This study explores strategies to address the variability of heat energy using renewable energy and heat grids to achieve carbon neutrality. Renewable energy source introduce fluctuations that can impact the stability of power systems, while heat grids provide a systematic infrastructure for efficient supply of heat energy and power generation. Jeju Island is chosen as a case study, focusing on balance control based on groundwater-based geothermal energy to optimize the distribution of heat energy. The results demonstrate that the 3rd control method is the most effective in maintaining the target temperature in greenhouses, and specific temperature settings and objectives are proposed for each control method based on crop requirements. These research findings contribute to achieving carbon neutrality and reducing power consumption.

This paper is a study on the malfunction that occurred during the power supply logic of the Gunner Display Device during Mortar Functional Firing under low temperature conditions. As a result of the phenomenon reproduction test and its analysis, the cause of the malfunction of the Gunner Display Device was Glitch, which occurred in the process of converting the image signal, and the improved software was applied to the Gunner's Display System by ignoring some of the image signal conversion process that causes Glitch. The improved Gunner Display Device passed the validity test and applied the improvement to the mortars. As a result of this study, several suggestions for power supply and control logic were proposed. It is expected that this study will be used as a reference in the future design of similar weapons systems.

본 논문의 목적은 급변하는 현대전 양상과 글로벌 우주안보 환경 변화에 대응하기 위한 한국군의 국방 우주력 발전을 위해서 필요한 과제에 대해 고찰해 봄에 있다. 탈냉전시기 미래전 양상은 정보통신 무기체계가 복합체계를 구성하여 ‘네트워크화’ 된 전장 환경 하에서 우주와 사이버, 전자기 위협까지 포함하는 전장공간으로 진화됐다. 이에 본고에서는 4차 산업혁명의 유무인 복합체계 활용과 우주영역인식(SDA)에 대한 패러다임 전환 하에서 합동성에 기반 한국군의 국방 우주력 구축에 필요한 과제에 대해 집중적으로 고찰했다. 4 차 산업혁명 기술과 융합된 국방 우주력의 이론적 고찰과 탈냉전시기 미 국, 러시아, 중국, 일본, 북한의 우주 군사화 양상을 아더 라이케(Arther Lykke)가 제안한 목표, 방법, 수단 이론 등을 중심으로 분석했다. 한국군은 우주안보 위협에 대비하고 우주영역인식(SDA) 변화에 대응하기 위해서 항공우주청 설립, 우주기술 및 군사력 증진, 한미 우주협력 및 우주동맹 확대, 민관군 협력 및 우주관련 예산 확충, 체계적인 인력양성 등의 필요성에 대해 제시했다.

In this paper, the EMP-related standards and test methods used by the civilian and military have been introduced. The incoming EMP signal for seven military RF antennas which are the first to face EMP threats among military weapon systems have been also measured and analyzed. Overall, as the applied signal strength increased, the strength of the EMP signal entering in the antenna also showed an upward trend. The highest level of entering was observed at the peak value of the applied EMP signal, 50 kV/m. And at the peak value, all antennas received threatening signals. In particular, antennas in low frequency bands such as AM and FM were getting high voltage signals as high as thousands of volts. This means that the weapon systems linked to the antennas could suffer severe damage. Therefore, based on this paper, systematic research for EMP threat should be conducted to identify EMP vulnerabilities of major weapons systems and to devise practical protective measures.

It is essential to select materials with excellent mechanical properties to prevent chemical and mechanical damage to the surfaces of materials used in machines and structures and to extend their lifespan. Co-based stellite alloy, which has wear resistance, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance, is essential for products used in harsh environments. However, due to the problem of enormous costs, research on hard facing, which uses a stellite coating layer only on the contact surface, is urgently required. Currently, high-facing research on Stellite coating layers is focused on powder, and GMAW research using wire is relatively lacking. In this study, welding experiments were performed to form stable weld beads using stellite 6 welding wire, and the correlation between parameters and weld beads was analyzed. A CMT welder was used to minimize the heat effect on the base material.

