classrooms (410.93㎍/m³), followed by less than 3 years old classrooms (156.52㎍/m³) and less than 2 years old classrooms (120.18㎍/m³). Formaldehyde was also investigated to be significantly higher in less than 1 year old classrooms (41.37㎍/m³) than 2 or 3 years old classrooms (31.50㎍/m³, 22.21㎍/m³, respectively).

The object of this research is to conform of practicable possibility and recycling of producing junk after citrus fruits is processed. With extracting d-limonene oil that have 70~90% a component of oil out of junk citrus peel, making certain the about 12000ppm concentration of it. Limonene derived from citrus in jeju using conventional synthetic detergents can be replaced with the development of environmentally friendly natural detergent investigated the possibility. Mostly due to ocean dumping, disposal and cause environmental problems by recycling natural citrus cleaner alternative to the research conducted on the possibility. Cleaning efficiency with temperature did not affect the largest concentrations were able to identify the difference between cleaning efficiency. At least 10% of the d-limonene oil could be from the cleaning performance, increasing the concentration of the cleaning efficiency was increased in size. Ultrasonic is very high removal efficiency under the conditions shown in the cause of pure self-generated ultrasonic cleaning power as co-effects of d-limonene oil appears to chemical cleaning effect of ultrasonic cavitation occurs in the physical cleaning effect due to a combination of synergistic stability is maximized by low concentrations of d-limonene oil in a short time showed an excellent cleaning ability. Having the ability of cleaning at the same time, considering the side recycling in the junk citrus peels reflects possibility of basic materials utility eco-friendly in the skin soap, bath soap, cosmetics etc, through ability of exclusion a contaminant in based cleaning effect(EC) it can prospect substitution effect environmentally in the pre existence synthetic detergents.

when adopting and implementing GHS system in Korea and to draft the revision proposal for Industrial Safety and Health Act taking into account of unique domestic situation. The research method is to conduct a survey for 2 month period from early April to late May in 2006 to 830 randomly selected chemical manufacturing, importing and exporting, and consumption companies out of all the companies surveyed by the Ministry of Labor under 2004 Work Environment Status National Survey. A total of 610 survey was collected and analyzed. The results of this thesis is summarized as follows , First, based on the survey analysis it is vital to conduct a national PR using pamphlet, internet, and daily newspaper and to provide technical assistance such as training expert and publishing GHS manual by expert organization such as Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) for early settlement of GHS in Korea. Second, it is also needed to give a grace period of 1 to 2 years to minimize the dramatic impact for industry, to encourage the establishment of the GHS team utilizing safety managers within companies, and to develop and distribute the standard GHS software by government. Third, taking into account of difficult situation of small companies, KOSHA needs to provide a full technical and financial support for companies with less than 100 employees and especially for chemical manufacturing companies. Fourth, it is also needed to operate an Interministrial GHS Committee (IGC) involving 7 related ministries for smooth GHS implementation and to develop an infra by sharing responsibilities among related ministries and establishing internationally recognized organization for hazard classification, labelling, and MSDS.

In the previous study, we reported the antioxidative activity and inhibition of melanogenesis of Ligularia stenocephala extracts. In this study, inhibitory effect on elastase and production type I procollagen were investigated. The compounds which was investigated were 4-hydroxyacetophenone, vanillin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid isolated from Ligularia stenocephala. They were slightly mild on elastase inhibition activity but 4-hydroxyacetophenone, vanillin exhibited good inhibition activity on collagen production. These results suggest that Ligularia stenocephala may have potential as an anti-aging ingredient in cosmetics.

The purpose of this study is to identify hazardous physical factors and chemical air pollutants in conservation museum in order to protect the cultural heritage. For this, we collected and re-analyzed the articles that were published from 2006 to 2007 by National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage for temperature, relative humidity and the level of pollutants (PM₁₀, CO₂, HCHO, CO, NO₂, Rn, TVOCs, O₃, SO₂) in exhibition hall and storage in museum. The pooled average level of temperature at exhibition hall and storage in museum was 23.5±1.4℃ and 20.6±1.1℃, respectively. The range of temperature variation was 5.4℃ for exhibition hall and 4.5℃ for storage. The pooled average concentration of TVOCs in exhibition hall and storage in museum was 493.6±125.6㎍/m³ and 788.9±157.5㎍/m³, respectively. These exceeded 400㎍/ m³ which is the guideline of national law for the Korean Ministry of Public Administration and Security (KMOPAS). Other surveyed pollutants were as per the guidelines of the national law for the Korean Ministry of Environment (KMOE) and the KMOPAS. Through the consideration of the physical and chemical properties and the result of meta-analysis for thermal environment and surveyed temperature, humidity, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, TVOCs, and HCHO were the identified hazardous physical factors and chemical pollutants at exhibition halls and storages in museum.

