This study aims to evaluate thermal performance using the ASTR method. Its findings are as follows: 1) The measured U-Values of 49A type and 59A type walls were almost the same as the theoretically calculated values. 2) One notable phenomenon for both walls was that the interior surface temperatures of the channels attached to corners were up to 10.4% lower than that of the cross of the wall, even though they consisted of the same materials. This is due to the surface temperature drop caused by the thermal bridge. 3) The surface temperatures of the thermal bridge were converted into U-Values. The U-Value of the top left corner on the 59A type house was 1.044W/m²K, and of the bottom right corner on the 49A type house was 0.959W/m²K. Therefore, the thermal performance of the thermal bridge area was decreased after construction. 4) Differences were found in the results of comparing heat transfer analysis simulation data and measured data. A maximum difference of 12.4% occurred in the top left corner on 59A type, and of 7.6% occurred in the bottom right corner on 49A type. 5) The results of a heat transfer analysis simulation showed that the temperature of both 49A type and 59A type top right corner were the lowest, but in-situ measurement results were the lowest in the bottom right corner on 49A type and in the top left corner on 59A type. These results are considered to be due to the occurrence of thermal bridges and a deterioration in the construction quality.

In this study, we measured the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM10), Formaldehyde (HCHO), and Total Bacteria Count (TBC) at three facilities: elderly care centers, day care centers, and postnatal care centers located in the cities of Seoul, Sejong, Daegu and Ulsan from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015. PM10 concentration was the highest in the day care centers and HCHO concentration was the highest in the postnatal care centers. TBC concentration was the highest in the day care centers. Comparing the different cities, PM10 concentration was the highest in Sejong, HCHO concentration was the highest in Seoul, and TBC concentration was the highest in Daegu. This study is expected to be helpful in preventing damage to health from the contaminated indoor air at sensitive facilities, and can be used as basic data for indoor air quality management.

This study investigates the indoor air quality conditions of the total of 52 buses depend on seasons, time and others. We evaluated the CO₂and PM10, the controlled parameters in express buses by Ministry of Environment and VOCs and HCHO, the non-controlled parameters. The CO₂concentration during peak commute times was 38.5% in summer and 15.4% in autumn, which are higher than the normal. But, PM10 concentration was influenced by the outside air not number of passengers. The concentration of VOCs were not related with other parameters such as number of passengers, seasons, and driving time. And then, the formaldehyde concentration was not related with seasons as it showed little difference between summer and autumn.

‘용아’는 목이버섯 국내 수집 자원인 JNM21008과 JNM21013의 단포자 교배를 통해 2014년 전남농업기술 원에서 육성한 품종이다. 2011년부터 2014년까지 자실체 특성 및 생산력 검정을 실시하였으며, 그 결과 2014년 갓 모양은 파도형으로 진한 흑갈색이며 연락맥은 갈회색을 띤 흑목이버섯을 최종 선발하였으며 2015년 품종보호출원, 2018년 품종보호등록하였다(제169호). ‘용아’의 재배적 특성과 수량성은 다음과 같다. 배양기간은 대조품종보다 더 빠르며 초발이 소요일수 또한 10일로 대조품종보다 5일 정도 빨랐다. 톱밥 봉지재배 시 자실체 특성으로 갓색은 대조품종보다 더 진한 흑갈색이었으며 유효경수는 13개/0.9 kg로 많았고 갓 장경 9.7 cm, 단경 5.6 cm로 갓 크기는 큰 경향이었다. 배양기간은 20℃에서 약 40일이며 발이 및 생육기간은 24일로 기존 품종보다 더 짧은 편이며 수량은 0.9 kg 봉당 291 g이었다. 교배모본과 대치선이 형성되었으며 모균주와 구별성을 보였다.