한국형아유르베다 성격유형과 의류 구매만족과 어떤 관계가 있는지를 분석함으로써 성격특성을 고려한 마케팅 전략에 대해 논의하는 것이다. 본 연구의 자료는 수도권 여성 20대 이상을 대상으로 다음과 같은 통계 분석을 실시하였다. 첫째, 조사대상자의 일반적 특성을 파악하기 위해 빈 도분석을 실시하였고, 둘째, 측정도구의 타당성 분석을 위해 탐색적 요인 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 Cronbach's α 계수를 이용하여 요인을 구성 하는 항목들의 신뢰도를 분석하였다. 셋째, 한국형 아유르베다 기본심리 유형에 대해 알아보고, 조사대상자의 일반적 특성에 따라 차이가 있는지 파악하기 위해 교차분석을 실시하였다. 넷째, 한국형 아유르베다 기본심 리유형에 따라 고객만족에 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위하여 일원변량분 석(one-way ANOVA) 및 Scheffe의 사후검정을 실시하였다. 본 연구는 한국형아유르베다 기본심리유형과 고객만족의 관계에서는, 전반적인 고 객만족과 하위요인별 서비스만족에 있어서도 카파형(K)이 상대적으로 높 은 것을 알 수 있었지만, 품질만족에 있어서는 통계적으로 유의미한 차 이가 나타나지 않았다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Comprehending the prevailing ideals of the body within a specific era requires grasping the intricate interplay between social phenomena and the evolution of clothing. Accordingly, this study investigates the distinctive facets of the perception of the Neo-Confucian body as reflected in men’s dress during the Joseon Dynasty. We examine a comprehensive body of scholarship, literature, and historical records concerning the body and dress. Additionally, we also employ a framework developed by M. Y. Kim, which categorizes the Neo-Confucian body in three ways: as the natural body, the cultural body, and the body as a fully-realized moral subject. Our findings unveil three crucial insights: firstly, guided by Neo-Confucian discourse positing appearance as a manifestation of innate energy (氣), men’s dress was deliberately designed to demarcate stylistic distinctions in women’s dress; secondly, the Chinese gwan (冠) was employed as a tool of self-cultivation (修身) to symbolize the legitimacy of Joseon’s Neo-Confucian governance; and thirdly, sim-ui (深衣), a philosophical emblem of Confucianism extensively represented across through an intensified exploration of historical sources, served as a means to consolidate the political standing of the Neo-Confucian faction. As a consequence of these factors, the attire of noble men conferred upon them both sexual and moral ascendancy as political entities; men’s dress became a visual manifestation of the legitimacy of their power, thus embodying Neo-Confucian ideals. This study carries significance by applying a discourse analysis approach to Korean dress research and elucidating the factors underlying the development of men’s dress during the Joseon Dynasty.

본 연구는 대도시에서 미세먼지 없는 학교 부지를 찾는 Model Eliciting Activity (이하 MEA) 활동을 통해 고 등학교 학생들의 문제 해결 특성을 조사하기 위한 것이다. 5차시로 개발된 MEA 활동에 79명의 고등학교 2학년 학생 들이 참여 하였으며, MEA 활동지를 주요 데이터로 수집하였다. 학생들이 작성한 활동지의 개방형 질문에 대한 답을 기반으로 학생들의 문제 해결 모델을 귀납적 및 질적 방법으로 분석하였다. 먼저 학생들이 다른 데이터보다 어떤 데이 터를 우선적으로 사용했는지 순서를 분석한 후 주어진 데이터 세트를 어떻게 상호 연결하여 순서를 결정하는지 분석하 였다. 분석결과 학생들은 미세먼지 배출량이 많은 곳을 기피하기 위해 미세먼지 배출농도, 산업단지 분포 등 미세먼지 와 직접적으로 관련된 데이터를 먼저 활용하는 경향이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 흥미롭게도 MEA 활동에서 고등학생의 문 제 해결 특성은 매우 다양하여 76명의 학생이 총 61가지 유형의 문제 해결 모델을 제작한 것으로 나타났다. 문제를 해 결하기 위해 동일한 순서의 데이터를 사용하는 학생의 최대 수는 6명으로 학생들의 문제 해결 방법은 매우 다양함을 보여준다. 그러나 공통적으로 미세먼지 농도가 높은 곳을 제외하는 방법으로 미세먼지 배출과 직접적으로 관련된 데이 터를 먼저 선택하는 특성을 보였다.