The aims of this study are to examine the concentration and identification of airborne organism at exhibit hall and storage in museums and to provide fundamental data to protect cultural assests from damage. This study surveyed the concentration of airborne bacteria and fungi at exhibit hall and storage in museums located 4 metropolitans from July to October, 2007 and literature data on airborne microbes of museums in Korea that were publiced in relevant Korean journals. The concentrations of airborne bacteria and fungi were higher than those in storage. Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp for bacteria and Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. for fungi were shown mainly in museums. Pooled average concentration of airborne bacteria in museums was 34.2±10.1 CFU/m³ for exhibit hall and 17.2±10.0 CFU/m³ for storage, respectively. Pooled average concentration of airborne fungi in museum was 26.0±11.2 CFU/m³ for exhibit hall and 16.6±11.0 CFU/m³ for storage, respectively.

The purpose of this study are to examin the level of temperature, relative humidity and pollutants at stock rooms in National Archives and to provide fundamental data in order to protect damage of archives. The survey of indoor air quality(IAQ) in stock rooms was performed in Busan National Archives in August and December 2007, and collected basic data, on level of them at stock rooms in National Archives that were published. The temperature and relative humidity in stock rooms were within the terms of national law of the public archives administration. The concentration of PM10 in stock rooms in National Archives exceeded 50 ㎍/m³, which is the guideline of national law for the public archives administration. The concentration of CO, SO₂, NO₂, O₃ and Formaldehyde in stock rooms did not exceeded the guideline of national law. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds was shown to exceed the guideline of natioanl law. Therefore, we suggest that a national plan for the management of IAQ at stock rooms in National Archives should be established through a long-term, continuous investigation

In this study, we evaluated anti-oxidation and whitening effects of Ligularia stenocephala extract for use as the cosmeceuticals. L. stenocephala was extracted by three different solvents which was n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, H2O. The free radical (1,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity of extract of L. stenocephala was in the order: ethyl acetate fraction of leaf (IC50 value of 10.512ug/mL) 〉 ethyl acetate fraction of stem (IC50 value of 31.877ug/mL) 〉 H2O fraction of leaf (IC50 value of 129.194ug/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity of extract of L. stenocephala was in the order: ethyl acetate fraction of leaf (IC50 value of 0.230mg/mL) 〉 ethyl acetate fraction of stem (IC50 value of 0.528mg/mL) 〉 H2O fraction of leaf (IC50 value of 0.799mg/mL). Tyrosinase inhibition activity of L. stenocephala extracts was reduced 29.477% on ethyl acetate fraction of leaf, 13.583% on ethyl acetate fraction of stems. Therefore, L. stenocephala extracts may be useful as a new antioxidant and whitening agent to inhibit melanogenesis.

To characterize testing bags for the interior parts and components of new vehicles, three types kinds of bags (Tedlar bag, Polyester Al bag, and PET bag) were selected and investigated.. All testing bags were initially purged with 5 L of pure nitrogen gas. Then, they were heated consecutively for four times in a chamber at 60 and 100℃ at hourlys intervals. Changes in background concentration levels of VOCs and HCHO were then measured. After the 4th heat treatment at 100℃, the background concentrations in PET bag were lower by 5 times than the ftrst time treatment. The results of PET bags were superior to the other bags under the same treatment conditions. Even without heat treatment test, the background concentrations of PET bag was also lower than the others by 2 to 6 times. Based on our results, it can be concluded that the PET bag is the most suitable for sample tests as it is physically the most stable along with the lowest background of all 3 sample bags with the least bias.

Semi-automatic cryogenic-preconcentrator is constructed with time controlling function in preconcentration and desorption stage. GC-FPD and cryogenic-preconcentrator were to analyze gaseous sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide) in ppbv level. The objective of this study was to offer reliable methods for sulfur gas analysis in all procedures (keeping, concentration, desorption, and detection). The cryo-concentrator was able to concentrate 4 L gas sample of 40 % relative humidity. The recovery rate of the system was in the range of 92~100 % at 30 seconds of pre-heating time, and method detection limits were shown up 0.16~0.20 ng which is able to quantify 1 ppbv level with 0.5 L gas sample. The storage time of 5 ppbv sample in polyethylene bag led to serious loss (e.g; H₂S: loss of 30% after storage 3 days). It was estimated that the analytical bias was affected more sensitively by storage time after sampling than by cryo-injection procedures in the analysis of hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol.