In Korea, ecological research on the goral is underway to restore and increase population size of these ungulates, but clinical research on gorals species is still in its infancy. Owing to the nature of the gorals’ habitat, several animals live together within limited areas; so, the risk of parasitic infection is very high. In this study, we performed physical examination of 17 gorals undergoing breeding and restoration at the Korean Goral Restoration Center. Weight, ear height, horn length, withers height of the anthropometric data of this study were no differences from other researchers. Blood samples from each species were analyzed. There was no significant difference among individuals in terms each value examined, although some hematological and biochemical values, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, glucose and amylase showed differences among individuals. The average values of blood tests in gorals ware lower in lymphocytes, blood urea nitrogen, and calcium than in livestock goats, and hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and glucose were higher in livestock. Helminth eggs were detected in 15 out of 17 gorals by microscopic examination of their fecal samples, and Eimeria spp. and Strongyloides spp. were detected in all the gorals. However, there may be cases of death due to diarrhea, which may lead to a decrease in growth and production. Therefore, proper prevention and treatment are needed. These results may serve as an important reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of gorals. This information helps further understand the current health status of these species and may contribute to a more systematic restoration of the gorals.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sugars and stabilizers on the qualitative properties of frozen-yogurt. To prepare the yogurt mix, market milk was fermented using a commercial starter culture and sugars, trehalose and sucrose, and to prepare the ice cream mix, stabilizers, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and guar gum, were used. The yogurt and ice cream preparations were mixed in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio to produce frozen-yogurt. Yogurt prepared using trehalose showed a significantly faster increase in pH, titratable acidity, and viable cell count than that prepared using sucrose (p<0.05). Ice cream prepared using guar gum showed a significantly higher viscosity and overrun than the CMC-stabilized preparation (p<0.05). Frozen-yogurt produced using the yogurt-trehalose mix and ice cream-CMC mix showed the highest hardness and lowest overrun. The melt-down rate of frozen-yogurt prepared with the yogurt-trehalose mix was significantly slow (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences among the yogurt mixes in terms of changes in the viable cell count at 0, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days (p>0.05). In a sensory evaluation, most panels preferred the frozen-yogurt with sucrose over that with trehalose. However, it is expected that using trehalose with other sugar substitutions and guar gums in manufacture of frozen-yogurt have high potentiality than using sucrose and CMC, and it is considered that it could reignite the stagnant domestic milk processing industry.

The objective of this study was to investigate changes in drying yield, pH, water activity, microbial growth, and storage stability of bottom rounds of Hanwoo beef under four different dry-aging treatments (T1–T4) as temperature (2~4℃), relative humidity (65~86%) and dry-aging period (20~90 d). The drying yield decreased by 83.13–97.05% as the drying period increased. Among the four treatments, there were no significant differences in drying yield after 60 d of dry-aging. The total plate aerobic counts (TPC) increased by 1.07–4.39 log colony-forming units (CFU)/g as the dry-aging period increased. Of the four treatments, T4 at 40, 60, and 90 d had significantly higher TPCs than those observed for the other treatments on the same days (p<0.05). As the period of dry-aging increased, pH values increased by 5.35– 5.88 for knuckle and 5.34–5.62 for sirloin muscle, and water activity values decreased. For knuckle and sirloin muscle, the water activity values at 40 d and 60 d of T1 and T4 were significantly higher than those of the other treatments on the same days (p<0.05). The thiobarbituric reactive substances and volatile basic nitrogen values of the aged products increased as the dry-aging period increased. The results of this study showed that dry-aging conditions such as those in the T2 or T3 treatments (with a gradual increase in temperature and humidity) for less than 60 d would be best for yield, reduction of microbial growth and storage stability by dry the muscle surface quickly at the beginning period. Further research should include meat quality and economic analysis for these conditions that examines the benefits of these dry-aged products for the end processor.

최근 친환경에 대한 관심의 증가로 목조주택에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있다. 하지만, 목구조의 물성치에 대한 연구와 설계에 대한 지침 및 시공상세는 매우 부족하고 이에 대한 연구도 미흡하여 실무자들이 구조설계 및 시공을 하는데 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 특히, 내진성능이 중요시 되고 있는 현시점에서 내진성능을 확보할 수 있는 접합부의 개발이 요구된다. 따라서, 이 연구에서는 다른등급구성집성재에 대한 휨실험과 압축실험을 수행하여 재료의 물성치에 대한 소재시험을 진행하였다. 제안된 접합부의 구조성능을 검증하기 위하여 접합부에 반복하중을 가력하는 실험을 수행하였다. 또한, 진행한 재료시험의 결과를 사용하여 접합부에 대하여 유한요소해석을 진행하였다. 실험 및 해석결과 개발된 접합부는 충분한 구조성능을 확보할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using corn flakes, produced by pressurized steam chamber, on nutrient disappearance rate and energy value in three Hanwoo and three Holstein cows, implanted with a ruminal fistula. Corn flakes were categorized in 2 groups based on the chamber type: control (corn flakes produced using a steam chamber) and treatment (corn flakes produced using a pressurized steam chamber). Dry matter (DM) disappearance rate was 5.17% higher in treatment than in control (p<0.01). Starch disappearance rate was also higher in the treatment than in the control (p<0.01). Nitrogen free extract (NFE) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) disappearance rates were 6.08 and 5.71% higher in treatment compared to control, respectively (p<0.01). In comparison by breed and incubation time, DM, starch, NFE, and NFC disappearance rates were higher in treatment than in control. The mean total digestible nutrients (TDN) was higher in treatment than in control (p<0.05). In comparison between Hanwoo and Holstein, TDN of corn flakes was slightly but not significantly higher in Holstein than in Hanwoo. Thus, these results indicate that the use of the pressurized steam chamber is recommended to increase the nutrient (starch, NFE, NFC etc.) disappearance rate and TDN.