Korean melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an environment in which most farming work can affect the increase in musculoskeletal diseases, and the stems are attracted to the ground in order to grow no-heating cultivation. In this study, growth and productivity were compared according to the type of high-bed. The narrower the surface area at the bottom of the high-bed, the faster the initial growth, which was advantageous. The bed is which the height if 70 cm, the surface temperature has risen due to the increase in direct solar radiation inflow since April, requiring side light blocking to block the inflow of solar radiation. In terms of fruit quality, the 200 cm width treatment had higher fruit sugar content and better hardness than the 160 cm treatment. From April to September, the total yield was 6.8 kg/plant of treatment A, 8.7 kg/plant of treatment B, 5.8 kg/plant of treatment C, treatment B mainly 50% higher than treatment C, and 27% higher than treatment A. Therefore, the bed form suitable for Korean melon high bed is 200 cm wide, 40 cm high between the surface and the bed, and the surface of the passage between the beds is 30cm high from the ground to the bed.

The spectrum of this study was research on the closed hydroponic cultivation of netted melons (Cucumis melo L.) using coir substrate, analyzing the impact of this cultivation method on melon yield, fruit quality, and the efficiency of water and nutrient usage. The experimental results showed that the average fruit weight of the melons grown in a closed system was 71.4 g higher than that of the open system, and the fruit width was on average 0.2 cm larger, showing a statistically significant difference. However, there was no difference in the average sugar content of the fruit flesh and height. Although there is no substantial commercial difference, it is conjectured that the change in the macronutrients ratio in the irrigation has played a role in the statistically significant increase in fruit weight, which is attributed to changes in the crops' nutrient uptake concentrations. This necessitates further research for a more comprehensive understanding. In terms of the productivity of irrigation required to produce the fruit, applying the closed system resulted in an increase of 7.6 kg/ton compared to the open system, saving 31.6% of water resources. Additionally, in terms of nutrients, cultivating in a closed system allowed for savings of approximately 59, 25, 55, 83, 76, and 87% of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively, throughout the entire cultivation period. As the drainage was reused, the ratios of NO3 - and Ca2+ increased up to a maximum of 9.6 and 9.1%, respectively, while the ratios of other ions gradually decreased. In summary, these results suggest that closed hydroponic cultivation can effectively optimize the use of water and fertilizer while maintaining excellent fruit quality in melon cultivation.

Melon fruits exhibit a wide range of morphological variations in fruit shape, sugar content, net quality, diameter and weight, which are largely dependent on the variety. These characteristics significantly affect marketability. For netted varieties, the uniformity and pattern of the net serve as key factors in determining the external quality of the melon and act as indicators of its internal quality. In this study, we evaluated the effect of fruit morphology and growth on netting by analyzing the changes in melon fruit quality under LED light treatment and monitoring fruit growth. Computer vision analysis was used for quantitative evaluation of fruit net quality, and a three-variable logistic model was applied to simulate fruit growth. The results showed that melons grown under LED conditions exhibited more uniform fruit shape and improvements in both net quality and sugar content compared to the control group. The results of the logistic model showed minimal error values and consistent curve slopes across treatments, confirming its ability to accurately predict fruit growth patterns under varying light conditions. This study provides an understanding of the effects of fruit shape and growth on net quality.