The objective of this study was to evaluate Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF-MFs) exposure level of housewives and the relation of residential environments with ELF-MFs exposure level in home. ELF-MFs measurements were performed for 58 housewives include 31 working women. Twenty-four hours personal MF exposure levels of housewives were slightly higher than working women as an arithmetic mean. However the median of 24 hours personal exposure levels for working women were significantly higher than housewives (p<0.05). The median of personal exposure levels due to the activity at home, working women were higher than housewives significantly (p<0.05). As a results of correlation of residential environments, such as their living environments, total income, type of water supply pipes, and distance from power line with ELF-MFs exposure level in home was different from the type of residence (p<0.05). This study could be informed as guidance for ELF-MFs exposure analysis in residential environment.

The airms of this study are to examine the concentrations of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in hospitals and to compare concentrations of VOCsin hospital with public facilities. Mean concentraton of total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs) in hospital was 103.97±87.39㎍/m³, that was lower than guideline of KMOE. The highest concentration of VOCs in hospital was 19.07±13.47㎍/m³ for Toluene. The distribution of VOCs in hospitals was log-normal distribution. As the result of Monte carlo simulation, the distribution of VOCs in hospitals was log-normal distribution with the exception of Toluene with normal distribution.

After infection by Gram negative bacteria, neonatal patients or patients in intensive care unit usually suffer from endotoxin shock, leading to death finally in spite of eradication of bacteria by potent antibiotics. The purpose of this study that is the pilot study to prevent endotoxin shock and nosocomial infection, is to offer basic data on species and concentrations of airborne microbes in hospitals. Therefore, this study collected and analyzed articles and documents on airborne microbes in hospitals in Korea that were published in relevant journals from 1980 to 2004. Studies on the concentration of airborne microbes in hospitals as a part of study on the nosocomial infection have been performed from the latter half of 1970s. Pooled average concentrations of total suspended bacteria in hospitals by RCS air sampler and Cascade air sampler were 194.85 CFU/㎥ and 367.72 CFU/㎥, respectively. They were lower than the guideline concentration(800 CFU/ ㎥) of the Korean Ministry of Environment. Pooled average concentrations of total suspended fungi in hospitals by RCS air sampler and Cascade air sampler were 20.66 CFU/㎥ and 193.34 CFU/㎥, respectively. They were lower than the guideline concentration(150 CFU/㎥) of the World Health Organization(WHO). Pooled average concentrations of total suspended bacteria in operating room and intensive care unit(ICU) were 324.75 CFU/㎥ and 182.43 CFU/㎥, respectively. They again were lower than the guideline concentration of the Korean Ministry of Environment. Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. for Gram-positive bacteria, and Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia spp., for Gram-negative bacteria were shown in hospitals. Also, Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Epidemophyton spp., Trichophyton spp., and Cladosporium spp. for fungi were found in hospitals. Staphylococcus spp. was shown frequently in operating rooms, intensive care units and wards. Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were shown commonly in them.

In this study, we attempt to analyze biofilter"s removal efficiency for volatile organic compounds from paint factory. this experiment conducted in a pilot plant with microorganisms immobilized polyurethane foam. 7 main components (Toulene, MEK, MIBK, o-Xylene, m-Xylene, Butyl acetate, Ethyl benzene) emitted from factory ventilation opening were analyzed. During the test period, the biofilter treated VOCs in 5 seconds (EBCT) and pressure drop was less than 30 ㎜H₂O/m in media. Removal efficiencies of all components were between 80~90% in 10 days of operation and higher than 94% after 40 days. The result of this experiment shows that biofilter can be useful technology for VOCs removal in the paint industry.

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between empowerment, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among physical therapists. Currently, healthcare is changing very rapidly with developments in science and technology. In response to these rapid and uncontrollable changes, organizational members are often empowered. Through the empowerment process, feelings of powerlessness and frustration can be reduced and factors promoting work performance, such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment could be enhanced. One said this term popularly, there was a lack of study. There have been few studies on physical therapy administration. Data was collected from 352 therapists from many hospitals from February 1 to February 28, 2008, and analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation, etc., were performed. The results were as follows: Of all the characteristics of empowered subjects, gender (p<.05) and age were observed to be significantly different (p<.01). Educational background, working pattern, marriage status, and the period of duty were observed to be different among empowered therapists (p<.001). The degree of empowerment as perceived by therapists was 58.72. Empowerment was correlated with job satisfaction and organizational commitment (p<.01). The study on empowerment was significant from the aspect of strategies to increase work performance. To elucidate the optimal strategy to effectuate empowerment in clinical practice, we studied various aspects of empowerment. Further studies on the relationship between empowerment and organizational commitment are warranted.