본 연구는 충청남도 보령시에 위치한 보령댐의 도수 전과 후의 저서성 대형무척추동물상을 비교･분석하여 인위적 교란에 대한 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 조사시기는 2016년 4월부터 2017년 9월까지 총 8회에 걸쳐 조사하였으며, 조사지점은 방류되는 지점부터 총 4개의 지점을 선정하였다. 저서성 대형무척추동물은 총 4문 7강 19목 70과 125종 13,447개체가 출현하였다. 군집분석 결과 우점도 0.55(±0.07)에서 0.47(±0.08), 다양도 2.06(±0.26)에서 2.23(±0.28), 균등도 0.69(±0.05)에서 0.70(±0.04), 풍부도 3.43(±0.72)에서 4.03(±0.91)으로 나타났다. 도수 이후 우점도는 감소하고 다양도, 균등도, 풍부도는 증가하는 안정적인 군집구조로 나타났다. 기능군 분석 결과 도수 이후 섭식기능군은 긁어먹는 무리, 걸러먹는무리의 비율은 증가하고 썰어먹는무리, 주워먹는무리의 비율은 감소하였으며, 서식기능군은 기어오르는 무리와 붙는무리의 비율은 증가하고 굴파는무리와 기는무리의 비율은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 군집안정성 분석 결과 도수 이후 St. 1과 St. 2는 저항력과 회복력이 감소하여 Ⅲ특성군에 새로운 종이 출현하였으며, St. 3과 St. 4는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 다차원척도법 분석 결과 도수 이후 St. 1에서 유사도의 변화가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, St. 4에서 유사도의 변화가 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

Although milk, which is a representative western food, has a more than 100-year history in Korea, the preference is controversial. This study examined the milk history of Choseon in 1884~1938. This period was divided into 4 periods regarding the westerner’s records and advertisements. Westerners who visited Choseon in 1884~1895 (1st period) recorded the eating habits of Choseon,i.e., no milk consumed, even in insufficient food situation. Among the westerners, medical missionaries began to show or/and recommend condensed milk for sick children. In 1896~1909 (2nd period) newspapers, general shops in Hanseong for westerners showed advertisements of dairy products. In the 1900s, condensed and raw milk were advertised through newspapers. Domestic ranching systems to produce raw milk were established at that time mainly by Japanese. In the 1910s (3rd period), raw milk and condensed milk were advertised in newspapers. Since the mid-1920s (4th period), dairy products were bisected into condensed and powdered (dried) milk. Moreover, many Japanese manufacturers appeared in the advertisement in the 1920s. These results suggest that milk has been recognized as a symbol of an enlightenment food in Korea since the late 1900s, but the old negative wisdom, unfamiliar taste, and high price of milk at that time limited its appeal.

본 연구에서는 철원군 대득봉의 관속식물을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 비무장지대에 인접한 대득봉의 지리적 입지 는 DMZ와 그 이남지대를 연결하는 완충지대로 기능하고 있기에 대득봉의 식물자원을 조사하는 것은 DMZ의 식물상을 이해하는 한 방법이기도 하다는 점에서 본 연구는 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 대상지역을 2015년 5월부터 2017년 5월까지 총 7차례에 걸쳐 조사한 결과 관속식물은 84과 245속 341종 4아종 43변종 5품종으로 총 393분류군이 조사되었다. 그 중 산림청 지정 희귀식물은 삼지구엽초, 땅나리, 천마 등 총 8분류군, 특산식물은 처녀치마, 진범, 외대으아리 등 총 6분류군이 확인되었으며 식물구계학적 특정식물은 44분류군이 조사되었다. 귀화식물은 23분류군으로 확인되었으며 귀화율과 도시화지수는 각각 5.8%, 7.1%로 나타났다.

This study investigates the directional recrystallization behavior of Ni based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy according to the zone annealing velocity. The zone annealing temperature is set as 1390oC, while the zone velocities are set as 2.5, 4, 6, and 10 cm/h, respectively. The initial microstructure observation of the as-extruded sample shows equiaxed grains of random orientation, with an average grain size of 530 nm. On the other hand, the zone annealed samples show a large deviation in grain size depending on the zone velocities. In particular, grains with a size of several millimeters are observed at 2.5-cm/h zone velocity. It is also found that the preferred orientation varies with the zone annealing velocity. On the basis of these results, this study discusses the role of zone velocities in the directional recrystallization of Ni base ODS alloy.