This study was aimed to determine the changes in CO2 concentration according to the temperatures of daytime and nighttime in the CO2 supplemental greenhouse, and to compare calculated supplementary CO2 concentration during winter and spring cultivation seasons. CO2 concentrations in experimental greenhouses were analyzed by selecting representative days with different average temperatures due to differences in integrated solar radiation at the growth stage of leaf area index (LAI) 2.0 during the winter season of 2022 and 2023 years. The CO2 concentration was 459, 299, 275, and 239 μmol·mol-1, respectively at 1, 2, 3, and 4 p.m. after the CO2 supplementary time (10:00-13:00) under the higher temperature (HT, > 18°C daytime temp. avg. 31.7, 26.8, 23.8, and 22.4°C, respectively), while it was 500, 368, 366, 364 μmol·mol-1, respectively under the lower temperature (LT, < 18°C daytime temp. avg. 22.0, 18.9, 15.0, and 13.7°C, respectively), indicating the CO2 reduction was significantly higher in the HT than that of LT. During the nighttime, the concentration of CO2 gradually increased from 6 p.m. (346 μmol·mol-1) to 3 a.m. (454 μmol·mol-1) in the HT with a rate of 11 μmol·mol-1 per hour (240 tomatoes, leaf area 330m2), while the increase was very lesser under the LT. During the spring season, the CO2 concentration measured just before the start of CO2 fertilization (7:30 a.m.) in the CO2 enrichment greenhouse was 3-4 times higher in the HT (>15°C nighttime temperature avg.) than that of LT (< 15°C nighttime temperature avg.), and the calculated amount of CO2 fertilization on the day was also lower in HT. All the integrated results indicate that CO2 concentrations during the nighttime varies depending on the temperature, and the increased CO2 is a major source of CO2 for photosynthesis after sunrise, and it is necessary to develop a model formula for CO2 supplement considering the nighttime CO2 concentration.

With the increasing attention to environmental pollution caused by particulate matter globally, the automotive industry has also become increasingly interested in particulate matter, especially particulate matter generated by automobile brake systems. Here, we designed a coating composition and analyzed its mechanical properties to reduce particulate matter generated by brake systems during braking of vehicles. We designed a composition to check the mechanical properties change by adding Cr3C2 and YSZ to the WC-Ni-Cr composite composition. Based on the designed composition, coating samples were manufactured, and the coating properties were analyzed by Vickers hardness and ball-on-disk tests. As a result of the experiments, we found that the hardness and friction coefficient of the coating increased as the amount of Cr3C2 added decreased. Furthermore, we found that the hardness of the coating layer decreased when YSZ was added at 20vol%, but the friction coefficient was higher than the composition with Cr3C2 addition.

This study focused on improving the phase stability and mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), commonly utilized in gas turbine engine thermal barrier coatings, by incorporating Gd2O3, Er2O3, and TiO2. The addition of 3-valent rare earth elements to YSZ can reduce thermal conductivity and enhance phase stability while adding the 4-valent element TiO2 can improve phase stability and mechanical properties. Sintered specimens were prepared with hot-press equipment. Phase analysis was conducted with X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mechanical properties were assessed with Vickers hardness equipment. The research results revealed that, except for Z10YGE10T, most compositions predominantly exhibited the t-phase. Increasing the content of 3-valent rare earth oxides resulted in a decrease in the monoclinic phase and an increase in the tetragonal phase. In addition, the t(400) angle decreased while the t(004) angle increased. The addition of 10 mol% of 3-valent rare-earth oxides discarded the t-phase and led to the complete development of the c-phase. Adding 10 mol% TiO2 increased hardness than YSZ.