In this study, we attempted to analyze removal efficiency of odorous compounds emitted from Grit chamber and night soil treatment facility using biofilter with microbial catalyst. Air dilution method was used for mixed odor gases analysis. UV-vis spectrophotometer for ammonia and Hydrogen sulfide, Methyl mercaptan, Dimethyl sulfide, Dimethyl disulfide were measured using GC/PFPD. Sample gases were collected at the inlet and outlet of biofilter. The analysis result showed that average concentration of major odorous compounds were ammonia with 5,100 ppb and hydrogen sulfide with 797 ppb from grit chamber and ammonia with 1,407 ppb and hydrogen sulfide with 2,475 ppb from night soil treatment facility. Hydrogen sulfide was the most influential compound of malodor based on odor quotient index. The average dilution threshold of odor was 923 at grit-chamber and 1,267 at night soil treatment facility. The removal efficiency of odorous compounds from sewage treatment facility were more than 94% using polyurethane foam biofilter within empty bed contact time 3sec. The emitted concentration to the atmosphere was satisfied with the criterion of the offensive odor control law.

This study was surveyed to evaluate and recognize the distribution characteristics of indoor air pollutants(IAPs) such as the total volatile organic compounds(VOCs), formaldehyde(HCHO), PM10, carbon dioxide(CO2), nitrogen dioxide(NO2), ozone(O3) and radon in 10 elementary schools located in urban, rural, and industrial complex area from November 2005 to February 2006. The average concentration of IAPs were 117.9㎍/㎥ as in PM10, 1,971ppm as in CO2, 486.6㎍/㎥ as in TVOC. These chemical's concentration was exceeded the indoor air standards of the Department of Education in Korea. The indoor concentrations of ozone and toluene was lower than that of outdoor and other pollutants showed the opposite tendency. In schools located industrial complex area, the outdoor concentration of TVOC was higher than that of urban and rural area. Based on the results above, PM10, CO2, TVOC have to be in the order of priority to improve the indoor environment in school. Also it should be performed in the detailed survey considered by the seasonal variation because this study showed cross-sectional results.

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of asbestos distribution in 6 public and 6 school buildings from August to September in 2006. The bulk samples were analysed by PLM(polarized light microscope). Also the airborne samples were analysed PCM(phase contrast microscope) and confirmed by SEM-EDX(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive using X-ray analysis) method. The 6 public buildings included the ACM(asbestos containing material) ranged 2-7 % of chrysotile in 70 % of samples from ceiling, floor tile, and wall board and has 20 % tremolite in 2 ceiling plaster. The 6 school buildings were identified 1.5 % tremolite in one sample and showed the similar asbestos distribution with the public building. The airborne concentrations of fiber materials were ranged with 0.000-0.017 f/cc in public places and 0.000-0.012 f/cc in school building by PCM. However, the asbestos fibers could not be found by SEM-EDX. In the result of physical assessment of ACM in each buildings, it is considered that there is no chance of a hazardous situation because the ACM is not friable. Its suggested that the asbestos control plan should be established to prevent asbestos exposure to occupants from damaged ACM by repairing and custodial work.

The objective of this study is to offer basic scientific data to support policy decision-making for the improved control of suspended microorganism and to provide baseline data in order to improve the studies of bioaerosol in Korea. Therefore, this study collected and re-analyzed articles on suspended microorganism in various indoor environments and atmospheric environment in Korea that were published in environmental journals since 1980. The survey on the bioaerosol concentration in hospital among the public facilities have been performed abundantly. Also, the survey on the distribution of microorganism during yellow sand, pollen and fungus in atmosphere have been performed mostly. The impactional sampling method that is the sampling method of suspended microorganism have been used mostly in the survey on bioaerosol in Korea. Among the various indoor environments, the pooled average total bacteria concentration of 222.75 CFU/㎥ (95% CI：210.29 ∼ 245.22 CFU/㎥) was found in hospitals. It were lower than the guideline concentration (800 CFU/㎥) recommended by the Korean Ministry of Environment. And the pooled average concentration of bacteria and fungi in houses was 148.06 CFU/㎥(95% CI : 20.39 ∼ 275.74 CFU/㎥) and 22.66 CFU/㎥(95% C I：0 ∼ 49.73 CFU/㎥) respectively. Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Enterococcus., Corynebacterium., Escherichia spp., and Pseudormonas spp. for bacteria and Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus spp. for fungi were showed in various indoor environments.