The blockage rate for three kinds of nets commonly used in agricultural facilities was assessed by using the image acquisition and its relevant processing. By using both empirical relations presented by Idel’chik and Richards and Robinson, and the blockage rate obtained from the image processing, the pressure drop through the nets was predicted and also compared with wind tunnel experiment results. The results of the study showed that the blockage rate of the net was discriminated according to such factors as the magnitude of nets, the existence of inside threads, the thickness and number of threads. In addition, the blockage rate for the incident angle of 0° when the wind blew at the front had the range of 0.22－0.29 (0.22－0.32 when considering whole incident angles from 0° to 45° by 15°). For the nets with the blockage rate of about 30% or below, the prediction by the empirical relations of by Idel’chik and Richards and Robinson showed a little higher pressure drop overall than that of the wind tunnel test, but the use of the empirical relations and the blockage rate could be thought of as providing effectively meaningful guidelines for the safe design of agricultural facilities including nets because the wind tunnel test has been tedious and expensive. Further research and potential application on the prediction technique of the pressure drop, regarding both a subtle deformation by the wind and manufacturing methods with regard to the level of knots and the existence of inside threads, needs to be done for the nets with higher blockage rate.

본 연구는 국내 가정에서 사용하고 있는 냉장고 및 냉 동고의 온도 분포에 대한 현황을 파악하기 위하여 냉장고 대상 25가구, 냉동고 대상 25가구를 선정하고 온도 측정 을 시행하였다. 가정용 냉장 및 냉동고의 실제 공간상의 온도 분포 조사 결과, 냉장고 대상 가구에서 측정된 온도 는 최저 -8.2oC, 최고 15.8oC, 평균 3.73oC로 조사되었으며, 공간 위치별 온도 분포는 문 보관 칸 5.06±1.69oC, 내부 벽면 4.18±1.19oC, 내부 보관함 3.41±1.36oC로 내부 보관함 의 온도가 가장 낮았고, 각 위치에서 상단 및 하단의 유의 적인 온도 차이는 문 보관 칸에서만 확인되었다(P<0.01). 냉 동고 대상 가구에서 측정된 온도는 최저 -30.3oC, 최고 0.7oC, 평균 -17.95oC로 조사되었으며, 공간 위치별 온도 분포는 문 보관 칸 -17.19±1.68oC, 내부 벽면 -17.81±1.07oC, 내부 보관함 -18.78±1.72oC로 냉장고 결과와 동일하게 내부 보 관함의 온도가 가장 낮고, 문 보관 칸에서만 상·하단의 유 의적인 온도 차가 확인되었다(P<0.01). 냉장·냉동고 내에 서 위치별 최대 온도 차이는 각각 2.18oC, 2.02oC로 확인 되었으며, 결론적으로 냉장·냉동고 전체의 온도가 일정하 게 유지되는 것이 아니며, 보관되는 위치별로 유의적인 편 차가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 냉장·냉동고 제조사와 공공기관에서 식품별 권장 보관 위치를 고객들 에게 적극적으로 권고하고, 각 가정에서는 온도 변화에 민 감한 식품을 보관할 경우 문쪽 보관을 지양하는 등 보관 관리 의식을 가져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was conducted to develop a model for predicting the growth of kimchi cabbage using image data and environmental data. Kimchi cabbages of the ‘Cheongmyeong Gaual’ variety were planted three times on July 11th, July 19th, and July 27th at a test field located at Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do (37°37′ N 128°32′ E, 510 elevation), and data on growth, images, and environmental conditions were collected until September 12th. To select key factors for the kimchi cabbage growth prediction model, a correlation analysis was conducted using the collected growth data and meteorological data. The correlation coefficient between fresh weight and growth degree days (GDD) and between fresh weight and integrated solar radiation showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.88. Additionally, fresh weight had significant correlations with height and leaf area of kimchi cabbages, with correlation coefficients of 0.78 and 0.79, respectively. Canopy coverage was selected from the image data and GDD was selected from the environmental data based on references from previous researches. A prediction model for kimchi cabbage of biomass, leaf count, and leaf area was developed by combining GDD, canopy coverage and growth data. Single-factor models, including quadratic, sigmoid, and logistic models, were created and the sigmoid prediction model showed the best explanatory power according to the evaluation results. Developing a multi-factor growth prediction model by combining GDD and canopy coverage resulted in improved determination coefficients of 0.9, 0.95, and 0.89 for biomass, leaf count, and leaf area, respectively, compared to single-factor prediction models. To validate the developed model, validation was conducted and the determination coefficient between measured and predicted fresh weight was 0.91, with an RMSE of 134.2 g, indicating high prediction accuracy. In the past, kimchi cabbage growth prediction was often based on meteorological or image data, which resulted in low predictive accuracy due to the inability to reflect on-site conditions or the heading up of kimchi cabbage. Combining these two prediction methods is expected to enhance the accuracy of crop yield predictions by compensating for the weaknesses of each observation method.

Ipomoea aquatic is a leafy vegetable of the Convolvulaceae family, and is a tropical plant widely inhabiting southern China and Southeast Asia, and is widely known as Morning Glory in the West. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl acetate extract from Ipomoea aquatic extracts (IAE) were tested against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation microglia BV2 cells. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and cell viability were measured using the Griess reagent and MTT assay, respectively. Inflammatory cytokine [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, and interleukin-1 (IL-1)] were detected qPCR in LPS induced BV-2 cells. Subsequently, nuclear factor (NF)-B, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were analyzed through western blot analyses and immunofluorescence. Ipomoea aquatic down-regulated of inflammatory markers and up-regulated anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidants in BV2 cells.

축산물 중 잔류허용기준이 설정되어 관리하고 있는 농약 azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide는 대표적인 유 기주석계 살비제이다. 기존 시험법은 가스크로마토그래피 를 사용하여 정량한계가 높고 분석 시 재현성이 떨어져 이에 대한 개선이 필요한 실정으로 본 연구에서는 비교적 간편하며 시간이 적게 소요되는 QuEChERS법을 활용하여 azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide의 시험법을 마련하 고자 하였다. 1% 아세트산을 함유한 아세트산에틸:아세토 니트릴(1:1) 혼합액을 이용하여 진탕 추출 후 d-SPE로 정 제하고 이를 농축 후 LC-MS/MS를 이용한 시험법을 개발 하였다. Azocyclotin, cyhexatin 및 fenbutatin oxide의 결정 계수(R2)는 0.99 이상으로 높은 직선성을 확인하였으며 정 량한계는 0.01 mg/kg으로 높은 감도를 나타내었다. 대표 축산물 5종(소, 돼지, 닭, 계란, 우유)에서 LOQ(0.01 mg/ kg), MRL(0.05 mg/kg), MRL 10배(0.5 mg/kg)의 농도에서 회수율 실험을 한 결과 평균 회수율이 76.4-115.3% 및 84.4-110.8%이었으며, 상대표준편차는 25.3% 이하로 나타 났다. 본 연구는 Codex 가이드라인(CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003) 및 ‘식품의약품안전처 식품의약품안전평가원의 식 품등 시험법 마련 표준절차에 관한 가이드라인(2016)’에 적합한 수준임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 확립한 시험법은 축산물 중 잔류할 수 있는 azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide의 안전관리를 위한 공정시험법으로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The major active components of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) are isoflavones, which exist in the form of various glycosides. Nuruk is a traditional fermentation starter in Korea, and is suitable for the biotransformation of isoflavone glycosides because it contains various microorganisms and enzymes. This study was performed to determine changes in the isoflavones and antioxidant properties of AM fermented (AF) with nuruk over 24 hours. AF was sampled after 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h of fermentation, and calycosin 7-glucoside, ononin, calycosin, and formononetin content, and the antioxidant properties of AF were analyzed. The total phenolic content increased with fermentation time, and the ABTS radical scavenging activity increased until 6 h of fermentation and then decreased. During fermentation, the isoflavone glycosides decreased significantly as fermentation time increased. The contents of calycosin and formononetin, which are aglycons of calycosin-7-glucoside and ononin, increased from 100.54 μg/g to 276.84 μg/g and from 56.29 μg/g to 123.04 μg/g, respectively, at 18 h of fermentation. Significant correlations were observed between fermentation time, isoflavone content, and antioxidant properties. The results of this study showed that fermentation with nuruk is suitable for the biotransformation of isoflavones in AM.